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La visualización se ha utilizado en programas de intervención psicológica para la rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados ya que diferentes estudios la asocian con una mejoría en el afrontamiento psicológico y reducción de la ansiedad por el temor a volver a lesionarse. Por esto, el objetivo es revisar las publicaciones que utilizan la visualización en la rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados y determinar su eficacia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo la guía PRISMA, en la Web of Science, usando como palabras clave: sport injur*, psycho* y rehabilitation. Los criterios de inclusión fueron ser un estudio empírico y la aplicación de la visualización en la rehabilitación de la lesión deportiva. Se obtuvieron 394 artículos, que se redujeron a cinco. Los resultados muestran que cuatro trabajos emplean la visualización junto con otras técnicas psicológicas. Se emplearon, en su mayoría, instrumentos de evaluación ad hoc. La visualización se mostró eficaz en cuatro de los cinco estudios, consiguiendo los efectos deseados. Las variables psicológicas más estudiadas fueron el dolor, la adherencia a la rehabilitación, la autoeficacia, la motivación y la ansiedad. Se deduce que la visualización, ha resultado útil en la rehabilitación de lesiones deportivas como parte de un programa de tratamiento integral del deportista lesionado. Guided imaginary has been used in psychological intervention programs for the rehabilitation of injured athletes, since different studies associate it with an improvement in psychological coping and a reduction in anxiety due to the fear of being injured again. Therefore, the objective is to review the publications that use guided imaginary in the rehabilitation of injured athletes and determine its effectiveness. A systematic search was carried out following the PRISMA guide, in the Web of Science, using as keywords: sport injury*, psycho* and rehabilitation. The inclusion criteria were to be empirical and the application of guided imaginary in the rehabilitation of sports injury. 394 articles were acquired, which were reduced to 5. The results show that 4 works carried out guided imaginary together with other psychological techniques. Ad hoc evaluation instruments were used for the most part. Guided imaginary was shown to be affective in 4 of the 5 studies, achieving the desired effects. The most studied psychological variables were pain, adherence to rehabilitation, self-efficacy, motivation and anxiety. It follows that guided imaginary has been useful in the rehabilitation of sports injuries as part of a comprehensive treatment program for the injured athlete.

Numerosas investigaciones anteriores se han ocupado de estudiar los efectos en variables psicológicas que el pensamiento catastrofista consecuente a una lesión deportiva produce en la salud mental del individuo. Sin embargo, son menos las que han hecho hincapié en el impacto en el estado de ánimo del deportista desde una perspectiva longitudinal. En este estudio se empleó una muestra de 22 futbolistas varones jóvenes lesionados con el objetivo de observar la evolución temporal de la relación entre el pensamiento catastrofista y el estado de ánimo. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Policlínica de la Federación de Futbol de la Región de Murcia (FFRM), España. Se obtuvo información sociodemográfica y sobre la lesión actual y la historia de lesiones del deportista, además de la información relativa a las variables psicológicas, pensamiento catastrofista y estado de ánimo. Se encuentra una relación tanto positiva como negativa, donde a mayor catastrofismo (Rumiación, Desesperación y Magnificación) mayor es el estado de ánimo negativo (Tensión, Depresión, Cólera y Fatiga) y menor es el estado de ánimo positivo (Vigor). Conforme aumenta el tiempo posterior a la lesión, el perfil psicológico mejora, disminuyendo de forma lineal los factores negativos y aumentando el factor positivo. Estos hallazgos pueden ser de importancia de cara a la planificación y a la aplicación de programas de rehabilitación para futbolistas lesionados. Palabras clave: Lesión, deportista, depresión, dolor, catastrofismo, ánimo Abstract. Previous research has studied the effects on psychological variables that catastrophic thinking has on the mental health of an individual as a result of a sports injury. However, fewer research has emphasized this impact on the mood state of the athlete from a longitudinal perspective. This study used a sample size of 22 injured young males football players with the aim of observing the temporal evolution of the relationship between catastrophic thinking and mood. The study was carried out at the Polyclinic of the Football Federation of the Region of Murcia (FFRM) in Spain. Sociodemographic information and data about the current injury and the previous history of sports injury was acquired, as well as additional data about different psychological variables, catastrophic thinking and mood. Positive and negative relationships are found, where the higher catastrophism (Rumination, Helplessness and Magnification) the higher the negative mood state (Tension, Depression, Anger and Fatigue) and the lower the positive mood state (Vigour). As the time after the injury increases, the psychological profile improves, with the negative factors decreasing linearly and the positive factors increasing. These findings may be of importance for planning and for the implementation of rehabilitation programs for injured football players. Keywords: Injury, athlete, depression, pain, catastrophizing, mood.

