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Different gold microstructures have been synthesized by using supramolecular gold(I) organometallic compounds as templates and Ag nanoparticles as reducing agents. The use of fibers resulting from supramolecular assemblies of neutral gold(I) compounds gives rise to the formation of microrods. The use of supramolecular assemblies from ionic molecules results in spherical or square-based prism gold microstructures, depending on the shape of the supramolecular gold(I) precursor assembly. In addition to temperature and reaction time, solvents exert a strong influence on the formation and morphology of gold structures, as borne out by the example that well-defined star-like morphologies have been obtained in chloroform.

Recently we have focused the research work on 11th group metal-NHCs complexes obtained from water soluble 1,3-symmetrically and 1,3-unsymmetrically substituted NHCs precursors based on imidazole and benzoimidazole scaffolds4-6...

Au(I) catalysis is a powerfull tool for heterocycles synthesis, particularly in reactions involving alkynes or allenes. It can be applied both in the synthesis of complex molecules or in the context of total synthesis. During this PhD work, we have developed new chiral Au(I) complexes and new catalytic reactions. We have developed a new family of enantiopure chiral phosphines featuring helicoïdal chirality, obtained by a [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes as key step. They have been engaged in late stage functionalization, so as to modify the steric environment and to modify the enantiomeric excess obtained during the catalytic steps. We then studied the phosphine complexation with Au(I) salts. The corresponding phosphahelicenes have been engaged in cycloisomerization reactions. With the best catalyst, a good catalytic activity and an enantiomeric excess of 94 % have been measured. New reactions catalyzed by Au(I) complexes for the synthesis of spiroindolic compounds have been studied, by dearomatizing cyclisation of N-propargyl tryptamines. With this approach, new spirooxindoles and new spiroindolenines have been synthetized. Finally, the enantioselective cycloisomerization of an allenyl pyrrole was studied with chiral Au(I) catalysts. This reaction led to an advanced intermediate, which was converted in few steps to (-)-rhazinilam, a natural product featuring interesting bioactivities. Thus we have described the shortest total synthesis of this natural compound.; La catalyse à l’Au(I) est un outil très puissant pour la synthèse d’hétérocycles, en particulier dans des réactions impliquant des alcynes ou des allènes. Il est notamment possible de l'appliquer dans la synthèse de molécules complexes et dans un contexte de synthèse totale. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé de nouveaux complexes d'Au(I) chiraux, mais également de nouvelles réactions catalytiques. Nous avons développé une nouvelle famille de phosphines chirales énantiopures à chiralité hélicoïdale, obtenues par une étape-clé de cyclotrimérisation [2+2+2] d’alcynes. Elles ont pu être engagées dans des étapes de fonctionnalisations tardives, de manière à modifier l’environnement stérique et de modifier l’excès énantiomérique obtenu lors des étapes catalytiques. Nous avons étudié la complexation des phosphines avec des sels d'Au(I). Les phosphahélicènes obtenus ont ensuite été évalués dans une réaction de cycloisomérisation, et une bonne activité catalytique et un excès énantiomérique atteignant 94 % a été mesuré. De nouvelles réactions de synthèse de dérivés spiroindoliques par catalyse à l’Au(I) ont aussi été mises au point, par le biais de réactions de cyclisation désaromatisante sur des N-propargyl tryptamines. Ainsi, de nouveaux spirooxindoles et de nouvelles spiroindolénines ont été synthétisées. Enfin, une réaction énantiosélective de cycloisomérisation d'un allenyl pyrrole a été mise au point en utilisant des complexes d'Au(I) chiraux. Elle a conduit à un intermédiaire synthétique avancé, qui a été converti en quelques étapes en (-)-rhazinilame, un produit naturel d'intérêt biologique. Ainsi nous avons décrit la plus courte synthèse totale de ce composé.

