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Highways limit the movement and dispersion of wild animals and contribute to their loss due to roadkills, leading to the isolation and decline of populations, increasing the risk of local extinction. The Lowland Tapir Tapirus terrestris is the largest neotropical herbivore-frugivore, and despite its wide distribution in South America it is threatened with extinction. In this study we report six roadkill events of tapirs between 2014 and 2019 in a section of a federal highway crossing the mosaic of Atlantic Forest reserves called Sooretama, one of the last tapir refuges in southeastern Brazil. The traffic in this area is heavy with inadequate speed control, while exotic fruit trees growing along the highway attract wild animals. Water drainage tunnels serve as passageways for some species, including tapirs. However, the tunnels located under the highway are not continuously maintained, reducing its effectiveness. The loss of at least one tapir per year can have serious long-term consequences for one of the last viable lowland tapir populations in the entire Atlantic Forest. Emergency measures are required to avoid vehicle-tapir collisions.

The Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) is a large raptor that inhabits the lowland forests in the Neotropical region, whose population is currently decreasing owing to habitat loss and hunting. This species has become very rare in the southern region of the Atlantic Forest and is considered locally threatened or even extinct in some localities, including Rio Grande do Sul state, in southern Brazil. There are only two historic records of this eagle in this state, represented by specimens shot in the municipalities of Igrejinha before 1885 and Santa Cruz do Sul in the 1920s. Here, we report the rediscovery of the Crested Eagle in Rio Grande do Sul on 26 August 2019, when we observed an immature Crested Eagle vocalizing while perched on a Parapiptadenia rigida tree inside the Turvo State Park. We also report compiled information on the occurrence of this eagle in the southern Atlantic Forest and mapped the published historical and recent records. There is little information about this eagle in the Atlantic Forest and almost no information related to diet and nesting. We recorded the first images and audio of a wild Crested Eagle in the southern Atlantic Forest. Our records suggest that this species is breeding in this region. The Turvo State Park has recent records of Harpy Eagles (Harpia harpyja), which could suggest that the Crested Eagle is using the park without partitioning the habitat.

Two short-tailed opossum species, Monodelphis glirina and M. touan, occur in sympatry in an area of eastern Amazonia. Habitat structure and resource availability may influence habitat use and, consequently, species distribution, detectability, occupancy, and abundance. We evaluated occupancy and detectability of the species M. glirina and M. touan in the Carajás National Forest to answer the following questions: (1) Do both species occur in canga and forest habitats? (2) Do detectability and occupancy of M. touan and M. glirina differ in areas of canga and forest? (3) Does the presence of one species affect the detection of the other? We undertook surveys at 50 sampling sites (26 in canga and 24 in forest habitat). In addition, we developed co-occurrence models to test the relationships between occupancy and detection of M. touan in the presence or absence of M. glirina. We captured 693 individuals of M. glirina (587 in canga and 106 in forest) and 112 of M. touan (only one individual captured in canga). Occupancy by M. glirina was positively influenced by superficial rock cover and litter depth, while detectability was negatively influenced by canopy cover. Occupancy by M. touan was influenced positively by canopy cover, number of fallen trunks on the ground, and litter depth (Ψ = 0.315). Data from forest sites where M. touan and M. glirina occurred more often corroborated our third hypothesis, that detectability of M. touan is low when M. glirina is present. Our results highlight the existence of habitat preference by the two species of Monodelphis.

The Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio) is an innovative program designed to integrate all biodiversity research stakeholders. Operating since 2004, it has installed long-term ecological research sites throughout Brazil and its logic has been applied in some other southern-hemisphere countries. The program supports all aspects of research necessary to understand biodiversity and the processes that affect it. There are presently 161 sampling sites (see some of them at Supplementary Appendix), most of which use a standardized methodology that allows comparisons across biomes and through time. To date, there are about 1200 publications associated with PPBio that cover topics ranging from natural history to genetics and species distributions. Most of the field data and metadata are available through PPBio web sites or DataONE. Metadata is available for researchers that intend to explore the different faces of Brazilian biodiversity spatio-temporal variation, as well as for managers intending to improve conservation strategies. The Program also fostered, directly and indirectly, local technical capacity building, and supported the training of hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students. The main challenge is maintaining the long-term funding necessary to understand biodiversity patterns and processes under pressure from global environmental changes. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-03T12:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Program-for-Biodiversity-Research-2021.pdf: 4613827 bytes, checksum: 04b1875a6efdcba448fd73c1ecddf986 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate temporal trends in changes in vegetation patterns within the Sooretama Biological Reserve and its surroundings, located in Espirito Santo State, Brazil. The evaluation will be performed using the EVI and NDVI index of the MODIS sensor, the Mann-Kendall monotonic trend, Seasonal Trend Analysis methods, and monitoring drought events through the VCI drought index for the years 2007 through 2015. The tools utilized were the EVI and NDVI indexes of the MOD13Q1 product and LST from the MOD11A2 product. These indices were used in order to represent the dynamics of the study area biomass and then to analyze the drought occurrence using the index best-suited to the area of study, identified as VCI. The temporal trends in the data set were examined, pixel by pixel, by application of the Mann-Kendall monotonic technique, treating each pixel in space as a one-dimensional temporal series of 16-day cycles. To evaluate the seasonal trend, the analysis used the STA technique (Seasonal Trend Analysis) implemented in the ETM module. The characterization and spatial distribution of drought events were performed through the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). The use of (a) images and seasonal curves produced by the monotonic trend of Mann-Kendall and (b) analysis of seasonal trends generated the response of the vegetation to climate variations. The VCI indicated a potential for drought occurrence analysis in regions and areas with different vegetation densities. So, the VCI can be used as a powerful tool to compose a comprehensive and early system alert of drought that can accompany the changes in spatial coverage of vegetation and severity of change. Lastly, the analysis of the data from the MODIS NDVI, EVI, and TST images indicated that the data is suitable to a space-time analysis of drought occurrences and vegetation trends.

Road construction is considered to be one of the primary causes of forest fragmentation, and little is known about how roads affect bird reproductive success. The objective of this study was to assess the survival rate of artificial nests along an edge associated with a highway and in the interior of a tabuleiro forest. The study was performed at the Sooretama Biological Reserve, on the margins of federal highway BR‐101, between September and October 2015. A total of 168 artificial nests with a Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) egg in each nest were placed along six sampling transects, at distances of 2, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m from the highway toward the forest interior. We used logistic regression and estimated daily survival rate (DSR) using the “Nest Survival” function in the program MARK to estimate artificial nest survival and assessed the effect of the distance from the highway. The artificial nest survival rate was significantly higher on the highway margins than at other distances. The results show that artificial nests located up to 25 m from the highway have a greater success probability (over 95%) and a significant decrease in success probability more than 50 m from the highway. Although we cannot rule out other nonroad‐specific edge effects on artificial nest predation, our results suggest that the impacts of the highway (e.g., noise, vibration, visual stimuli) cause predators to avoid the road's surroundings (up to 25 m into the forest) when selecting their feeding sites, which partially supports the predation release hypothesis.