El objetivo principal fue determinar la relación entre el estado de ánimo y la calidad de sueño percibida en jugadores de fútbol. La muestra estuvo formada por 28 participantes entre los 18 y 21 años, pertenecientes al equipo Real Murcia Imperial Club de Fútbol de dos categorías, Juvenil División de Honor y Tercera División. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de estados de ánimo POMS, en su forma abreviada para medir el estado de ánimo y Índice de Calidad de sueño de Pittsburgh para medir la calidad de sueño de los futbolistas. Los resultados mostraron que: a) Una mala calidad del sueño se relaciona con altos niveles de fatiga y depresión en futbolistas jóvenes b) Los futbolistas con mayor número de perturbaciones de sueño tenían altos niveles de fatiga y depresión c) La disfunción diurna se relaciona con mayores niveles de fatiga y depresión.

El objetivo principal del presente estudio es estudiar la relación entre indicadores de salud mental (depresión, estrés y ansiedad) y la edad en jugadoras de fútbol. Concretamente se pretende determinar la relación entre la edad y la depresión, la edad y la ansiedad y la edad y el estrés. Las participantes fueron 74 jugadoras de fútbol, con una media de edad de 19,59 años (±4,74); con un intervalo entre los 13 y 33 años. La muestra se dividió en 3 grupos de edad: de 13 a 16 años, de 17 a 20 años y de 21 a 33 años. Para evaluar los indicadores de salud mental se utilizó la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables y un análisis de correlación Rho de Spearman y ANOVA de un factor mediante contrastes post-hoc. Los resultados indican que las puntuaciones en depresión, ansiedad y estrés de las jugadoras fueron mayores en el grupo de 17 a 20 años, y menores en el de menor edad. Concretamente el nivel de depresión fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de 17-20 años en comparación con el grupo de 13-16 años. El paso de categorías de competición en edades tempranas a categorías de mayor relevancia competitiva podría estar explicando, en parte, estos resultados, y por tanto señala la importancia de un asesoramiento psicológico dirigido a moderar el impacto emocional y psicológico del paso de unas categorías a otras de mayor nivel.

El estudio de los factores psicológicos relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo tiene un importante recorrido en la literatura científica. Conocer si existen diferencias de género en deportistas, cuáles son estas, y en qué aspectos se manifiestan es una cuestión que podría ayudar a mejorar la labor de entrenadores y técnicos deportivos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si existen diferencias de género en el perfil psicológico de futbolistas juveniles relacionado con el rendimiento deportivo. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo transversal. La muestra objeto de estudio estuvo formada por un total de 329 jugadores juveniles de fútbol (46.8% varones y 53,2% mujeres), con una edad media de 17.02 (±1.50) años. Para la evaluación de las características psicológicas se utilizó el Cuestionario Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo (CPRD). Los resultados de este estudio indican que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre varones y mujeres en control de estrés (CE), influencia de la evaluación del rendimiento (IER) y en cohesión de equipo (CH), con un tamaño del efecto de .51, .31 y .40 respectivamente. Los jugadores manifiestan puntuaciones mayores que las jugadoras en CE, es decir, gestionan mejor el estrés propio de la competición, y en IER, es decir, los jugadores gestionan mejor que las jugadoras el impacto que supone la evaluación de su rendimiento, el que hacen los otros (entrenadores, compañeros, padres/madres, etc.) y el que se hace a sí mismo. Sin embargo, las jugadoras presentan mejores puntuaciones en CH, es decir, manifiestan una mayor tendencia a trabajar en grupo y fortalecer el equipo. The study of psychological factors related to sports performance has an important track record in thescientific literature. Knowing if there are differences between male and female athletes, what they are, and in what aspects they manifest is an issue that could help improve the work of coaches and sports technicians. The aim of this study is to determine if there are gender differences in the psychological profile of youth soccer players related to sports performance. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The sample under study was formed by a total of 329 youth soccer players (46.8% male and 53,2% female), with an average age of 17.02 (± 1.50) years. The Psychological Characteristics Questionnaire Related to Sports Performance (CPRD) was used to evaluate psychological characteristics. The results of this study indicate that there are statistically significant differences between male and female in stress control (CE), influence of performance evaluation (IER) and in team cohesion (CH), with an effect size of .51, .31 and .40 respectively. The male players show higher scores than the female players in CE, that is, they better manage the stress of the competition, and in IER, that is, the male players manage better than the female players the impact of evaluating their performance, the one that others do (coaches, partners, fathers / mothers, etc.) and the one thatmakes itself. However, female players have better CH scores, that is, they show a greater tendency to work in groups and strengthen the team. O estudo de fatores psicológicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo tem um histórico importante na literatura científica. Saber se existem diferenças entre atletas masculinos e femininos, o que são e em que aspectos eles se manifestam é uma questão que pode ajudar a melhorar o trabalho de treinadores e técnicos esportivos. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se existem diferenças de gênero no perfil psicológico de jovens jogadores de futebol relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. Foi utilizado um desenho descritivo de corte transversal. A amostra estudada foi composta por um total de 329 jogadores de futebol juvenil (46,8% masculino e 53,2% feminino), com idade média de 17,02 (± 1,50) anos. O Questionário de Características Psicológicas Relacionadas ao Desempenho Esportivo (CPRD) foi utilizado para avaliar as características psicológicas. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre meninos e meninas no controle do estresse (EC), influência da avaliação de desempenho (IER) e na coesão da equipe (HC), com um tamanho de efeito de 0,51, 0,31 e 0,40, respetivamente. Os jogadores pequenos apresentam pontuações mais altas do que as jogadoras da CE, ou seja, administram melhor o estresse da competição, e no IER, ou seja, os jogadores pequenos gerenciam melhor do que as jogadoras o impacto de avaliar seu desempenho, o que os outros fazem (treinadores, parceiros, pais / mães, etc.) e o que se faz. No entanto, as jogadoras têm melhores pontuações no HC, ou seja,mostram maior tendência a trabalhar em grupo e fortalecer a equipe.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the modification of the pitch size, goal size, and the number of players per team on the level of cooperation in youth soccer players (U-12). A quasi-experimental design was implemented to measure the effects of the changes in the number of players per team (8-a-side vs. 5-a-side), goal size (6 x 2 m vs. 3 x 2 m), and field size (58 x 38 m vs. 38 x 20 m) on the cooperation. Four soccer teams under-12 (n = 48 players) participated in three tournaments (standard rules; proposed rules; standard rules). The five variables of cooperation were measured using the “Sports Cooperation Questionnaire”: conditional cooperation, cooperation with the coach, disposition of unconditional cooperation, situational cooperation with teammates, and situational cooperation outside the field of play. Players presented the same level of cooperation in conditional cooperation, situational cooperation with teammates, and situational cooperation outside the field of play with both types of rules. The modification of rules involved a reduction of the cooperation with the coach and a disposition of unconditional cooperation. The causes of the reduction may be related to players’ adaptation to new tactical dispositions and game situations. Future studies are needed of player’s cooperation and different competition rules in youth sports.

