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1. The Distribution of Impactor Core Material During Large Impacts on Earth-like Planets

Author: Jonathan P. Itcovitz, Auriol S. P. Rae, Thomas M. Davison, Gareth S. Collins, and Oliver Shorttle
Subjects: Impact phenomena, Planetary science, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: Large impacts onto young rocky planets may transform their compositions, creating highly reducing conditions at their surfaces and reintroducing highly siderophile metals to their mantles. Key to these processes is the availability of an impactor’s chemically reduced core material (metallic iron). It is, therefore, important to constrain how much of an impactor’s core remains accessible to a planet’s mantle/surface, how much is sequestered to its core, and how much escapes. Here, we present 3D simulations of such impact scenarios using the shock physics code iSALE to determine the fate of impactor iron. iSALE’s inclusion of material strength is vital in capturing the behavior of both solid and fluid components of the planet and thus characterizing iron sequestration to the core. We find that the mass fractions of impactor core material that accretes to the planet core ( f _core ) or escapes ( f _esc ) can be readily parameterized as a function of a modified specific impact energy, with ${f}_{\mathrm{core}}\gt {f}_{\mathrm{esc}}$ for a wide set of impacts. These results differ from previous works that do not incorporate material strength. Our work shows that large impacts can place substantial reducing impactor core material in the mantles of young rocky planets. Impact-generated reducing atmospheres may thus be common for such worlds. However, through escape and sequestration to a planet’s core, large fractions of an impactor’s core can be geochemically hidden from a planet’s mantle. Consequently, geochemical estimates of late bombardments of planets based on mantle siderophile element abundances may be underestimates.
Published: 2024
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2. Ancient and recent collisions revealed by phosphate minerals in the Chelyabinsk meteorite

Author: Craig R. Walton, Oliver Shorttle, Sen Hu, Auriol S. P. Rae, Ji Jianglong, Ana Černok, Helen Williams, Yu Liu, Guoqiang Tang, Qiuli Li, and Mahesh Anand
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Shocked phosphates can record the collisional history of asteroid parent bodies, according to texture-age relationships from microstructural observations and geochronological measurements of apatite and merrillite grains in the Chelyabinsk meteorite
Published: 2022
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3. Erratum: 'Reduced Atmospheres of Post-impact Worlds: The Early Earth' (2022, PSJ, 3, 115)

Author: Jonathan P. Itcovitz, Auriol S. P. Rae, Robert I. Citron, Sarah T. Stewart, Catriona A. Sinclair, Paul B. Rimmer, and Oliver Shorttle
Subjects: Astronomy, QB1-991
Published: 2023
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4. Use of magnetic fabrics and X-ray diffraction to reveal low strains in experimentally deformed Maggia gneiss

Author: Sachin Kumar, Amar Agarwal, Auriol S. P. Rae, Agnes Kontny, and Michael H. Poelchau
Subjects: General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Published: 2023
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5. The palaeoinclination of the ancient lunar magnetic field from an Apollo 17 basalt

Author: Auriol S. P. Rae, Harrison H. Schmitt, Jay Shah, Annemarieke Béguin, Benjamin P. Weiss, Claire I. O. Nichols, and B. L. Getzin
Subjects: Basalt, Field (physics), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Geophysics, Billion years, Physics::Geophysics, Magnetic field, Magnetization, Dipole, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, True polar wander, Geology, Dynamo
Abstract: Palaeomagnetic studies of Apollo samples indicate that the Moon generated a magnetic field for at least 2 billion years1,2. However, the geometry of the lunar magnetic field is still largely unknown because the original orientations of essentially all Apollo samples have not been well constrained. Determining the direction of the lunar magnetic field over time could elucidate the mechanism by which the lunar dynamo was powered and whether the Moon experienced true polar wander. Here we present measurements of the lunar magnetic field 3.7 billion years ago as recorded by Apollo 17 mare basalts 75035 and 75055. We find that 75035 and 75055 record a mean palaeointensity of ~50 μT. Furthermore, we could infer from the magnetization direction of 75055 and the layering of its parent boulder that the inclination of the magnetic field at the time was 34 ± 10°. Our recovered inclination is consistent with, but does not require, a selenocentric axial dipole (SAD) field geometry: a dipole in the centre of the Moon and aligned along the spin axis. Additionally, although true polar wander is not required by our data, true polar wander paths inferred from some independent studies of lunar hydrogen deposits and crustal magnetic anomalies4–6 are consistent with our measured paleoinclination. Basalt samples from the Moon gathered during the Apollo 17 mission hold information on the lunar magnetic field as it was 3.7 billion years ago. Its mean intensity was ~50 μT and its inclination 34 ± 10°. Such results suggest that the lunar dynamo was active at the time and was axially aligned and dipolar.
Published: 2021
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6. Dynamic strength, fragmentation, and the impact cratering process