Au(I) catalysis is a powerfull tool for heterocycles synthesis, particularly in reactions involving alkynes or allenes. It can be applied both in the synthesis of complex molecules or in the context of total synthesis. During this PhD work, we have developed new chiral Au(I) complexes and new catalytic reactions. We have developed a new family of enantiopure chiral phosphines featuring helicoïdal chirality, obtained by a [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes as key step. They have been engaged in late stage functionalization, so as to modify the steric environment and to modify the enantiomeric excess obtained during the catalytic steps. We then studied the phosphine complexation with Au(I) salts. The corresponding phosphahelicenes have been engaged in cycloisomerization reactions. With the best catalyst, a good catalytic activity and an enantiomeric excess of 94 % have been measured. New reactions catalyzed by Au(I) complexes for the synthesis of spiroindolic compounds have been studied, by dearomatizing cyclisation of N-propargyl tryptamines. With this approach, new spirooxindoles and new spiroindolenines have been synthetized. Finally, the enantioselective cycloisomerization of an allenyl pyrrole was studied with chiral Au(I) catalysts. This reaction led to an advanced intermediate, which was converted in few steps to (-)-rhazinilam, a natural product featuring interesting bioactivities. Thus we have described the shortest total synthesis of this natural compound.; La catalyse à l’Au(I) est un outil très puissant pour la synthèse d’hétérocycles, en particulier dans des réactions impliquant des alcynes ou des allènes. Il est notamment possible de l'appliquer dans la synthèse de molécules complexes et dans un contexte de synthèse totale. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé de nouveaux complexes d'Au(I) chiraux, mais également de nouvelles réactions catalytiques. Nous avons développé une nouvelle famille de phosphines chirales énantiopures à chiralité hélicoïdale, obtenues par une étape-clé de cyclotrimérisation [2+2+2] d’alcynes. Elles ont pu être engagées dans des étapes de fonctionnalisations tardives, de manière à modifier l’environnement stérique et de modifier l’excès énantiomérique obtenu lors des étapes catalytiques. Nous avons étudié la complexation des phosphines avec des sels d'Au(I). Les phosphahélicènes obtenus ont ensuite été évalués dans une réaction de cycloisomérisation, et une bonne activité catalytique et un excès énantiomérique atteignant 94 % a été mesuré. De nouvelles réactions de synthèse de dérivés spiroindoliques par catalyse à l’Au(I) ont aussi été mises au point, par le biais de réactions de cyclisation désaromatisante sur des N-propargyl tryptamines. Ainsi, de nouveaux spirooxindoles et de nouvelles spiroindolénines ont été synthétisées. Enfin, une réaction énantiosélective de cycloisomérisation d'un allenyl pyrrole a été mise au point en utilisant des complexes d'Au(I) chiraux. Elle a conduit à un intermédiaire synthétique avancé, qui a été converti en quelques étapes en (-)-rhazinilame, un produit naturel d'intérêt biologique. Ainsi nous avons décrit la plus courte synthèse totale de ce composé.

Auranofin is a gold compound that is widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is a monomeric linear complex with triethylphosphine and thiolate moieties bounded to an Au(I) center. Gold compounds are well known for their neurological and nephrotoxic implications. However, haematological toxicity is one of the most serious toxic and less studied effects. The lack of information on these aspects of auranofin prompted us to study the structural effects induced on cell membranes, particularly that of human erythrocytes. Auranofin was incubated with intact erythrocytes and molecular models of the erythrocyte membrane. The latter consisted of multibilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), phospholipids classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. This report presents evidence in order that auranofin interacts with red cell membranes as follows: a) in scanning electron microscopy studies on human erythrocytes it was observed that auranofin induced shape changes; b) X-ray diffraction studies showed that auranofin induced increasing structural perturbation to DMPC and to a lower extent to DMPE bilayers. Additional experiments were performed in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y. A statistically significant decrease of cell viability was observed.

The mesomeric betaine imidazolium-1-ylphenolate forms a borane adduct with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane by coordination with the phenolate oxygen, whereas its NHC tautomer 1-(2-phenol)imidazol-2-ylidene reacts with (triphenylphosphine)gold(I) chloride to give the cationic NHC complex [Au(NHC)2][Cl] by coordination with the carbene carbon atom. The anionic N-heterocyclic carbene 1-(2-phenolate)imidazol-2-ylidene gives the complexes [K][Au(NHC−)2], [Rh(NHC−)3] and [Ni(NHC−)2], respectively. Results of four single crystal analyses are presented.

