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Auricularia specimens deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan, were observed to reexamine their species identification based on updated taxonomic criteria, and to verify the taxonomy and distribution of Auricularia spp. in Japan. Four of the ten specimens previously identified as A. auriculajudae were reidentified as A. americana (1), A. cornea (1), and A. villosula (2) based on morphological criteria such as medullae, abhymenial hairs, and basidiospores. The remaining six specimens could not be identified at the species level due to the lack of distinguishing morphological characteristics. Two of the five specimens previously considered A. minor were identified as different species due to basidiospore size discrepancy, but the remaining two specimens and the type specimen were in poor condition, and their basidiospores could not be properly observed. Three of the nine specimens previously identified as A. polytricha were reidentified as A. cornea based on morphological criteria. The remaining six specimens were not identified as A. polytricha. The type specimens of A. polytricha f. leucochroma and A. polytricha f. tenuis were in poor condition, and their basidiospores could not be properly observed. Reexaminations of existing specimens based on recent taxonomic criteria will contribute to updating the taxonomy and distribution of Auricularia spp. in Japan., 国立科学博物館に収蔵されているAuricularia標本の形態を観察し，近年の分類学的基準に基づく種同定および本属菌の日本における分類と分布の再検討を行った。その結果，A. auricula-judaeとされていた10標本中，4標本がそれぞれA. americana（1），A. cornea（1），A. villosula（2）に再同定された。残りの6標本は，種の識別に有用な形態的特徴がみられなかったため，種同定には至らなかった。Auricularia minor とされていた5 標本のうち，2標本は本種とは別種と考えられた。残りの2標本とタイプ標本は状態が良好ではなく，十分な担子胞子の観察ができなかった。Auricularia polytricha とされていた9標本のうち，3標本はA. corneaに再同定された。残りの6標本はA. polytrichaやA. nigricansとは別種であると考えられた。Auricularia polytricha f. leucochromaとA. polytricha f. tenuisのタイプ標本は状態が良好ではなく，担子胞子の観察ができなかった。近年の分類基準に基づいて過去の標本を再検討することにより，日本におけるAuricularia spp.の分類と分布情報を更新することができるだろう。

Guepinia alba sp. nov. and G. shanxiense sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Northern China in this paper. Morphologically, G. alba is distinguished from other Guepinia species by whitish basidiomata and 4-spored basidia while G. shanxiense is diagnosed by reddish orange basidiomata and ellipsoid to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and nrLSU sequences support the establishment of the two new species.

Exidia glandulosa is a cosmopolitan species, and it was commonly reported from China. Seventeen specimens with close resemblance to the species by having blackish, gelatinous basidiocarps were analyzed based on morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by the combined ITS+nLSU dataset and the combined ITS+nLSU+TEF1-a + RPB2 dataset, and 20 ITS, 20 nLSU, 22 TEF1-a, and 20 RPB2 sequences were newly generated. Seventeen specimens were gathered into three different lineages in phylogenies, and they were identified as three species, E. glandulosa s. str. and two new species, E. reflexa and E. subglandulosa, respectively. The two new species differ from E. glandulosa s. str. by the absence of papillae on hymenial surface, and E. reflexa differs from E. subglandulosa by obvious effused-reflexed basidiocarps and smaller basidia and basidiospores. Detailed characteristics with morphological photos of two new species were provided here.

Pseudohydnum brunneiceps is described as a new species from Jiangxi Province, central China. Morphologically, it is characterized by a gelatinous basidiocarps, pilei pale yellowish brown, dark reddish brown to blackish velutinate, spines conical and white, and basidiospores globose to broadly ellipsoidal. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from partial 28S region and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) also confirm that P. brunneiceps forms an independent lineage within Pseudohydnum. A description, photographs of the fresh basidiomata and line-drawings of the microstructures are provided. In addition, the previous records of P. gelatinosum in China should be re-evaluated by more representative samples by molecular phylogeny.

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Heteroradulum yunnanensis, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The species is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiomata with odontoid hymenial surface (50–100 µm long), more or less pronounced yellow stains in older basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system with thin-walled, clamped generative hyphae and two to three-celled basidia and cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB– basidiospores measuring as 17–24 ×5–8 µm. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that Heteroradulum yunnanensis formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and then grouped with H. adnatum.