Author: Auriol S. P. Rae, Thomas Kenkmann, Gareth S. Collins, Michael H. Poelchau, Vivek Padmanabha, and Frank Schäfer
Abstract: Introduction: During impact cratering, target materials are subjected to extreme deformation conditions. Brittle deformation under these conditions, where strain rates can exceed 101 to 102 s-1, is rate-sensitive. Typically, rocks are stronger when deformed at high strain-rate conditions [1]. This occurs because fracture propagation has a limited velocity; at high loading rates, the weakest flaws in a material are not able to cause failure before other, increasingly strong flaws are activated. This results in significant changes to mechanical properties and causes fragmentation of the target material [2, 3]. Dynamic compressive strength and fragmentation in brittle materials is not currently implemented in numerical impact simulations. In this study, we present results of high strain rate mechanical tests to determine the characteristic strain rate for rate-dependent brittle failure and dynamic strength increase, and the fragment size and shape distributions that result from failure at these conditions. We investigated a variety of rock types and considered whether the fragment characteristics can be used as diagnostic indicators of loading conditions during brittle failure. In addition, we use numerical impact simulations to assess the significance of dynamic strength increase and compressive fragmentation during impact cratering at a variety of scales. Methods: Mechanical data and samples were obtained using a hydraulic loading frame and a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). The hydraulic loading frame achieves strain rates from 10-6 s-1 to 10-4 s-1, while the SHPB achieves strain rates from 101 s-1 to 103 s-1. As sample materials, we chose a variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks in order to investigate differences between target types and material properties. From the mechanical experiments, the strain-rate dependency of strength was calculated and samples were generated for microstructural analysis. We focussed our microanalysis on the distributions of fragment size and fragment shape as functions of strain rate. Numerical impact simulations in this study were conducted using the iSALE shock physics code [4 and refs. therein]. Results: We find that the characteristic strain rates of rocks, where the dynamic strength is twice the quasi-static strength, ranges between ~150 and ~350 s-1 depending on lithology (Figure 1). Fragment size analysis demonstrates an inverse power-law relationship between fragment size and strain rate for dynamic failure under uniaxial compression. Unlike fragment size, we find that fragment shape is independent of strain rate under dynamic uniaxial loading (Figure 3). Figure 1. Rock strengths from quasi-static and dynamic testing. Each lithology follows the universal scaling relation (inset) of [1], where each material possesses a unique characteristic strength and characteristic strain rate. In all tested lithologies, strength dramatically increases at strain rates > ~101 s-1. Data from [2, 3]. Figure 2. Scaled empirical fragmentation relationship for uniaxial compressive failure. The exponent of the relationship remains the same, while the constant varies between porous and non-porous rocks. From [3]. Figure 3. Fragment shape distributions for fragments > 2 mm as a function of strain rate. Distributions of fragment shape (circularity and axial ratio) for each sample are shown as kernel density estimates. Each point shows the mean shape parameter plotted against the strain rate, where the x-error bar shows the uncertainty in the strain rate. From [3]. Discussion: Numerical impact simulations demonstrate that strain rates are sufficiently high to produce rate-dependent effects in planetary impacts (vi > ~5 km/s) where impactor diameters are ~100 m or smaller (Figure 4). Thus, rate-dependent strength and fragmentation plays an important role in small planetary impacts and laboratory impact experiments. Based on the results of this study, we are developing a semi-empirical approach to account for rate-dependent shear strength in numerical impact simulations (Figure 5); an important development due to the need to accurately ground-truth numerical impact models against laboratory scale experiments. Additionally, this study demonstrates that fragment size may be used as a diagnostic indicator of the strain rate at failure during impact loading while fragment shape cannot be used. However, our experiments only used uniaxial compressive loads, it is uncertain how truly triaxial stress states may affect fragmentation behaviour. Figure 4. Crater excavation in an iSALE simulation of the impact of a 1 m diameter sphere at 15 km s-1. Left) Coloured regions indicate pressures between 0 and 500 MPa, regions of tension are coloured light grey while regions of high confining pressure (e.g. within the shock wave) are coloured dark grey. Right) Coloured regions indicate strain rates greater than 22.5 s-1, regions with lower strain rates are coloured light grey. Regions that are coloured in both panels are undergoing deformation in a regime where strength and fragmentation should be strongly controlled by strain rate. From [2]. Figure 5. Implementation of dynamic strength as a modification of the ROCK strength model [5] (black). Uniaxial compressive and tensile strength follows the scaling law of [1]. In the high-pressure ductile regime (dark grey background shading), rock strength is not controlled by the behaviour of fractures, providing an upper limit for dynamic strength at ~105 s-1 [6] (grey). Acknowledgments: H. Ickler and G. Mette are thanked for sample preparation. L. Müller, M. Dörffler, and T. Kern are thanked for lab assistance. The developers of iSALE are gratefully acknowledged. This work was funded by DFG Project KE 732/27-1. References: [1] Kimberley, J. et al. (2013) Acta Materialia, 61:9, 3509-3521. [2] Rae, A. S. P. et al. (2020) JGR: Planets, 125:10. [3] Rae, A. S. P. et al. (2022) Tectonophysics, 824, 229221. [4] Wünnemann, K. et al. (2006) Icarus, 180:2, 514-527. [5] Collins, G. S. et al. (2004) MAPS, 39:2, 217-231. [6] Grady, D. E. (1998) Mechanics of Materials, 29:3-4, 181-203.
Published: 2022
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7. Shocked titanite records Chicxulub hydrothermal alteration and impact age