Incluye contenido parcial de los autores Abstract.Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecologicalhealth and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carni-vores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide managementand conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropicalregion: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; andUrsidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropicalcarnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTRO-PICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data wereobtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organi-zations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including cameratrapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature(peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated inthis compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n=79,343; 79.7%) butalso includes non-detection data (n=20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data(n=43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute tomacroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspec-tives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distri-bution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans andsafeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combinedwith other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and relatedecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restric-tion for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of theinformation used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Mortality from collision with vehicles is the most visible impact of road traffic on wildlife. Mortality due to roads (hereafter road-kill) can affect the dynamic of populations of many species and can, therefore, increase the risk of local decline or extinction. This is especially true in Brazil, where plans for road network upgrading and expansion overlaps biodiversity hotspot areas, which are of high importance for global conservation. Researchers, conservationists and road planners face the challenge to define a national strategy for road mitigation and wildlife conservation. The main goal of this dataset is a compilation of geo-referenced road-kill data from published and unpublished road surveys. This is the first Data Paper in the BRAZIL series (see ATLANTIC, NEOTROPICAL, and BRAZIL collections of Data Papers published in Ecology), which aims make public road-kill data for species in the Brazilian Regions. The dataset encompasses road-kill records from 45 personal communications and 26 studies published in peer-reviewed journals, theses and reports. The road-kill dataset comprises 21,512 records, 83% of which are identified to the species level (n = 450 species). The dataset includes records of 31 amphibian species, 90 reptile species, 229 bird species, and 99 mammal species. One species is classified as Endangered, eight as Vulnerable and twelve as Near Threatened. The species with the highest number of records are: Didelphis albiventris (n = 1,549), Volatinia jacarina (n = 1,238), Cerdocyon thous (n = 1,135), Helicops infrataeniatus (n = 802), and Rhinella icterica (n = 692). Most of the records came from southern Brazil. However, observations of the road-kill incidence for non-Least Concern species are more spread across the country. This dataset can be used to identify which taxa seems to be vulnerable to traffic, analyze temporal and spatial patterns of road-kill at local, regional and national scales and also used to understand the effects of road-kill on population persistence. It may also contribute to studies that aims to understand the influence of landscape and environmental influences on road-kills, improve our knowledge on road-related strategies on biodiversity conservation and be used as complementary information on large-scale and macroecological studies. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper. Setor de Ecologia Aplicada Universidade Federal de Lavras PPG Análise e Modelagem de Sistemas Ambientais Departamento de Cartografia Instituto de Geociências Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais NERF-UFRGS Núcleo de Ecologia de Rodovias e Ferrovias Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Centro Brasileiro de Estudos em Ecologia de Estradas (CBEE) Universidade Federal de Lavras Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Autopista Fluminense S. A., Av. São Gonçalo, 100, Unidade 101, Bairro Boa Vista Universidade Federal de Uberlandia (UFU) Programa de Pós Graduação em Políticas Públicas Núcleo de Ciências Ambientais Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Ciências Biológicas Núcleo de Ciências Ambientais Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes Caipora Cooperativa, Rua Desembargador Vitor Lima, 260/908 Setor de Mastozoologia Museu de Ciências Naturais Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Animal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Universidade Federal de São Carlos Pós Graduação em Conservação