Auriculariales accommodates species with diverse basidiomes and hymenophores. From morphological and phylogenetic perspectives, we perform a taxonomic study on Heteroradulum, a recently validated genus within the Auriculariales. The genus Grammatus is merged into Heteroradulum, and thus its generic type G. labyrinthinus is combined with Heteroradulum and G. semis is reaccepted as a member of Heteroradulum. Heteroradulum australiense is newly described on the basis of three Australian specimens. Heteroradulum yunnanense is excluded from this genus and its taxonomic position at the generic level is considered uncertain. Accordingly, the circumscription of Heteroradulum is re-delimited and the concept of this genus is adjusted by including irpicoid to poroid hymenophores and a hyphal system with clamp connections or simple septa. A key to all nine accepted species of Heteroradulum is presented.

Auricularia has a worldwide distribution and is very important due to its edibility and medicinal properties. Morphological examinations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of 277 samples from 35 countries in Asia, Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Oceania were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses were based on ITS, nLSU, rpb1, and rpb2 sequences using methods of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. According to the morphological and/or molecular characters, 37 Auricularia species were identified. Ten new species, A. camposii and A. novozealandica in the A. cornea complex, A. australiana, A. conferta, A. lateralis, A. pilosa and A. sinodelicata in the A. delicata complex, A. africana, A. srilankensis, and A. submesenterica in the A. mesenterica complex, are described. The two known species A. pusio and A. tremellosa, respectively belonging to the A. mesenterica complex and the A. delicata complex, are redefined, while A. angiospermarum, belonging to the A. auricula-judae complex, is validated. The morphological characters, photos, ecological traits, hosts and geographical distributions of those 37 species are outlined and discussed. Morphological differences and phylogenetic relations of species in five Auricularia morphological complexes (the A. auricula-judae, the A. cornea, the A. delicata, the A. fuscosuccinea and the A. mesenterica complexes) are elaborated. Synopsis data on comparisons of species in the five complexes are provided. An identification key for the accepted 37 species is proposed.

Abstract Auriculariales accommodates species with diverse basidiomes and hymenophores. From morphological and phylogenetic perspectives, we perform a taxonomic study on Heteroradulum, a recently validated genus within the Auriculariales. The genus Grammatus is merged into Heteroradulum, and thus its generic type G.labyrinthinus is combined with Heteroradulum and G.semis is reaccepted as a member of Heteroradulum. Heteroradulumaustraliense is newly described on the basis of three Australian specimens. Heteroradulumyunnanense is excluded from this genus and its taxonomic position at the generic level is considered uncertain. Accordingly, the circumscription of Heteroradulum is re-delimited and the concept of this genus is adjusted by including irpicoid to poroid hymenophores and a hyphal system with clamp connections or simple septa. A key to all nine accepted species of Heteroradulum is presented.

Taxonomy of Basidiodendron caesiocinereum complex is revised based on morphological and molecular methods (with the use of nc LSU rDNA, ITS and TEF1 regions). The basidiospore ornamentation is justified as a key morphological character for the species recognition in the group. As redefined here, B. caesiocinereum is an angiosperm-dwelling species with smooth basidiospores. Bourdotia cinerella and B. cinerella var. trachyspora are proved to represent separate species with warted basidiospores; they are reintroduced as Basidiodendron cinerellum and B. trachysporum. Additionally, eight new species related to B. caesiocinereum are described based on material from Eurasia, North America and Africa, and identity of B. spinosum from Oceania is discussed.

The taxonomy of Protomerulius and Heterochaetella is revised based on DNA data and morphological evidence, and their type species, P. brasiliensis and H. dubia, are proved to be congeneric. As a consequence, H. dubia and related species, of which four are described as new, are placed in Protomerulius. Heterochaete microspora is also combined in Protomerulius, and the genus concept is redefined to encompass effused species with smooth or spiny hymenophore and monomitic hyphal structure. Psilochaete multifora, gen. and spec. nov. is a distant relative of Protomerulius spp. found in Norway. Heterochaetella cystidiophora is re-collected in Brazil and placed in the synonyms of Heterochaete sanctae-catharinae. This species does not belong to the Protomerulius–Heterochaetella lineage, and it is transferred to Metulochaete, gen. nov.