Author: Noreen J. Evans, Ludovic Ferrière, William D.A. Rickard, Timmons M. Erickson, Gareth S. Collins, Auriol S. P. Rae, Axel Wittmann, Nicholas E. Timms, Aaron J. Cavosie, Christopher L. Kirkland, Sean P. S. Gulick, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, Radiogenic nuclide, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Trace element, Geochemistry, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0403 Geology, Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, Geochronology, Titanite, engineering, 0402 Geochemistry, Impact structure, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Alkali feldspar, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Zircon
Abstract: Hydrothermal activity is a common phenomenon in the wake of impact events, yet identifying and dating impact hydrothermal systems can be challenging. This study provides the first detailed assessment of the effects of shock microstructures and impact-related alteration on the U-Pb systematics and trace elements of titanite (CaTiSiO5), focusing on shocked granite target rocks from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico. A > 1 mm long, shock-twinned titanite grain preserves a dense network of irregular microcracks, some of which exploit shock twin interfaces. Secondary microcrystalline anatase and pyrite are heterogeneously distributed along some microcracks. In situ laser ablation multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) analysis reveals a mixture of three end-member Pb components. The Pb components are: 1) common Pb, consistent with the Pb isotopic signature of adjacent alkali feldspar; 2) radiogenic Pb accumulated since magmatic crystallization; and 3) a secondary, younger Pb signature due to impact-related complete radiogenic Pb loss. The youngest derived ages define a regression from common Pb that intersects Concordia at 67 ± 4 Ma, in agreement with the established age of 66.04 ± 0.05 Ma for the Chicxulub impact event. Contour maps of LA-MC-ICPMS data reveal that the young ages are spatially restricted to microstructurally-complex domains that correlate with significant depletion in trace elements (REE-Y-Zr-Nb-Mo-Sn-Th) and reduction in magnitude of the Eu/Eu* anomaly. Mapping by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) show that patterns of localised element depletion in titanite are spatially related to microcracks, which are enriched in Al. The spatial correlation of ages and trace element abundance is consistent with localised removal of Pb and other trace elements from a pervasive network of fast fluid pathways in fractured domains via a fluid-mediated element transport process associated with the impact event. Here we interpret the 67 ± 4 Ma U-Pb age to represent hydrothermal Pb-loss in the Chicxulub peak ring in the wake of the impact event. These results highlight the potential of our analytical approach using titanite geochronology and geochemistry for dating post-impact hydrothermal activity in impact structures elsewhere.
Published: 2020
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8. Reduced atmospheres of post-impact worlds: The early Earth