em Fauna Universidade Federal de São Carlos Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética Biodiversidade e Conservação Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Jequié Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Pioneiros Departamento de Biologia Centro de Ciências Exatas Naturais e da Saúde Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Erechim Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul CETESB - Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo Universidade Federal do Pampa Universidade Veiga de Almeida Instituto Tecnológico de Transportes e Infraestrutura Universidade Federal do Paraná Laboratório de Ecologia de Manguezal Instituto de Estudos Costeiros Universidade Federal do Pará Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos Arcadis Laboratório de Ecologia e Biogeografia de Mamíferos Universidade Estadual de Goiás Laboratório de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Coroado I IPÊ Pantanal, Rua Licuala, 622, Damha 1 Departamento de Patologia Veterinária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Biociências Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade – ICMBio Ministério do Meio Ambiente Centro Universitario de Rivera Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó 667 Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos Laboratório de Biodiversidade Molecular e Conservação Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos Centro Universitário de Anápolis Universidade Federal da Paraíba Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Rua Botuverá, 257 Dom Joaquim Departamento de Ecologia -Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Instituto Conservação Brazil (ICB), Rua dos Angicos, 185, Recanto dos Angicos R Embrapa Pantanal, Rua 21 de Setembro, n 1.880, Bairro Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Caixa Postal: 109 Departamento de Biologia Geral Agrárias e Humanas Instituto de Ciências da Saúde Centro Universitário do Planalto de Araxá UNIARAXÁ Hori Consultoria Ambiental, Rua Paulo Gorski, 2058, Mussunguê Centro Brasileiro para Conservação dos Felinos Neotropicais, Av. Emílio Antonon, 1000 – Chácara Aeroporto Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro Centro de Ciências Biologicas e de Saude Universidade Federal de São Carlos Instituto de Ciências Biologicas Universidade de Brasília Núcleo de Licenciamento Ambiental, Superintendência do Ibama em São Paulo/SP, Alameda Tietê, 637, 10° andar Curso de Medicina Veterinária Centro Universitário de Lavras (Unilavras) Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade de Brasília Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Universidade Estadual de Goiás Complexo Cultural e Científico de Peirópolis Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Departamento de Patologia Veterinária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista

We isolated and characterized 11 microsatellite loci for Harpia harpyja using the IonTorrent PGM. The loci were validated in 22 Harpia harpyja and 16 Morphnus guianensis individuals. Ten of the loci were variable in H. harpyja, ranging from two to six alleles per locus. Seven of the loci were variable in M. guianensis ranging from two to six alleles per locus. Genotypes did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectation, and no linkage disequilibrium was observed. These markers have a promise to provide an important resource for genetic population studies, conservation and monitoring of these two near threatened accipitrid species.

In most countries, the loss of biodiversity caused by the fires is worrying. In this sense, the fires detection towers are crucial for rapid identification of fire outbreaks and can also be used in environmental inspection, biodiversity monitoring, telecommunications mechanisms, telemetry and others. Currently the methodologies for allocating fire detection towers over large areas are numerous, complex and non-standardized by government supervisory agencies. Therefore, this study proposes and evaluates different methodologies to best location of points to install fire detection towers considering the topography, risk areas, conservation units and heat spots. Were used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and unaligned stratified systematic sampling for implementing and evaluating 9 methods for allocating fire detection towers. Among the methods evaluated, the C3 method was chosen, represented by 140 fire detection towers, with coverage of: a) 67% of the study area, b) 73.97% of the areas with high risk, c) 70.41% of the areas with very high risk, d) 70.42% of the conservation units and e) 84.95% of the heat spots in 2014. The proposed methodology can be adapted to areas of other countries.