The genus Heterochaete (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) is traditionally defined as comprising resupinate fungal species with sterile spines (hyphal pegs) that are distributed on hymenial surface. Recent DNA-based studies have indicated that Heterochaete is polyphyletic, although the correct taxonomic positions of many species under this genus remains unresolved. In this study, we revised the taxonomic assignments of some representatives of Heterochaete s.l., with special emphasis on neotropical taxa. Based on our results, two new genera, three new species, and three new combinations are proposed. Adustochaete is a new genus comprising two newly described species collected from dry hardwood twigs in the Neotropics; these two species are Adustochaete rava (the genus type) from Brazil and Adustochaete interrupta from Mexico. To date, the second genus, Proterochaete, comprises a single species, Proterochaete adusta comb. nov., which is widely distributed in the temperate Northern hemisphere. In addition, one new species, Tremellochaete cerradensis sp. nov., is described and one new combination, Tremellochaete ciliata comb. nov., is proposed in Tremellochaete, both recorded in Brazil. A neotype is selected for Heterochaetella ochracea, and this species was moved to Eichleriella based on morphological evidence and DNA analyses.

Fungal mutualisms are essential for the evolution and diversification of Orchidaceae, yet the fungal symbionts of Pleione orchids are poorly understood because molecular data are unavailable for this genus. Based on ITS-rDNA sequencing for mycobionts of 15 Pleione species (both wild and cultivated plants were included), we conducted phylogenetic analyses for the most dominant mycobionts, and compared the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of mycorrhizal fungi among species within Pleione. Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, Serendipitaceae (Sebacinales), Atractiellales, and Auriculariales were reported as putative mycobionts of Pleione. In particular, the mycorrhizal associations between subtropical orchids and Atractiellales have not been observed before. For the dominant mycobionts in the roots of Pleione and its related genera, Bletilla and Coelogyne, we detected no fungal OTU that was shared. Within Pleione, species with a sympatric distribution showed preferences for different fungi. Epiphytic and lithophytic individuals of Pleione albiflora shared OTUs of Tulasnellaceae but harbored different OTUs of Sebacinales, indicating some degree of fungal specificity toward certain habitats. These findings provide new insights into the ecological adaptation and evolution of orchids, and will contribute to the conservation and utilization of species resources.

Crystallodon subgelatinosum (Bodman) Alvarenga & Gibertoni comb. nov. (Figs 1, 2) Heterochaete subgelatinosa Bodman, Lloydia 15 (4): 228 (1953). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 832485. HOLOTYPE. — Panama. Chiriquí, Casita Alta, above Boquete, 23.VIII.1937, G.W. Martin 4424 [NY(NY00738348)]. SYSTEMATIC POSITION. — Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Auriculariales, Incertae Sedis , Crystallodon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Olinda, Sétimo Grupo de Artilharia de Campanha (7° GAC), 16.VI.2018, Gibertoni, TB (TBG 4b, TBG BF-18001 – URM 93445); Chikowski, R.S. (RC1609 – URM 93444); Tamandaré, Reserva Biológica de Saltinho, 25.VI.2018, Xavier-Lima, V (VXLF166 – URM 93443). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Annual, resupinate, effused, closely adnate, later fusing with adjoining basidiomata, gelatinous when fresh, crustaceous when dried. Margin adnate, fimbriate, paler than hymenial surface (5C4). Hymenial surface gelatinized when fresh, light brown (5D5), densely covered by sharp-pointed sterile spines formed by hyphae enveloped by often apically branched crystals, spines 75-355 × 35-40 µm [50-80 µm, notes by Viacheslav Spirin about the type specimen (pers. com.)], 5-6 per mm. Hyphal structure monomitic, hyphae clamped. Subiculum Not clearly differentiable, subhymenium with hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1-2.5 µm, clamped. Cystidia Fusiform, cylindrical to often sinuous, 45-50 × 4-7 µm, some with refractive content. Hyphidia Abundant in hymenium, hyaline, thin-walled, 0.5-1 µm at apex. Fertile hyphae 1-3 µm, tortuous, forming 2-4 basidia at the apex. Basidia Ellipsoid-ovoid, 4-celled, 10.7-18.6 × 4.8-8.2 µm [15-20 × 10-12 µm in the original description by Bodman (1952); (14.2-)15-19.8 (-22) × (8-) 8.5-14.2(-16) µm by V. Spirin (pers. com.)]. Basidiospores Cylindrical to broadly cylindrical, slightly curved, (8-) 8.0- 11.7 (-12) × (3.7-) 4-6.1 (-6.6) µm (n = 24/1), L =10.4, W = 5.21, Q’ = (2.4-) 1.64-2.65, Q =2.26, with oil droplets in the cytoplasm [(9-)10-13(-15) × (4.5-)5-6(-7.5) µm in the original description by Bodman (1952); 10-13.9 × 5-6 µm by V. Spirin (pers. com.)]. NOTES Crystallodon subgelatinosum comb.nov. can be easily recognized by the hyphal pegs, formed by few subicular hyphae densely covered with angular crystals, and by the dark brown hymenophore. The presence of hyphal pegs covered by crystals may occur in different genera of Auriculariales (e.g. Adustochaete, Eichleriella) (Malysheva & Spirin 2017; Alvarenga et al. 2019); however, such hyphal pegs are commonly formed by thickwalled hyphae from the subiculum, and thus are different from those of Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov. Crystallodon subgelatinosum comb. nov. was first described by Bodman (1952) as Heterochaete subgelatinosa, based on specimens from Panama, this being the only record of the species until now. Basidia and basidiospores from the Brazilian collections are slightly smaller than those from the original description(Bodman 1952) and the notes provided by V. Spirin (pers. com.), and spines are narrower than those observed by V. Spirin (pers. com.); therefore, these collections may represent a different species. However, we prefer to consider these differences as due to intraspecific variation until additional material has been collected from the type locality, and morphologically and genetically analyses for a better distinction and delimitation of the taxon., Published as part of M, Renato Lúcio, Alvarenga, endes & Gibertoni, Tatiana Baptista, 2021, Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov., a new genus of the Auriculariales from the Neotropics, pp. 17-24 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815213, {"references":["BODMAN M. C. 1952. - A taxonomic study of the genus Heterochaete. Lloydia 15: 193 - 233.","MALYSHEVA V. & SPIRIN V. 2017. - Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Auriculariales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) with stereoid basidiocarps. Fungal Biology 121: 689 - 715. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. funbio. 2017.05.001","ALVARENGA R. L. M., SPIRIN V., MALYSHEVA V., GIBERTONI T. B. & LARSSON K. H. 2019. - Two new genera and six other novelties in Heterochaete sensu lato (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Botany 97 (8): 439 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjb- 2019 - 0046"]}

Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov. (Figs 1, 2) TYPE SPECIES. — Heterochaete subgelatinosa Bodman, Lloydia 15 (4): 228 (1953). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 832484. ETYMOLOGY. — From ‘ crystallum’ (Lat., noun.) – crystal, and ‘ odon’ (Greek, noun) – tooth. SYSTEMATIC POSITION. — Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Auriculariales, Incertae Sedis. DIAGNOSIS. — Basidiomata annual, resupinate, effused, closely adnate, gelatinous to crustaceous. Margin adnate, fimbriate. Hymenial surface covered by sharp-pointed sterile spines (hyphal pegs) formed by a thin core made of hyphae (hyphal core) enclosed by abundant crystals. Hyphal structure monomitic, hyphae clamped. Cystidia fusiform, cylindrical, often sinuous, some with refractive content. Hyphidia in hymenium, hyaline, thin-walled. Fertile hyphae, tortuous, forming 2-4 basidia at the apex, collapsed basidia often present. Basidia ellipsoid-ovoid, 4-celled, basidiospores cylindrical to broadly cylindrical, slightly curved, with oil droplets in the cytoplasm. Phylogenetically, the genus represents a new lineage in Auriculariales. NOTES Recently, Brazilian specimens displaying hyphal pegs were proposed to be attributed to two new genera, Adustochaete and Metulochaete (Alvarenga et al. 2019; Spirin et al. 2019b). In Adustochaete, hyphal pegs are formed by smooth tramal hyphae and encrusted dendrohyphidia, while in Metulochaete hyphal pegs are formed by densely glued hyphae with strongly encrusted apical parts similar to metuloid cystidia. Therefore, so far, Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov. is the only genus among resupinate Auriculariales that has been reported to display hyphal pegs formed by a thin core of hyphae covered by angular crystals., Published as part of M, Renato Lúcio, Alvarenga, endes & Gibertoni, Tatiana Baptista, 2021, Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov., a new genus of the Auriculariales from the Neotropics, pp. 17-24 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 21, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815213, {"references":["ALVARENGA R. L. M., SPIRIN V., MALYSHEVA V., GIBERTONI T. B. & LARSSON K. H. 2019. - Two new genera and six other novelties in Heterochaete sensu lato (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Botany 97 (8): 439 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjb- 2019 - 0046","SPIRIN V., MALYSHEVA V., MIETTINEN O., VLASAK, J. ALVA- RENGA R. L. M., GIBERTONI, T. B., RYVARDEN L. & LARS- SON K. H. 2019 b. - On Protomerulius and Heterochaetella (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Mycological Progress 18: 1079 - 1099. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 019 - 01507 - 0"]}