Author: Jonathan P. Itcovitz, Auriol S. P. Rae, Robert I. Citron, Sarah T. Stewart, Catriona A. Sinclair, Paul B. Rimmer, Oliver Shorttle, Itcovitz, Jonathan [0000-0003-2079-8171], Rimmer, Paul [0000-0002-7180-081X], Shorttle, Oliver [0000-0002-8713-1446], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, astro-ph.EP, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Impacts may have had a significant effect on the atmospheric chemistry of the early Earth. Reduced phases in the impactor (e.g., metallic iron) can reduce the planet's H$_2$O inventory to produce massive atmospheres rich in H$_2$. Whilst previous studies have focused on the interactions between the impactor and atmosphere in such scenarios, we investigate two further effects, 1) the distribution of the impactor's iron inventory during impact between the target interior, target atmosphere, and escaping the target, and 2) interactions between the post-impact atmosphere and the impact-generated melt phase. We find that these two effects can potentially counterbalance each other, with the melt-atmosphere interactions acting to restore reducing power to the atmosphere that was initially accreted by the melt phase. For a $\sim10^{22}\,\mathrm{kg}$ impactor, when the iron accreted by the melt phase is fully available to reduce this melt, we find an equilibrium atmosphere with H$_2$ column density $\sim10^4\,\mathrm{moles\,cm^{-2}}$ ($p\mathrm{H2}\sim120\,\mathrm{bars}\mathrm{,}~X_\mathrm{H2}\sim0.77$), consistent with previous estimates. However, when the iron is not available to reduce the melt (e.g., sinking out in large diameter blobs), we find significantly less H$_2$ ($7\times10^2-5\times10^3\,\mathrm{moles\,cm^{-2}}$, $p\mathrm{H2}\lesssim60\,\mathrm{bars}\mathrm{,}~X_\mathrm{H2}\lesssim0.41$). These lower H$_2$ abundances are sufficiently high that species important to prebiotic chemistry can form (e.g., NH3, HCN), but sufficiently low that the greenhouse heating effects associated with highly reducing atmospheres, which are problematic to such chemistry, are suppressed. The manner in which iron is accreted by the impact-generated melt phase is critical in determining the reducing power of the atmosphere and re-solidified melt pool in the aftermath of impact., Comment: 34 Pages, 11 Figures, 3 Appendices, Accepted for publication in PSJ
Published: 2022
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9. Ancient and recent collisions revealed by phosphate minerals in the Chelyabinsk meteorite