Road mortality is the leading source of biodiversity loss in the world, especially due to fragmentation of natural habitats and loss of wildlife. The survey of the main species victims of roadkill is of fundamental importance for the better understanding of the problem, being necessary, for this, the correct species identification. The aim of this study was to verify if DNA barcodes can be applied to identify road-killed samples that often cannot be determined morphologically. For this purpose, 222 vertebrate samples were collected in a stretch of the BR-101 highway that crosses two Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Natural Reserves, the Sooretama Biological Reserve and the Vale Natural Reserve, in Espirito Santo, Brazil. The mitochondrial COI gene was amplified, sequenced and confronted with the BOLD database. It was possible to identify 62.16% of samples, totaling 62 different species, including Pyrrhura cruentata, Chaetomys subspinosus, Puma yagouaroundi and Leopardus wiedii considered Vulnerable in the National Official List of Species of Endangered Wildlife. The most commonly identified animals were a bat (Molossus molossus), an opossum (Didelphis aurita) and a frog (Trachycephalus mesophaeus) species. Only one reptile was identified using the technique, probably due to lack of reference sequences in BOLD. These data may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of roads on species biodiversity loss and to introduce the DNA barcode technique to road ecology scenarios.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2020-11-08T19:06:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Pagotto_PPGEE_2018.pdf: 1355480 bytes, checksum: 3055e64189b9628d1a481d8c1d4ccf41 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-08T19:06:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Pagotto_PPGEE_2018.pdf: 1355480 bytes, checksum: 3055e64189b9628d1a481d8c1d4ccf41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-06 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Roads are a major cause of habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation and are in most landscapes around the world. The construction of new highways is fundamental for socioeconomic development. However, the highways have mainly negative effects on adjacent habitats, thus affecting local communities. There is a global concern about vertebrate threats caused by the presence of highways and the urgent need for conservation strategies to mitigate or reduce impacts from a highway, especially those located in or near protected areas. Thus, it is important to identify impact levels and locations where the characteristics of the environment make the species potentially more vulnerable to roadkills and which are more susceptible to impact. In this sense, this dissertation was divided into two chapters with the aim of identifying the medium and large mammal community of the Sooretama Biological Reserve and to evaluate which species are most vulnerable to roadkill in relation to landscape characteristics and the use of drainage structures to cross the highway. We evaluated the mammal community from October 2016 to October 2017 through two sample designs with camera traps installed in the RBS based on a monitoring of the roadkills between the years 2010 and 2017 in the stretch of 25 km of highway BR -101 that crosses the forest fragment of the Linhares and Sooretama region. Our results indicated the presence of 30 species of medium and large mammals, including two domestic species. Of these, 13 are now threatened. The composition of mammals in the community was positively related to the structure of the vegetation and distance from the water resource. The distance from the BR-101 highway, however, did not affect the composition and distribution of the species in the RBS. Over the monitored period, we recorded 285 mammals hit by the cars by the 25 km stretch. Our results show that roadkills did not occur at random, but that the vegetation structure was one of the factors that had importance for the collisions to occur in a grouped way in certain points of the road. The results indicated that most of the species, although present inside the tunnels, do not use them to cross the highway, indicating that the tunnel structure is effective only for some of the species. The mammal community registered in the present study for RBS included large herbivores and carnivores, as well as endangered species and those already extinct in other Atlantic Forest sites. These results indicate the high degree of conservation that the reserve has for maintaining the biodiversity of mammals in the region. However, the BR-101 highway remains under constant threat to local forest species, whether due to recurrent roadkills or the isolation of some species in only a portion of the reserve As estradas são uma das principais causas da perda, fragmentação e degradação do habitat e estão na maioria das paisagens ao redor do mundo. A construção de novas rodovias é fundamental para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Entretanto, as rodovias exercem efeitos principalmente negativos nos habitats adjacentes afetando, consequentemente, as comunidades locais. Existe uma preocupação global sobre as ameaça dos vertebrados ocasionadas pela presença das rodovias e a necessidade urgente de estratégias de conservação