M, Renato Lúcio, Alvarenga, endes, Gibertoni, Tatiana Baptista (2021): Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov., a new genus of the Auriculariales from the Neotropics. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 17-24, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a2

Heterochaete subgelatinosa Bodman (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) was first described from material collected in Panama and was hitherto exclusively known from the type locality. We recently re-collected specimens of this species in the Atlantic forest of North-eastern Brazil. Morphological and molecular data suggest that H. subgelatinosa is not closely related to other species of Heterochaete Pat. studied with modern methods. Therefore, we here propose the establishment of a new monotypic genus, Crystallodon Alvarenga gen. nov., characterized by the presence of hyphal pegs surrounded by crystals.

To date, Basidiodendron luteogriseum, the generic type of Basidiodendron (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) has been treated as a synonym of B. eyrei. Our data show they are not conspecific. The identity of other members of the B. eyrei complex, i.e., B. deminutum and B. grandinioides, is clarified based on morphological and DNA data, and 10 new species are described from Eurasia, as well as from North and South America.

Heteroradulum yunnanensis C.L. Zhao, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3) Mycobank no.: MB 834997 Holotype.— China. Yunnan Province: Yuxi, Xinping County, Jinshan Forestry Park, on a fallen angiosperm branch, 2 January 2019, CLZhao 9132 (SWFC). Etymology.— Yunnanensis (Lat.): referring to the locality (Yunnan) of the type specimens. Description.—Basidiomata annual, resupinate, leathery, without odour or taste when fresh, becoming membranaceous upon drying, up to 15 cm long, 100–300 µm thick. Hymenial surface odontoid, 50–100 µm long, white to slightly grey when fresh, becoming white to smoke grey upon drying, older basidiomata with more or less pronounced yellow stains. Sterile margin smoke grey. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, IKI–, CB –; tissues unchanged in KOH; subiculum almost absent or indistinct; hymenium thickening, hyphae colorless, more or less interwoven, thin-walled, unbranched, 2–4 µm in diameter. Hymenium.—Cystidia clavate to fusiform, 13–35 × 2–6 µm; basidia narrowly ovoid to obconical, longitudinally septate, two to three-celled, embedded, often with a well-developed enucleate stalk, 28–41 × 9–14 µm. Basidiospores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical sometimes curved, with oily inclusions, IKI–, CB –, (15–)17–24(–24.5) × (4.5–)5–8(–8.5) µm, L = 20.6 µm, W = 6.71 µm, Q = 2.63–3.42 (n = 90/3). Ecology and distribution.—Lignicolous, causing a white rot. Found in China. Additional specimens (paratypes) examined.— China. Yunan Province: Yuxi, Xinping County, Jishan Forestry Park, on a fallen angiosperm branch, 2 January 2019, CLZhao 9200 (SWFC), 21 August 2018, CLZhao 8106 (SWFC); Puer, Jingdong County, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve, on the fallen angiosperm branch, 4 October 2017, CLZhao 4023 (SWFC)., Published as part of Guan, Qian-Xin, Liu, Chao-Mao, Zhao, Tang-Jie & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2020, Heteroradulum yunnanensis sp. nov. (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses in China, pp. 51-59 in Phytotaxa 437 (2) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.437.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5585883

Most plant species form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi and this relationship is especially important for orchids. Fungi in the generaTulasnella, Ceratobasidium,andSerendipitaare critically important for orchid germination, growth and development. The goals of this study are to understand the phylogenetic relationships of mycorrhizal fungi and to improve the taxonomic resources for these groups. We identified 32 fungal isolates with the internal transcribed spacer region and used shallow genome sequencing to functionally annotate these isolates. We constructed phylogenetic trees from 408 orthologous nuclear genes for 50 taxa representing 14 genera, 11 families, and five orders in Agaricomycotina. While confirming relationships among the orders Cantharellales, Sebacinales, and Auriculariales, our results suggest novel relationships between families in the Cantharellales. Consistent with previous studies, we found the generaCeratobasidiumandThanatephorusof Cerabotasidiaceae to not be monophyletic. Within the monophyletic genusTulasnella, we found strong phylogenetic signals that suggest a potentially new species and a revision of current species boundaries (e.g.Tulasnella calospora); however it is premature to make taxonomic revisions without further sampling and morphological descriptions. There is low resolution ofSerendipitaisolates collected. More sampling is needed from areas around the world before making evolutionary-informed changes in taxonomy. Our study adds value to an important living collection of fungi isolated from endangered orchid species, but also informs future investigations of the evolution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi.