Author: Craig R. Walton, Oliver Shorttle, Sen Hu, Auriol S. P. Rae, Ji Jianglong, Ana Černok, Helen Williams, Yu Liu, Guoqiang Tang, Qiuli Li, Mahesh Anand, Walton, CR [0000-0003-2659-644X], Hu, S [0000-0001-9813-5330], Jianglong, J [0000-0003-2170-3349], Černok, A [0000-0002-9884-6535], Liu, Y [0000-0001-7195-7393], Li, Q [0000-0002-7280-5508], Anand, M [0000-0003-4026-4476], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics - Geophysics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, 37 Earth Sciences, 3705 Geology, General Environmental Science, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The collision history of asteroids is an important archive of inner Solar System evolution. Evidence for these collisions is brought to Earth by meteorites, which can preserve impact-reset radioisotope mineral ages. However, as meteorites often preserve numerous mineral ages, their interpretation is controversial. Here, we combine analysis of phosphate U-Pb ages and mineral microtextures to construct a collision history for the highly shocked Chelyabinsk meteorite. We show that phosphate U-Pb ages in the meteorite are independent of thermal history at macro-to-microscales, correlating instead with phosphate microtexture. Isotopic data from pristine phosphate domains is largely concordant, whereas fracture-damaged domains universally display discordance. Combining both populations best constrains upper (4,473 +/- 11 Ma) and lower intercept (-9 +/- 55 Ma, i.e., within error of the present day) U-Pb ages for Chelyabinsk phosphates. We conclude that all phosphate U-Pb ages were completely reset during an ancient high energy collision. Fracture-damaged phosphate domains experienced further Pb-loss during mild collisional heating in the geologically recent past, and must be targeted to properly constrain a lower intercept age. Targeting textural sub-populations of phosphate grains can significantly improve the calculation and interpretation of U-Pb ages, permitting more robust reconstruction of both ancient and recent asteroidal collision histories.
Published: 2021

10. Orientations of planar cataclasite zones in the Chicxulub peak ring as a ground truth for peak ring formation models

Author: Michael H. Poelchau, N. McCall, B. Hall, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ulrich Riller, Joanna Morgan, Johanna Lofi, Auriol S. P. Rae, and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, Cataclasite, 02 Physical Sciences, Deformation (mechanics), Scientific drilling, 04 Earth Sciences, International Ocean Discovery Program, Core (optical fiber), Geophysics, Impact crater, Rock fragment, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Hypervelocity, Petrology, Geology
Abstract: Hypervelocity impact cratering is an important geologic process but the rarity of large terrestrial impact craters on Earth and the limited technical options to study cratering processes in the laboratory hinders our understanding of large-scale impact processes. Drill core recovered from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)/International Continental scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364 provides an opportunity to examine target rock deformation and thus, to assess cratering models in this regard. Using oriented computer tomography (CT) scans and line scan images of the core, we present the orientations of mm-to-cm-scale planar cataclasite and ultracataclasite zones in the deformed granitoid target rock of the peak ring. In the upper 470 m of the target rock, the cataclasite zones dip towards the crater center, whereas the dip directions for the ultracataclasite zones are approximately tangential to the peak ring. These two orientations are consistent with deformation expected from hydrocode-modeled principal stress directions for the outward movement of rocks as the transient crater develops, and the inward movement of rocks associated with collapse of the transient crater. Near the base of the core is a 96 m-thick interval of highly-deformed target rock with impact melt rock and rock fragments not observed elsewhere in the core; this interval has previously been interpreted as an imbricate thrust zone within the peak ring. The cataclasite zones below this thrust zone have different orientations than those in the 470 m-thick block above. This observation implies a differential rotation from the overlying block during the final stages of peak-ring formation. Our results support an acoustic fluidization process, wherein blocks that vibrate or slide relative to each other allow the target rock to flow during transient crater collapse, and that the size of coherent rock blocks increases over the course of crater modification as the target rock regains its cohesive strength and acoustic fluidization decreases.
Published: 2021

11. Impact Experiment on Gneiss: The Effects of Foliation on Cratering Process

Author: M. Ebert, Auriol S. P. Rae, Michael H. Poelchau, Amar Agarwal, and Thomas Kenkmann
Subjects: Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Scientific method, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Petrology, Foliation, Geology, Gneiss
Published: 2019
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12. Comparison of stress orientation indicators in Chicxulub’s peak ring: Kinked biotites, basal PDFs, and feather features