que visam mitigar ou reduzir os impactos provenientes de uma rodovia, principalmente naquelas instaladas dentro ou próximas de unidades de conservação. Assim, é importante identificar os níveis de impacto e locais onde as características do ambiente tornam as espécies potencialmente mais vulneráveis aos atropelamentos e quais são mais suscetíveis ao impacto. Neste sentido, essa dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos com objetivo de identificar a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte da Reserva Biológica de Sooretama e avaliar quais espécies são mais vulneráveis aos atropelamentos em relação às características da paisagem e do uso das estruturas de drenagem de água para travessia da rodovia. Para tal, avaliamos a comunidade de mamíferos no período de outubro 2016 a outubro de 2017 através de dois desenhos amostrais com armadilhas fotográficas instaladas na RBS com base em um monitoramento dos atropelamentos entre os anos de 2010 e 2017 no trecho de 25 km da rodovia BR-101 que atravessa o fragmento florestal da região de Linhares e Sooretama. Nossos resultados indicaram a presença de 30 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, incluindo duas espécies domésticas. Dessas, 13 atualmente constituem espécies ameaçadas de extinção. A composição de mamíferos na comunidade esteve positivamente relacionada com a estrutura da vegetação e distância do recurso hídrico. A distância da rodovia BR-101, entretanto, não afetou a composição e distribuição das espécies na RBS. Ao longo do período monitorado, registramos 285 mamíferos atropelados no trecho de 25 km. Nossos resultados mostram que os atropelamentos não ocorreram ao acaso, mas que a estrutura da vegetação foi um dos fatores que teve importância para que os atropelamentos ocorressem de forma agrupada em determinados pontos da estrada. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte das espécies, apesar de estar presente no interior dos túneis, elas não os utilizam para realizar travessia da rodovia, indicando que a estrutura do túnel é eficaz apenas para algumas das espécies. A comunidade de mamíferos registrada no presente estudo para a RBS incluiu grandes herbívoros e carnívoros, além de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e aquelas que já foram extintas em outras localidades da Mata Atlântica. Tais resultados indicaram o alto grau de conservação que a reserva possui para manutenção da biodiversidade de mamíferos na região. No entanto, a rodovia BR-101 permanece sob consistente ameaça às espécies florestais locais, seja devido aos atropelamentos recorrentes no trecho ou pelo isolamento de algumas espécies em apenas uma porção da reserva

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8870_Dissertacao_Final_Carlos.pdf: 11369566 bytes, checksum: 39ee3ea380a35381e42784ae28b11e5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 O Bioma Mata Atlântica destaca-se pela sua biodiversidade, e ainda, por ser um dos biomas mais ameaçados do planeta. O estado do Espírito Santo, que está localizado em sua totalidade sob domínio do Bioma Mata Atlântica, possui cerca de 12,2% de remanescentes florestais. A fragmentação florestal é impulsionada pela atividade desordenada de uso e ocupação da terra e pelo crescimento populacional. Os aspectos mais graves do processo de fragmentação florestal são o efeito de borda e a perda da biodiversidade. Os corredores ecológicos surgem como alternativa para mitigar os efeitos da fragmentação florestal permitindo entre eles fluxo gênico de fauna e flora e a recolonização de áreas degradadas. Com o intuito de somar esforços à proteção e ao manejo deste bioma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar que a lógica Fuzzy pode ser utilizada na identificação de fragmentos florestais que sugerem maior conservação do ponto de vista das métricas da ecologia da paisagem, bem como propor corredores ecológicos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Itapemirim dentro limites do estado do Espírito Santo. O mapeamento dos fragmentos florestais foi realizado por meio de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto utilizando imagens do sensor Landsat 8, obtidas gratuitamente através do site da instituição United States Geological Survey (USGS), empregando técnicas de classificação supervisionada. Para o cálculo dos índices de ecologia, foi utilizado o aplicativo computacional ArcGis 10.2, por meio da extensão de domínio público V-LATE 2.0. Após o mapeamento dos fragmentos verificou-se a acurácia por meio do índice Kappa (82,03%) e pelo valor de Exatidão Global (91,90%), validando assim classificação. Foram identificados 11.749 fragmentos, que representam 22% de cobertura florestal na área de estudo. Os fragmentos mapeados foram divididos em classes de tamanho. Os fragmentos (< 5 ha) foram encontrados em maior número, 8.394, seguidos pelos fragmentos de (5 - 10 ha), 1.581, (10 - 50 ha), 1.414, (50 - 100 ha), 204, (100 - 300 ha), 105, (> 300 ha), 51. O número de fragmentos apresentou relação inversa com sua contribuição em área. Na