Three species currently addressed to Protohydnum (Auriculariales) are studied with morphological and DNA methods. The genus Protohydnum is retained for the type species only, P. cartilagineum, recently re-collected in Brazil. The European species, P. piceicola, is not congeneric with P. cartilagineum and, therefore, placed in its own genus, Hyalodon, gen. nov. Another Hyalodon species, H. antui, is described from East Asia. The third member of Protohydnum sensu lato, P. sclerodontium from South-East Asia, is transferred to Elmerina.

We re-identified polypore samples collected at 159 sites in Sarawak from 1954 to 2003 that had been maintained at the fungarium of Research, Development and Innovation Division, Forest Department Sarawak, Kuching. We present a list of 115 fungal species and one fungal subspecies out of 476 specimens from Polyporales and six other orders; pictures of all species and subspecies are included.

In order to fulfill the increasing demand for edible mushrooms and maintain a steady supply throughout the year, it is necessary to domesticate new wild edible mushroom species. In this study, we domesticated Auricularia thailandica, a newly identified edible species that was collected from the wild in Thailand. We compared the growth of A. thailandica in three different growth media: sawdust, wheat husk and sugarcane bagasse. The use of sawdust resulted in the fastest rate of mycelial colonisation at 56.4 ± 1.2 days, pinheads were formed in 14.2 ± 0.4 days and the biological efficiency was 17.1 ± 2.8%. Nutritional analysis showed that A. thailandica contained a higher proportion of protein (12.99 ± 0.05%) and fat (2.93 ± 0.66%) by dry weight than other commercial Auricularia spp. available on the market. The antioxidant potential of A. thailandica varied with the extraction solvent used, and the effective concentration was found to be significantly lower in methanol extract than aqueous extract. Additionally, this species has an attractive reddish orange colour and larger basidiocarps than other commercially available species.

Morphological and DNA data show that effused representatives of the Auriculariales (Basidiomycota) with sphaeropedunculate basidia belong to eleven genera of which seven are dealt with in this study. Among them, Myxarium is the largest genus containing 21 accepted species of which nine are reintroduced below and five are described as new. Protodontia is limited to three species only, P. subgelatinosa (the generic type) and two newly described species from Africa. Protoacia is a new monotypic genus for P. delicata, sp. nov., widely distributed on coniferous hosts in Eurasia. Myxariellum is erected for two new species with smooth hymenophore from northwestern North America while Gelacantha is introduced for G. pura, a new species with hydnoid hymenophore from Caucasus. Our data do not confirm the present synonymy of Sebacina sphaerospora with Tremella glaira, and these species are placed in two separate genera - Hydrophana, gen. nov., and Ofella, gen. nov., respectively. A key to European Myxarium and similar-looking species is included.

Tangale Nature reserve is a conservation area located in Gorontalo that have the biodiversity typical of Wallacea bioregion including macroscopic fungi. The purpose of this study was to identify the fungal species diversity found in the Tangale Nature reserve as well as its potential use, considering that the information on species diversity of fungi in the Wallacea region is very limited. This research was conducted using the cruise method by identifying macroscopic fungi along the hiking trail of Tangale Nature Reserve. The macroscopic fungi were observed for its morphological characteristic include the colour, diameter, surface of the veil, the shape of the stem, the length and diameter of the stem, the lamella, including ring and pore, type of lamella and the type of volva. The research recorded the substrates and the location where the fungus was found. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results of the research identified 28 species of macroscopic fungi that included to the division Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. It belongs to 16 families and 8 orders are Pezizales, Agaricales, Auriculariales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Gomphales, Polyporales, dan Russulales. Based on place to grow as much as 57,14% were found growing on decaying wood and 42,86% found growing in the soil/litter. Based on the potential of use, it has identified four species of mushrooms potentially as edible mushroom are Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula, Ramaria formosa, and Polyporus arcularius. 11 species of mushrooms potentially as medicinal mushroom are Calvatia craniiformis, Scleroderma citrinum, Lenzites betulina, Microporus flabelliformis, Coriolus versicolor, Microporus xanthopus, and Albatrellus confluens.