Author: Johanna Lofi, N. McCall, Michael H. Poelchau, M. Ebert, Auriol S. P. Rae, Sean P. S. Gulick, Thomas Kenkmann, and B. Hall
Subjects: Stress (mechanics), Basal (phylogenetics), Geometry, Orientation (graph theory), Ring (chemistry), Geology
Abstract: During hypervelocity impacts, target rocks are subjected to shock wave compression with high pressures and differential stresses. These differential stresses cause microscopic shear-induced deformation, which can be observed in the form of kinking, twinning, fracturing, and shear faulting in a range of minerals. The orientation of these shear-induced deformation features can be used to constrain the maximum shortening axis. Under the assumption of pure shear deformation, the maximum shortening axis is parallel to the maximum principal axis of stress, σ1, which gives the propagation direction of the shock wave that passed through a rock sample. In this study, shocked granitoids cored from the uppermost peak ring of the Chicxulub crater (International Ocean Discovery Program [IODP]/International Continental Drilling Project [ICDP] Expedition 364) were examined for structures formed by shearing. Orientations of kink planes in biotite and basal planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz were measured with a U-stage and compared to a previous study of feather feature orientations in quartz from the same samples. In all three cases, the orientations of the shortening axis derived from these measurements were in good agreement with each other, indicating that the shear deformation features all formed in an environment with similar orientations of the maximum principal axis of stress. These structures formed by shearing are useful tools that can aid in understanding the deformational effects of the shock wave, as well as constraining shock wave propagation and postshock deformation during the cratering process.
Published: 2021
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13. Dynamic Compressive Strength and Fragmentation in Felsic Crystalline Rocks

Author: Vivek Padmanabha, Thomas Kenkmann, Michael H. Poelchau, Auriol S. P. Rae, Frank Schäfer, and Publica
Subjects: Geophysics, Compressive strength, Felsic, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), sub-02, Composite material, Geology
Abstract: Brittle deformation in rocks depends upon loading rate; with increasing rates, typically greater than ~102 s−1, rocks become significantly stronger and undergo increasingly severe fragmentation. Dynamic conditions required for rate‐dependent brittle failure may be reached during impact events, seismogenic rupture, and landslides. Material characteristics and fragment characterization of specific geomaterials from dynamic loading are only approximately known. Here we determine the characteristic strain rate for dynamic behavior in felsic crystalline rocks, including anisotropy, and describe the resulting fragments. Regardless of the type of felsic crystalline rock or anisotropy, the characteristic strain rate is the same within uncertainties for all tested materials, with an average value of 229 ± 81 s−1. Despite the lack of variation of the critical strain rate with lithology, we find that the degree of fragmentation as a function of strain rate varies depending on material. Scaled or not, the fragmentation results are inconsistent with current theoretical models of fragmentation. Additionally, we demonstrate that conditions during impact cratering, where the impactor diameter is less than ~100 m, are analogous to the experiments carried out here and therefore that dynamic strengthening and compressive fragmentation should be considered as important processes during impact cratering.
Published: 2020
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14. Probing the hydrothermal system of the Chicxulub impact crater

Author: Catalina Gebhardt, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Jérôme Gattacceca, Christopher M. Lowery, Martin Schmieder, Michael H. Poelchau, Johanna Lofi, Ludovic Ferrière, Axel Wittmann, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Auriol S. P. Rae, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Fred J. Longstaffe, David A. Kring, Jan Smit, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Joanna Morgan, Gail L. Christeson, Christina M. Verhagen, Sean P. S. Gulick, Timothy J. Bralower, Charles S. Cockell, Elise Chenot, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Long Xiao, Sonia M. Tikoo, Michael T. Whalen, Naotaka Tomioka, Heather L. Jones, S. L. Simpson, Gordon R. Osinski, Marco J. L. Coolen, Cornelia Rasmussen, Philippe Claeys, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Chemistry, Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation (Fraunhofer IOSB), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, DGS, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Imperial College London, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, GeoRessources, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], British Geological Survey (BGS), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Department of Chemistry, Toho University, Penn State Department of Geosciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Geology and Geochemistry, and gattacceca, jerome
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, BOREHOLE YAXCOPOIL-1, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, HIGH-PRESSURE POLYMORPH, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Impact crater, Caldera, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Seabed, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, RUTILE, hydrothermal system, Scientific drilling, DRILL CORE, SciAdv r-articles, MELT ROCK, Crust, Geology, YUCATAN, International Ocean Discovery Program, impact crater, Cretaceous, EAST PACIFIC RISE, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Chicxulub, 13. Climate action, Science & Technology - Other Topics, CRUST, [SDU.STU.PL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Planetary Science, SEDIMENTS, Research Article
Abstract: The Chicxulub impact event generated a long-duration hydrothermal system suitable for microbial life., The ~180-km-diameter Chicxulub peak-ring crater and ~240-km multiring basin, produced by the impact that terminated the Cretaceous, is the largest remaining intact impact basin on Earth. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364 drilled to a depth of 1335 m below the sea floor into the peak ring, providing a unique opportunity to study the thermal and chemical modification of Earth’s crust caused by the impact. The recovered core shows the crater hosted a spatially extensive hydrothermal system that chemically and mineralogically modified ~1.4 × 105 km3 of Earth’s crust, a volume more than nine times that of the Yellowstone Caldera system. Initially, high temperatures of 300° to 400°C and an independent geomagnetic polarity clock indicate the hydrothermal system was long lived, in excess of 106 years.
Published: 2020
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15. Stress and strain during shock metamorphism