Las lesiones constituyen uno de los principales problemas en el deporte debido a las repercusiones negativas sobre la salud y el rendimiento del deportista. Su etiología multifactorial requiere que sean abordadas también desde lo psicológico para comprender su comportamiento de manera integral y lograr mayores impactos en su prevención. La presente investigación se realizó con los lanzadores de béisbol de primera categoría de la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba, con el propósito de determinar la relación entre las variables psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento del deportista y las lesiones. Se estudiaron un total de 48 lanzadores constituyendo una población heterogénea, integrada por deportistas noveles y de mayor experiencia competitiva. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Aspectos Deportivos y Lesiones, el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado, el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado en Competición y el Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los lanzadores estudiados presentan una baja percepción de la relación entre variables psicológicas y lesiones, constatando además que en la competición aparecen más lesiones que en los entrenamientos y que los deportistas con antecedentes de lesiones presentan diferencias significativas en el estado de determinadas variables psicológicas en comparación con los lanzadores que no se han lesionado. Estas diferencias se observan en la ansiedad estado en competición, la autoconfianza, el control del afrontamiento negativo, el control de la atención y el control visual e imaginativo. Injuries are one of the main problems in sport due to the negative impact on the health and performance of the athlete. Their multi-causal etiology requires that they also be approached from the psychological to understand their behavior in an integral way and achieve greater impacts in its prevention. The present investigation was carried out with the first category Baseball pitchers of the province of Villa Clara, Cuba, with the purpose of determining the relationship between the psychological variables associated with the athlete's performance and the injuries. A total of 48 pitchers were studied, constituting a heterogeneous population, made up of new athletes with greater competitive experience. The Sports Aspects and Injuries Questionnaire, the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory, the Competing State Anxiety Inventory and the Psychological Inventory of Sports Execution were applied. The results obtained show that the pitchers studied have a low perception of the relationship between psychological variables and injuries, also confirming that in the competition there are more injuries than in training. In addition, the results are displaying that athletes with a history of injuries and within these, the ones that most injuries have suffered, present significant differences in the status of certain psychological variables compared to pitchers who have not been injured. This difference can be observed in competition state anxiety, self-confidence, negative coping control, attention control, and visual and imaginative control. Le lesioni sono uno dei principali problemi negli sport a causa dell'impatto negativo sulla salute e sulle prestazioni dell'atleta. La loro eziologia multifattoriale richiede che vengano affrontati anche dal punto di vista psicologico per comprendere il loro comportamento in modo integrale e ottenere maggiori impatti nella sua prevenzione. La presente indagine è stata condotta con i lanciatori di baseball di prima categoria della provincia di Villa Clara con lo scopo di determinare la relazione tra le variabili psicologiche associate alla prestazione dell'atleta e le lesioni. Sono stati studiati un totale di 48 lanciatori, costituendo una popolazione eterogenea, composta da nuovi atleti con una maggiore esperienza competitiva. Sono stati applicati il ​​questionario sugli aspetti sportivi e sugli infortuni, l'inventario dell'ansia trait-state, l'inventario dell'ansia di stato in competizione e l'inventario psicologico dell'esecuzione sportiva. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che i lanciatori studiati hanno una bassa percezione del rapporto tra variabili psicologiche e infortuni, confermando anche che nella competizione ci sono più infortuni che in allenamento e che gli atleti con una storia di infortuni e al loro interno, quelli che più le lesioni hanno sofferto, presentano differenze significative nello stato di alcune variabili psicologiche rispetto ai lanciatori che non sono stati feriti. Questa differenza può essere osservata in variabili come; l'ansia era in competizione, la fiducia in se stessi, il controllo del coping negativo, il controllo dell'attenzione e il controllo visivo e immaginativo. As lesões são um dos principais problemas do esporte devido ao impacto negativo na saúde e no desempenho do atleta. Sua etiologia multifatorial exige que eles também sejam abordados do ponto de vista psicológico para entender seu comportamento de maneira integral e obter maiores impactos em sua prevenção. A presente investigação foi realizada com a primeira categoria de lançadores de basebol da província de Villa Clara, Cuba, com o objetivo de determinar a relação entre as variáveis ​​psicológicas associadas ao desempenho do atleta e as lesões. Foram estudados 48 lançadores, constituindo uma população heterogênea, composta por novos atletas com maior experiência competitiva. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Aspectos e Lesões Esportivas, o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado Competente e o Inventário Psicológico de Execução Esportiva. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os lançadores estudados têm uma baixa percepção da relação entre variáveis ​​psicológicas e lesões, confirmando também que na competição há mais lesões do que nos treinos e que atletas com histórico de lesões e dentro delas, as que mais lesões sofridas apresentam diferenças significativas no status de certas variáveis ​​psicológicas em comparação com lançadores que não foram feridos. Essa diferença pode ser observada na ansiedade do estado de competição, autoconfiança, controle negativo de enfrentamento, controle da atenção e controle visual e imaginativo.

The pandemic COVID-19 constituted one of the greatest ordeals the world has seen in the last decades. Social isolation has changed athletes’ lives completely and brought a number of consequences – both technical and psychological. The aim of this study was to investigate the dominant psychic conditions and perfectionism and their relation to the preferred coping strategies during the pandemic COVID-19 among sports students from Bulgaria and Russia and to outline their specificity depending on their gender, kind of sport, qualification, and nationality. The research was done among 199 sports students from Bulgaria and Russia who practice 18 kinds of sport, aged between 16 and 32 years, divided into groups according to their gender, kind of sport, level of qualification, nationality. The research methods included: 1) Sociodemographic, personal and sports evaluation; 2) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS, Frost, Marten, Lahart & Rosenblate, 1990), adapted for Bulgarian conditions by T. Iancheva, 2009; 3) Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971); 4) Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire (ACSQ-1; Kim 1999; Kim & Duda, 1997). There are significant differences depending on gender, kind of sport, qualification, and nationality. The specific role of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism was viewed in relation to the dominant psychic conditions during social isolation and the preferred coping strategies.