Hirtodrosophila Duda, 1923 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is a worldwide genus associated with fungi that encompasses 30 Neotropical species. They are gathered into four clusters: glabrifrons species group (Burla 1956), hirticornis species group (Burla 1956), magnarcus species group (Frota-Pessoa 1951), and thoracis species group (Grimaldi 1987), although there are still some ungrouped species. Nevertheless, their species richness is highly underestimated, and several unknown species of the genus have been sampled in different Brazilian regions. The known Neotropical flies of the hirticornis group belong to a set of four yellow sibling species, which are very difficult to identify based only on external morphology, a fact that partially explains the knowledge gap regarding ecology, biology, and evolution of the group. However, these species are easily sampled around some fungi fruiting bodies, particularly over Auricularia spp. (Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae). In the last years, we collected some hundreds of specimens, which allowed us to detect some common but yet undescribed species. Thus, here we describe four new Neotropical species in the hirticornis group.

We explored the phylogenetic relationships of Tremellodendropsis tuberosa from western North America. The species has tough, coralloid fruiting bodies that emerge from a basal tuber, as well as unusual, partially septate basidia, large elliptical spores, and regular clamp connections. It has been classified variously in Auriculariales, Tremellales, and in its own order, Tremellodendropsidiales. To evaluate support for these alternatives, we extracted DNA from four specimens and sequenced ∼5000 bp from the ribosomal large subunit, small subunit and internal transcribed spacer region from each. We aligned sequences from T. tuberosa with sequences from GenBank that represented 31 Basidiomycota orders and then analyzed the individual and concatenated sequence regions using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. Analyses agreed that T. tuberosa is an early diverging member of Agaricomycetes, but did not provide unequivocal support for its sister group relationships within the class. From the concatenated alignment, after removal of poorly aligned sites using Gblocks, T. tuberosa appeared as the sister group to a clade encompassing four orders, three of them from Phallomycetidae. This relationship had a Bayesian posterior probability of 1.0 and appeared, although without bootstrap support, in maximum likelihood trees. Tree topology tests ruled out placing T. tuberosa within the Auriculariales. We accept that T. tuberosa should be placed in its own order, the Tremellodendropsidales, and not in Auriculariales or Tremellales. As a taxon that diverged early from other Basidiomycota clades, T. tuberosa should be included in further studies of phylogeny and character evolution in Agaricomycetes.

As shown by morphological and molecular (ITS, nrLSU and tef1 sequences) evidence, the current concept of Myxarium nucleatum covers four species in the Nordic countries: M. cinnamomescens, M. hyalinum, M. nucleatum s.s. and M. populinum. These species are redescribed here, their nomenclature is discussed and all relevant names are typified. Exidia cartilaginea and E. villosa are typified and shown to be conspecific with the North American species E. candida. Based on morphological differences, E. cartilaginea is retained as a variety of E. candida. Exidia subrepanda is treated as a synomym of E. saccharina, and Heterochaete europaea as a synomym of E. thuretiana.

Dacrymyces aureosporus Shirouzu & Tokum., Persoonia 23: 22 (2009) Hierarchy: Basidiomycota, Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae Specimens examined: KOREA, Gyeonggi-do, Goyangsi, Seooreung, 37°38 ʹ 20 ʺ N, 126°54 ʹ 02 ʺ E, 18 Jun 2015, Hyun Lee, Young Woon Lim, SFC20150618-05 (GenBank accession No. MF 445221), on the rotten log of deciduous tree. Basidiocarps gregarious, sometimes joined together, turbinate to convoluted, sessile or stipitate bearing a cerebriform pileus, orange white (6A2) to pale red (7A3), gelatinous, 1-3 mm high, 1-6 mm diameter. Sterile parts of basidiocarps covered with simple cylindrical to clavate, septate, hyaline, thin walled marginal hyphae. Internal hyphae thin-walled, branched, septate, hyaline, 2.5-3 μm diam. All hyphae without clamp connections. Basidia 41.1-53.5-72.2 × 4.5-5.3-6.1 μm, cylindrical, bifurcate. Probasidia similar to basidia, becoming bifurcate. Basidiospores 17.7-19.9-22.4 × 7.1- 8.0-9.7 μm, Q = 2.16-2.48-2.86, allantoid, 7-septate, thin-walled Remarks: Dacrymyces aureosporus is characterized by turbinate to convoluted basidiocarps, and 7-septate basidiospores. This species is similar to D. chrysospermus. However, D. chrysospermus has terminal cells with thick wall on the sterile part of the basidiocarps (Shirouzu et al., 2009) while D. aureosporus has thin-walled terminal cells.

