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Efforts were directed on the design, synthesis and evaluation of the anticancer activity of some pyrimidine-based hydrazones against two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Preliminary screening results revealed that some candidates scrutinized for their antiproliferative activities exhibited IC 50 values of 0.87 μM-12.91 μM in MCF-7 and 1.75 μM-9.46 μM in MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating almost equal activities on both cell lines and better growth inhibition activities than those of the positive control 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) which displayed IC 50 values of 17.02 μM and 11.73 μM respectively. Selectivity of the significantly active compounds was estimated against MCF-10A normal breast cells when compounds 7c, 8b, 9a and 10b exhibited superior activity for cancerous cells than for normal cells when compound 10b presented the best selectivity Index (SI) with respect to both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells in comparison to the reference drug 5-FU. Mechanisms of their actions were explored by inspecting activation of caspase-9, annexin V staining and cell cycle analysis. It was noticed that compounds 7c, 8b, 8c 9a-c and 10b produced an increase in caspase-9 levels in MCF-7 treated cells with 10b inducing the highest elevation (27.13 ± 0.54 ng/mL) attaining 8.26-fold when compared to control MCF-7 which was higher than that of staurosporine (19.011 ± 0.40 ng/mL). The same compounds boosted caspase-9 levels in MDA-MB-231 treated cells when an increase in caspase-9 concentration reaching 20.40 ± 0.46 ng/mL (4.11-fold increase) was observed for compound 9a. We also investigated the role of these compounds for their increasing apoptosis ability against the 2 cell lines. Compounds 7c, 8b and 10b tested on MCF-7 cells displayed pre-G1 apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in particular at the S and G1 phases. Further clarification of their effects was made by modulating their related activities as inhibitors of ARO and EGFR enzymes when 8c and 9b showed 52.4% and 58.9% inhibition activity relative to letrozole respectively and 9b and 10b showed 36% and 39% inhibition activity of erlotinib. Also, the inhibition activity was verified by docking into the chosen enzymes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Gefitinib (GFT) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug used as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung, colon, and breast cancer. GFT exhibits low solubility and hence low oral bioavailability, which restricts its clinical application. One of the most important trends in overcoming such problems is the use of a vesicular system. Cubosomes are considered one of the most important vesicular systems used to improve solubility and oral bioavailability. In this study, GFT cubosomal nanoparticles (GFT-CNPs) were prepared by the emulsification method. The selected formulation variables were analyzed and optimized by full factorial design and response surface methodology. Drug entrapment efficiency (EE%), transmission electron microscopy, particle size, polydispersity index, in vitro release and its kinetics, and the effect of storage studies were estimated. The chosen GFT-CNPs were subjected to further investigations as gene expression levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinases-7 (MMP-7), colon biomarkers, and histopathological examination of colon tissues. The prepared GFT-CNPs were semi-cubic in shape, with high EE%, smaller vesicle size, and higher zeta potential values. The in vivo data showed a significant decrease in the serum level of embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), and gene expression level of TIMP-1 and MMP-7. Histopathological examination showed enhancement in cancer tissue and highly decreased focal infiltration in the lamina propria after treatment with GFT-CNPs.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects joints, leading to swelling, inflammation, and dysfunction in the joints. Recently, research efforts have been focused on finding novel curative approaches for rheumatoid arthritis, as current therapies are associated with adverse effects. Here, we examined the effectiveness of dabigatran, the antithrombotic agent, in treating complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Subcutaneous injection of a single 0.3 mL dosage of CFA into the rat's hind leg planter surface resulted in articular surface deformities, reduced cartilage thickness, loss of intercellular matrix, and inflammatory cell infiltration. There were also increased levels of the Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA), oxidative stress, and tissue Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL). Proteins of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) were also elevated. The inhibitory effects of dabigatran on thrombin led to a subsequent inhibition of KKS and reduced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. These effects also decreased RANKL levels and showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, dabigatran could be a novel therapeutic strategy for arthritis.

Thyroid cancer is among the most prevalent cancers with different types and stages. New markers are required for the prognosis and diagnosis of the disease. The present study aimed to detect the role of new markers, including galectin-3 (Gal-3) and thyroglobulin (TG), in the prognosis and staging of thyroid cancer. The study also investigated the potential apoptotic and inflammatory mechanisms involved in thyroid cancer through the determination of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) during the different stages of the cancer using a series of molecular methods. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. A total of 300 subjects were classified into: 100 normal healthy subjects matched in age and sex, 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma stage I (T1N0M0) and 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma stage 2 (T2N1M1). Interestingly, the present study revealed a significant increase in the levels of TG and Gal-3 in thyroid cancer patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of Bcl-2, IL-8 and TNF-α significantly increased in the patient serum. The histopathological examination and immunohistochemical observations confirmed the molecular and hematological findings. Collectively, the present study concluded that serum TG and Gal-3 could be useful markers in the prognosis and staging of patients with thyroid cancer. Furthermore, the determination of Bax, Bcl-2, IL-8 and TNF-α levels constitute a major important marker for investigation of the mechanisms of apoptosis and inflammation in thyroid cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study that used both galectin-3 and TG as tumor markers in the prognosis and differentiation between the different stages of cancer.

Luteolin (LUT) is a natural flavonoid with low oral bioavailability with restricted clinical applications due to its low solubility. LUT shows significant anti-tumor activity in many cancer cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The most recent trend in pharmaceutical innovations is the application of phospholipid vesicles to improve the solubility of such hydrophobic drugs. Ethosomes are one of the most powerful phospholipid vesicles used to achieve that that target. In this study, LUT-loaded ethosomal nanoparticles (LUT-ENPs) were prepared by the cold method. Full factorial design and response surface methodology were used to analyze and optimize the selected formulation variables. Drug entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and cumulative percent drug released was estimated. The selected LUT-ENPs were subjected to further investigations as estimation of hepatic gene expression levels of GPC3, liver biomarkers, and oxidative stress biomarkers. The prepared LUT-ENPs were semi-spherical in shape with high entrapment efficiency. The prepared LUT-ENPs have a small particle size with high zeta potential values. The in vitro liver biomarkers assay revealed a significant decrease in the hepatic tissue nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the expression of the GPC3 gene. Results showed a high increase in the hepatic tissue levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathological examination showed a small number of hepatic adenomas and a significant decrease of neoplastic hepatic lesions after treatment with LUT-ENPs. Our results firmly suggest the distinctive anti-proliferative activity of LUT-ENPs as an oral drug delivery system for the treatment of HCC.