espanolEl objetivo principal del presente estudio es estudiar la relacion entre el perfeccionismo y la salud mental (depresion, estres y ansiedad) en jovenes futbolistas, para determinar la existencia de diferencias en esta relacion entre tres categorias deportivas (infantil, cadete y juvenil). Concretamente se pretende: a) determinar las diferencias en los niveles de perfeccionismo (adaptativo y desadaptativo) segun la categoria deportiva: Infantil (12-13 anos) Cadete (14-15 anos) y Juvenil (16-18 anos); b) determinar la relacion entre el perfeccionismo (adaptativo vs. desadaptativo) y los indicadores de salud mental (Depresion, Ansiedad y Estres) tanto en categoria Infantil, Cadete y Juvenil, como en el total de la muestra. Los participantes fueron 131 jugadores jovenes de futbol con una media de edad de 14,31 anos (±1,42); 50 de ellos jugaban en categoria infantil, 44 en categoria cadete y 37 en categoria juvenil. Para evaluar el perfeccionismo se utilizo la Escala Multidimensional del Perfeccionismo (MPS), y para evaluar los indicadores de salud mental se utilizo la Escala de Depresion, Ansiedad y Estres (DASS-21). Se realizo un analisis descriptivo de las variables y un analisis de correlacion de Pearson para determinar la relacion entre aquellas. Los resultados indican que los niveles de perfeccionismo total, asi como los de perfeccionismo adaptativo y perfeccionismo desadaptativo, son similares en las tres categorias deportivas estudiadas. El perfeccionismo desadaptativo se relaciona positivamente con los indicadores de salud mental (Depresion, Ansiedad, y Estres), es decir, a mayor puntuacion en perfeccionismo desadaptativo mayores niveles de depresion, de estres y de ansiedad manifiestan los jugadores. Se proponen sugerencias practicas derivadas del estudio. EnglishThe main objective of this study is to study the relationship between perfectionism and mental health (depression, stress and anxiety) in young football players, to determine the existence of differences in this relationship between three sports categories (under 12-13, under 14-15 and under 16-18). Specifically, the aim is to: a) determine the differences in the levels of perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) according to the sports category: under 12-13, under 14-15 and under 16-18; b) determine the relationship between perfectionism (adaptive vs. maladaptive) and mental health indicators (depression, anxiety and stress) both in the under 12-13, under 14-15 and under 16-18 categories and in the total sample. The participants were 131 young football players with an average age of 14.31 years (±1.42); 50 of them played in the under 12-13, 44 in the under 14-15 and 37 in under 16-18. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) was used to assess perfectionism, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to assess mental health indicators. A descriptive analysis of the variables and a Pearson’s correlation analysis were performed to determine the relationship between them. The results indicate that the levels of total perfectionism, as well as those of adaptive perfectionism and maladaptive perfectionism, are similar in thethree sports categories studied. Disadaptive perfectionism is positively related to mental health indicators (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress), that is, the higher the score in disadaptive perfectionism the higher the levels of depression, stress and anxiety manifested by the players. Practical suggestions derived from the study are proposed.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la eficacia de un programa de intervención psicológica (atención-concentración, motivación y nivel de activación) en 19 jugadores de fútbol 11, con una media de edad de 16.3 (DT = .99). Se realizó una evaluación inicial y final mediante el Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo (CPRD) para valorar la eficacia de dicho programa. Los resultados indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el pre y pos intervención, en el cual los jugadores mejoran en los factores del CPRD: “Influencia de Evaluación del Rendimiento”, “Habilidad Mental” y “Control de Estrés”. Se concluye que, el presente trabajo aporta evidencia sobre la eficacia de la intervención psicológica en el fútbol base, tal y como muestran los resultados.