Cho, Hae Jin, Lee, Hyun, Li, Vladimir, Jargalmaa, Suldbold, Kim, Nam Kyu, Lim, Min-Ji Kim and Young Woon (2018): Six unrecorded macrofungi from the Royal Tombs (Donggureung and Seooreung) of the Joseon Dynasty and Jongmyo Shrine, Korea. Journal of Species Research 7 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2018.7.1.001

Stypella vermiformis is a heterobasidiomycete producing minute gelatinous basidiocarps on rotten wood of conifers in the Northern Hemisphere. In the current literature, Stypella papillata, the genus type of Stypella (described from Brazil), is treated as a taxonomic synonym of S. vermiformis. In the present paper, we revise the type material of S. papillata and a number of specimens addressed to S. vermiformis. As a result, the presumed synonymy of S. papillata and S. vermiformis is rejected and the genus Stypella is restricted to the single species S. papillata. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of specimens from the Northern Hemisphere corresponding to the current concept of S. vermiformis uncovered three species from two newly described genera. S. vermiformis s.str. is distributed in temperate Europe and has small-sized basidia and basidiospores, and it is placed in a new genus, Mycostilla. Another genus, Stypellopsis, is created for two other species, the North American Stypellopsis farlowii, comb. nov., and the North European Stypellopsis hyperborea, sp. nov. Basidia and basidiospores of Stypellopsis spp. are larger than in Mycostilla vermiformis but other morphological characters are very similar. In addition, Spiculogloea minuta (Spiculogloeomycetes, Pucciniomycotina) is reported as new to Norway, parasitising basidiocarps of M. vermiformis and Tulasnella spp.

As part of an inventory of macrofungi in selected islands of the Aegean Archipelago (Greece), 18 species of heterobasidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) belonging to the orders Auriculariales, Cantharellales, Dacrymycetales and Tremellales were collected and identified from the islands of Agios Efstratios, Amorgos, Andros, Crete, Ikaria, Naxos and Nisyros. Among the heterobasidiomycetous fungi collected, Ceratobasidium cornigerum, Dacrymyces lacrymalis, Exidiopsis effusa, E. galzinii, Thanatephorus amygdalisporus, Tremella aurantia, Tulasnella pallida and T. pruinosa constitute first national records, while the genera Ceratobasidium, Thanatephorus and Tulasnella are reported for the first time in Greece. All species are listed with information on their hosts/substrates and occurrence in the investigated islands, while the most interesting records are described, illustrated, and critically discussed in the light of existing taxonomic and distribution data.

Background Fungi play crucial roles in ecosystems and are among the species-richest organism groups on Earth. However, knowledge on their occurrence lags behind the data for animals and plants. Recent analyses of fungal occurrence data from Western, Central and Northern Europe provided important insights into response of fungi to global warming. The consequences of the global changes for biodiversity on a larger geographical scale are not yet understood. Landscapes of Eastern Europe and particularly of eastern Ukraine, with their specific geological history, vegetation and climate, can add substantially new information about fungal diversity in Europe. New information We describe the dataset and provide a checklist of aphyllophoroid fungi (non-gilled macroscopic Basidiomycota) from eastern Ukraine sampled in 16 areas between 2007 and 2011. The dataset was managed on the PlutoF biodiversity workbench (http://dx.doi.org/10.15156/BIO/587471) and can also be accessed via Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, parts of datasets https://doi.org/10.15468/kuspj6 and https://doi.org/10.15468/h7qtfd). This dataset includes 3418 occurences, namely 2727 specimens and 691 observations of fructifications belonging to 349 species of fungi. With these data, the digitised CWU herbarium (V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine) doubled in size A most detailed description of the substrate's properties and habitat for each record is provided. The specimen records are supplemented by 26 nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences and six 28S sequences. Additionally, 287 photographs depicting diagnostic macro- and microscopic features of fungal fruitbodies as well as studied habitats are linked to the dataset. Most of the specimens have at least one mention in literature and relevant references are displayed as associated with specimen data. In total, 16 publication references are linked to the dataset. The dataset sheds new light on the fungal diversity of Eastern Europe. It is expected to complement other public sources of fungal occurrence information on continental and global levels in addressing macroecological and biogeographical questions.