Author: Auriol S. P. Rae, Michael H. Poelchau, and Thomas Kenkmann
Subjects: Shock wave, Stress (mechanics), Shock metamorphism, Deformation (mechanics), Impact crater, Space and Planetary Science, Stress–strain curve, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mechanics, Impact structure, Geology, Shock (mechanics)
Abstract: Shock metamorphism is the process by which rocks, and the minerals within them, transform during the passage of a shock wave. Shock effects, such as shatter cones, are critical for the identification of impact structures and have commonly been used to infer mechanical and structural information on the cratering process. To make these inferences, the mechanics of shock wave behavior must be understood. Here, we use numerical simulations to demonstrate how stresses act during shock metamorphism across all regions of the target that experience solid-state shock metamorphism. Furthermore, our numerical simulations predict the strains that are produced as a consequence of those stresses. The results show that the magnitude and orientation of stress and strain during shock metamorphism are variable throughout the target, both spatially and temporally, even between rocks that experience the same peak shock pressure. The provenance of a sample relative to the point of impact and the timing/mechanism of the formation of a shock effect must both be considered when making structural interpretations. The stress and strain magnitudes and orientations as functions of time and location presented in this study provide the constraints that enable a greater understanding of the formation of a variety of shock deformation effects. We demonstrate this with a case study of shatter cones at the Gosses Bluff impact structure. Our results provide a useful guide to assist geologists and petrologists in the interpretation of shock metamorphic effects.
Published: 2021
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16. Shock impedance amplified impact deformation of zircon in granitic rocks from the Chicxulub impact crater

Author: Martin Schmieder, Ludovic Ferrière, Sean P. S. Gulick, Daniel F. Stockli, Jiawei Zhao, Long Xiao, Nicholas E. Timms, C. Ross, Iodp-Icdp Expedition Scientists, Joanna Morgan, Cornelia Rasmussen, Auriol S. P. Rae, David A. Kring, Axel Wittmann, Aaron J. Cavosie, and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, shock impedance, EBSD, 04 Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, U-PB, zircon, reidite, Deformation (meteorology), Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, METAMORPHISM, HIGH-PRESSURE, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, Granitic rock, PLANAR MICROSTRUCTURES, PEAK-RING, peak ring, Shock (mechanics), Chicxulub, Geophysics, TWINS, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, TRANSITION, BEHAVIOR, Geology, Zircon
Abstract: Axel Wittmann, Aaron J. Cavosie, Nicholas E. Timms, Ludovic Ferriere, Auriol Raed, Cornelia Rasmussen, Catherine Ross, Daniel Stockli, Martin Schmieder, David A. Kring, Jiawei Zhao, Long Xiao, Joanna V. Morgan, Sean P. S. Gulick, and the IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists
Published: 2021
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17. INSIGHTS INTO IMPACT PROCESSES AND EXTINCTION MECHANISMS FROM IODP-ICDP CHICXULUB CRATER DRILLING