Different studies have shown that a bad psychological predisposition of the injured athlete could hinder his return to training. The aim of this work was to translate and adapt the questionnaire of psychological predisposition for injured athletes from Spanish to English. A translation-backtranslation methodology was used with native translator and experts in the field of injury recovery. The translators found a high conceptual equivalence between both versions, as well as a low level of difficulty for their translation. The PRIA-RS questionnaire is presented as a conceptually and contextually valid version. Its use at the international level, thanks to this new version in English, could be increased.

Created by Hergé in 1929, Tintin is a truly successful publication, since these comic books have been translated into about a hundred languages and published throughout the world during the 20th century. Several studies have already been conducted on Tintin. However, the place and role of physical and sports activities practiced by this tireless journalist in the promotion of these highly sustainable activities have never been analyzed. Through both quantitative and qualitative analyses (descriptions, counts, frequencies and percentages), this work studies all the panels of the 23 albums of Tintin’s adventures dealing with any form of physical exercise or sport. The results indicate that the representation of physical and sporting activity in Tintin’s adventures remains steady and consistent from the first (1931) to the last book (1976). Thus, Hergé had never ceased to believe in the beneficial, physiological, psychological, moral and social effects of physical activity on his young, tireless hero. To summarize, the eternally youthful and perfectly fit, Tintin leads both his core band and occasional characters and may serve as a role model influencing young 20th century readers toward the benefits of an active lifestyle.

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the sports field unprecedentedly. The emergency alert has deprived athletes of training in a suitable environment, as they are faced with cancellations of relevant events in their sports careers. This situation can cause stress levels and other emotional disorders similar to those experienced by athletes during periods of injury. Since the relationship between psychological factors and sports injuries is well-studied, the Global Psychological Model of Sports Injury (MGPLD) is applied to this historical situation for athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between perfectionism and trait anxiety with indicators of mental health (mood, depression, state anxiety, and stress) in high-performance athletes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to explore the coping strategies that athletes have applied and whether they are perceived as useful for managing negative emotional states. A cross-sectional study was conducted through online questionnaires during April 2020, adapting the Psychological Assessment Protocol of the High-Performance Sports Center of Murcia (Spain), to assess the psychological effects of confinement in a cross-cultural sample of 310 athletes (141 women and 169 men) from different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, and from diverse sports disciplines. The protocol comprised six instruments that test perfectionism, trait anxiety, mood states, stress, depression, coping strategies, and sleep. It was answered online via Google Forms. The results show that maladaptive perfectionism was related to all the indicators of athletes' mental health. However, athletes' levels of anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms are relatively low, and the use of coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring and emotional calm was associated with lower levels of negative emotional states. Besides, the Iceberg Profile, a suitable fit for the mental health model, is observed in the mood of athletes, both in men and in women, although women showed higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression than men. A strong relationship was observed between maladaptive perfectionism and martial arts sports discipline, superior to other sports. In short, it can be concluded that high-performance athletes in the studied sample showed negative emotional state values below the expected average. Finally, the proposals for practical applications of the results collected are discussed, This study was partially funded by the Murcia (Spain) Regional Football Association's Football Project (Grant FFRM-UMU-04 0092 321B 64502 14704), CAR Infanta Cristina, Los Alcázares, Murcia. Ref. N°: UMU31047-GINVEST10294, and the Erasmus + ELIT-in 590520- EPP-1-2017-1-ES-SPO-SCP, Integration of elite athletes into the labor market through the valorization of their transversal competences.

El optimismo ha sido considerado como una variable importante de cara al rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación del optimismo con la ejecución en situaciones adversas del deporte. Para ello, 66 nadadores y nadadoras de 13.66 años de media de edad realizan en dos ocasiones la misma prueba, obteniendo tras la primera un feedback negativo (tiempo superior al real). Posteriormente se observa el rendimiento en la segunda prueba. El estudio pretende ser una réplica del trabajo de Seligman en la Universidad de Berkeley en 1990. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en los sujetos pesimistas entre los tiempos de la primera y segunda prueba. Por otro lado aunque sin significación estadística, los datos indican que todos los nadadores que mejoran la segunda prueba tienen un perfil optimista. Finalmente se discute sobre la utilidad de la evaluación y entrenamiento del optimismo de cara al rendimiento en el deporte de competición.