The photochemistry of a gold(I) thiocyanate complex has been investigated to determine the coordination structure in both the solid and liquid states. The coordination geometries of the supramolecular [Au(SCN)2]n complex and the concomitant exciplex have mainly been analyzed by crystallographic analysis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The Au-S bond distance and Au···Au separation of the compound in the S0 ground state and in the T1 phosphorescent excited state (λex = 340 nm) were compared. Upon irradiation with UV light, the excimeric interactions were enhanced, resulting in a contraction of the AuI···AuI aurophilic distance by 0.0113(4) Å. A broad luminescence spectrum was observed for the one-dimensional chain suprastructure. The time-resolved luminescence spectra indicated the entity of several oligomeric species in the crude liquid without neutral solvent molecules. In addition, EXAFS spectroscopy exhibited a slight change in the nearest Au-S distance due to the photo-switched transformation. The deformation of the (Au---Au)* exciplexes was not apparently promoted in the liquid state with the asymmetrical imidazoium cations having a non-local charge distribution in the present observation.

In the first part of this study is presented the synthesis of a novel family of phosphorylated catalysts for oxidation that are performing and selective. We develop the synthesis of N-phosphonio imines that allow catalytic epoxidation of olefins. A detailed study shows how the reactivity of the imine function can easily be modulated by variation of the nature of the substituent which helps adapting the catalyst to the type of substrate to oxidize. In the second part, a novel synthesis of precursors of vinylidenephosphoranes carbenes, that is short and simple, is proposed. This synthesis could be applied with different kind of substituent which permits the easy modulation of the properties of this new family of vinylidenephosphorane carbenes. The first results show that these carbenes have a pronounced ambiphilic character with an especially high nucleophilicity as estimated by theoretical study. Tests in coordination chemistry are also presented and the first Au(I) complexe is isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction study.; Dans la première partie, est présentée la synthèse d'une nouvelle famille de catalyseurs d'oxydation phosphorés performants et sélectifs. Ainsi nous avons mis au point la synthèse des imines N-phosphonio qui permettent de réaliser l'époxydation catalytique des oléfines. Une étude détaillée montre comment on peut facilement moduler la réactivité de la fonction imine en jouant sur la nature des substituants, et ainsi pouvoir adapter le catalyseur au type de substrat à oxyder. Dans la deuxième partie, est décrite une nouvelle voie de synthèse, simple et courte, pour les précurseurs des carbènes vinylidènephosphoranes. Cette voie de synthèse autorise une grande variation dans le choix des substituants ce qui devrait permettre de moduler facilement les propriétés de cette nouvelle famille de carbènes. Les premiers résultats montrent que ces carbènes présentent un caractère ambiphile prononcé avec une nucléophilie exacerbée, comme prévu par des calculs théoriques. Les premiers résultats en chimie de coordination sont également présentés et le premier complexe de Au(I) a été isolé et caractérisé par diffraction des rayons X.

The reaction of the five- or six-membered C,N or C,S-palladacycles [(L)PdCl](2) with PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) led to the monomeric complexes [(L)Pd(PTA)Cl] 6a, 6b and 7 where LH= N,N-dimethyl-1-phenylmethanamine, benzyl(methyl)sulfane or 1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one respectively. Dimeric complexes have also been synthesised: [Pd(2)L(2)(mu-dppe)Cl(2)], where LH = 1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (1a), (R)- or (S)-3-isopropyl-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (1b, 1c), [Pd(2)L(2)(mu-dppf)Cl(2)], where L= 1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (4a) or (R)-3-isopropyl-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (4b), respectively, and dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene. The complexes were characterised in solution, by (1)H and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, and single crystals of complexes 6b and 7 were studied in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. The palladacycles were evaluated for in vitro activity as cytotoxic agents on A2780/S cells and also as cathepsin B inhibitors, an enzyme implicated in a number of cancer related events.