avaliação dos índices métricos da paisagem florestal foram empregados os grupos de métricas de área, densidade e tamanho, forma, proximidade e área central, sendo este último obtido para diferentes simulações de efeito de borda (40, 60, 100, 120, 140 e 200 m). Todos os índices apresentaram diferenciações quando observadas as classes de tamanho dos fragmentos, sinalizando que, os fragmentos das classes de tamanho (100 - 300 ha) e (> 300 ha), apresentam métricas com atributos espaciais que sugerem maior grau de conservação. Para cálculo do potencial espacial dos fragmentos florestais foi utilizada lógica Fuzzy. As funções de pertinência empregadas foram Fuzzy Small, para as variáveis, distância média do vizinho mais próximo, índice de forma e dimensão fractal, e a função de pertinência Fuzzy Large, para as variáveis, área central, área do vizinho mais próximo e área do fragmento. As variáveis foram combinadas por meio do operador Fuzzy Gamma para representar o potencial espacial dos fragmentos. Foram identificados e selecionados 10 fragmentos com maior potencial. Em seguida, utilizando a metodologia de distância de menor custo, os fragmentos potenciais foram conectados, utilizando 196 fragmentos e 95 corredores. Os corredores totalizaram 70.879,65 m de comprimento, com comprimento médio de 746,10 m, apresentando largura média de 74,61 m. Foram conectados 206 fragmentos, 24,72% da área total dos fragmentos remanescentes na bacia hidrográfica do rio Itapemirim. Os fatores considerados neste estudo como alto custo, ou impedância para implantação do corredor, representaram 1,71% da área total conectada The Atlantic Forest biome is notable for its biodiversity, and also as one of the most threatened biomes on the planet. The state of Espírito Santo, which is located in its entirety under the control of the Atlantic Forest biome, has about 12.2% of remaining forests. Forest fragmentation is driven by the uncontrolled activity of land use and land occupation and population growth. The most serious aspects of forest fragmentation process are the edge effect and the loss of biodiversity. The ecological corridors are an alternative to mitigate the effects of forest fragmentation between them allowing gene flow of fauna and flora and the recolonization of degraded areas. In order to join efforts to the protection and management of this ecosystem, this study aimed to show that the Fuzzy logic can be used to identify forest fragments that suggest greater conservation from the perspective of landscape ecology metrics and propose ecological corridors in the catchment area of the river Itapemirim within state boundaries of the Espírito Santo. The mapping of forest fragments was carried out by means of remote sensing techniques using Landsat 8 sensor, available free of charge through the website of the institution United States Geological Survey (USGS) using supervised classification techniques. To calculate the indexes of ecology, the computer application ArcGis 10.2 was used, by extending V-LATE 2.0 public domain. After mapping of fragments verified the accuracy through Kappa (82.03%) and Global accuracy (91.90%), thus validating classification. 11,749 were identified fragments, representing 22% of forest cover in the study area. The fragments were mapped divided into size classes. The fragments (< 5 ha) were found in greater numbers, 8.394, followed by fragments (5.-10 ha), 1.581 (10 - 50 ha), 1.414, (50 -100 ha), 204 (100-300 ha), 105 (> 300 ha), 51. The number of fragments showed an inverse relationship with its contribution in the area. The evaluation of metric indices of forest landscape was employed with area groups of indexes; density and size, shape; proximity and central area, the latter being obtained for different edge effect simulation (40, 60, 100, 120, 140 and 200 m). All indexes showed differences when observing the fragments of size classes, signaling that the fragments of the size classes (100 - 300 ha) and (> 300 ha) have metrics with spatial attributes that suggest a greater degree of conservation. To calculate the spatial potential of forest fragments was used fuzzy logic. The membership functions were employed Fuzzy Small, for the variables, average distance from the nearest neighbor, shape index and fractal dimension, and the membership function Fuzzy Large, for the variables, central area, nearest neighbor area and area fragment. The variables were combined by means of Fuzzy Gamma operator to represent the potential space fragments. Selected and identified 10 fragments with the greatest potential. Then, using the lowest cost approach distance of the potential fragments were connected using fragments of 196 and 95 corridors. Runners totaled 70,879.65 m in length, with average length of 746.10 m, with an average width of 74.61 m. 206 fragments were connected, 24.72% of the total area of the remaining fragments in the catchment area of the river Itapemirim. Factors considered in this study as high cost, or impedance to implementation of the corridor, represented 1.71% of the total connected area.