En el ámbito deportivo competitivo se hace necesaria una aproximación al perfil de vulnerabilidad psicológico a la lesión del deportista. La muestra total del estudio fue de 285 hombres (23 no lesionados) y 168 mujeres (24 no lesionadas), los hombres tenían una media de edad de 21.77 años y las mujeres de 20.55 años. La muestra estuvo compuesta por jugadores de deportes individuales (tenis, atletismo y natación) y por jugadores de deportes colectivos (fútbol, baloncesto y balonmano) pertenecientes a distintos Clubes Deportivos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Para la evaluación de la ansiedad competitiva, se utilizó el Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT); para evaluar la personalidad resistente, se utilizó la escala EPR; para evaluar la competitividad, se utilizó la escala de Competitividad-10; y, para la evaluación de las lesiones, se utilizó una hoja de registro específica. El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo, observacional y correlacional. El estudio partió de la siguiente hipótesis: el número de lesiones aumentará cuando menor sea la personalidad resistente y la motivación orientada al éxito, y cuando mayor sea la ansiedad competitiva y la motivación orientada a evitar el fracaso. Se planteó como objetivo analizar las diferencias en el número de lesiones entre los deportistas que presentaban un perfil de vulnerabilidad a la lesión frente a los que no presentaban dicho perfil. Según la fundamentación teórica, situarse en dicho perfil implicaría lesionarse más, sin embargo, los resultados del estudio indican que los hombres con perfil de vulnerabilidad a la lesión (los que se lesionarían más) tuvieron menor número de lesiones moderadas, totales e índice de lesión. Se discuten los resultados y se señalan algunas conclusiones del estudio. An approach to the psychological profile of vulnerability to the injury of the athlete has become necessary in competitive sports. Subjects consisted of a total of sample were 285 males (23 non-injured) and 168 females (24 non-injured). The male athletes had an average age of 21.77 years and the female athletes of 20.55 years. The sample consisted of athletes of individual sports (tennis, athletics and swimming) and players of team sports (football, basketball and handball) belonging to different sports clubs in the Valencian Community. A Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT) was used for the evaluation of competitive anxiety; an EPR scale was used to evaluate hardiness; a Competitiveness-10 scale was used to assess competitiveness; and a specific registration form was used for the assessment of injury. The study was carried out basing on a quantitative methodology. The design of the study was observational, descriptive and correlational. The study was based on the hypothesis: the number of injuries will increase with lower levels of hardiness and success-oriented motivation, and higher levels of competitive anxiety and motivation addressed to avoid failure. The objective was to analyze the differences in the number of injuries among athletes who had a profile of vulnerability to injury (low hardiness, high competitive anxiety, low motivation for success and high motivation oriented to avoid failure) against those who did not fit that profile. According to the theoretical foundation, those placed in this profile would be more susceptible to injury. However, the results of the study indicate that men with a profile of vulnerability to injury (who should sustain more injuries) suffered fewer moderate injuries, and the total number of injuries and rate of injury were lower. Results are discussed and some conclusions of the study are indicated. No âmbito do desporto de competição tem-se revelado necessária uma aproximação ao perfil de vulnerabilidade psicológica à lesão do desportista. A amostra total do estudo foi de 285 homens (23 não lesionados) e 168 mulheres (24 não lesionadas), os homens tinham uma idade média de 21.77 anos e as mulheres 20.55 anos. A amostra foi composta por jogadores de desportos individuais (ténis, atletismo e natação) e jogadores de desportos colectivos (futebol, basquetebol e andebol) de diferentes Clubes de Desportivos da Comunidade de Valência. Para a avaliação da ansiedade competitiva, foi utilizado o Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT); para avaliar a competitividade, a escala EPR; para a avaliação das lesões, foi usada folha de registo específica. O delineamento do estudo foi descritivo, observacional e correlacional. O estudo baseou-se na seguinte hipótese: o número de lesionados aumentará quanto menor seja a personalidade resistente e motivação orientada para o sucesso, e quanto maior a ansiedade competitiva e a motivação orientada para evitar o fracasso. Estabeleceu-se como objectivo analisar as diferenças no número de lesões entre os atletas que apresentavam um perfil de vulnerabilidade à lesão comparativamente com aqueles que não apresentavam o referido perfil. De acordo com a fundamentação teórica, incluir-se nesse perfil implicaria contrair mais lesões, no entanto, os resultados indicam que os homens com perfil de vulnerabilidade a lesões (os que se lesionariam mais) tiveram menor número de lesões moderadas, totais e índice de lesão. Os resultados são discutidos, assinalando-se algumas conclusões do estudo.