Author: Sonia M. Tikoo, Timothy J. Bralower, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, K. O'Malley, C. Ross, Ludovic Ferrière, Bettina Schaefer, John W. Snedden, Sean Ps Gulick, Michael H Peolchaeu, Chris Nixon, Charles S. Cockell, Natalia Artemieva, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Gail L. Christeson, Richard A. F. Grieve, Long Xiao, Catalina Gebhardt, Marco J. L. Coolen, Steven Goderis, Gordon R. Osinski, Jérôme Gattacceca, S. Green, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Elise Chenot, Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar, Yoann Quesnel, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Gareth S. Collins, Jay Melosh, Christopher M. Lowery, Philippe Claeys, Mario Rebolledo-Vierya, Jean-Guillaume Feignon, Christian Koeberl, Appy Sluijs, Johan Vellekoop, Kazuhisa Goto, Heather L. Jones, Kliti Grice, Sophie Warny, Ulrich Riller, Clive R. Neal, Felix Schulte, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Martin Schmieder, Johanna Lofi, Vivi Vajda, Jan Smit, Jens Ormö, Auriol S. P. Rae, David A. Kring, Abdoulaye Diaw, Daniel F. Stockli, Axel Wittmann, Cornelia Rasmussen, Doug Schmitt, Naoma MacCall, Vann Smith, S. L. Lyons, B. Hall, Katherine H. Freeman, Honami Sato, Joanna Morgan, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, and Chemistry
Subjects: Paleontology, Extinction, Impact crater, Drilling, Geology
Published: 2018
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18. Extraordinary rocks from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater: P-wave velocity, density, and porosity measurements from IODP/ICDP Expedition 364

Author: Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Axel Wittmann, C. Mellett, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, David A. Kring, Honami Sato, Ludovic Ferrière, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Johanna Lofi, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Cornelia Rasmussen, Auriol S. P. Rae, Marco J. L. Coolen, Heather L. Jones, Michael H. Poelchau, Long Xiao, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Michael T. Whalen, Philippe Claeys, Kazuhisa Goto, Naotaka Tomioka, Ulrich Riller, Timothy J. Bralower, Chris Nixon, Christopher M. Lowery, S. Green, Elise Chenot, Jan Smit, Sonia M. Tikoo, Douglas R. Schmitt, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, E. Le Ber, Joanna Morgan, Sean P. S. Gulick, Charles S. Cockell, Gail L. Christeson, Catalina Gebhardt, Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geological Sciences, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] ( LPI ), Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Université des Antilles ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Physics, University of Alberta [Edmonton], University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg ( UHH ), Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University [Tempe] ( ASU ), Department of Geosciences, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre ( WA-OIGC ), Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ) -Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ), Natural History Museum [Vienna] ( NHM ), British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé ( ICPEES ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Argon Isotope Facility, NERC/SUERC, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences ( FALW ), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] ( VU ), Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS ), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ), School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences-Planetary Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, NASA Astrobiology Institute ( NAI ), Funding from the In-ternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental scientific Drilling Project (ICDP)., Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), Department of Geological Sciences [Austin], Jackson School of Geosciences (JSG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Alberta, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), The Institute for Geoscience Research [Perth] (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), British Geological Survey (BGS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), NERC Argon Isotope Facility [Glasgow], Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow-University of Edinburgh-University of Glasgow-University of Edinburgh-Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), School of Earth Sciences [Wuham], China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), and Geology and Geochemistry
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Lithology, 04 Earth Sciences, Borehole, Stratigraphic unit, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, [ SDU.STU.ST ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, 01 natural sciences, physical properties, [ SDU.STU.GP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, Breccia, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Petrology, Porosity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chicxulub peak ring physical properties impact crater, 02 Physical Sciences, Scientific drilling, impact crater, peak ring, Geophysics, Chicxulub, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, Sedimentary rock, Geology
Abstract: Joint International Ocean Discovery Program and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364 drilled into the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater. We present P-wave velocity, density, and porosity measurements from Hole M0077A that reveal unusual physical properties of the peak-ring rocks. Across the boundary between post-impact sedimentary rock and suevite (impact melt-bearing breccia) we measure a sharp decrease in velocity and density, and an increase in porosity. Velocity, density, and porosity values for the suevite are 2900–3700 m/s, 2.06–2.37 g/cm3, and 20–35%, respectively. The thin (25 m) impact melt rock unit below the suevite has velocity measurements of 3650–4350 m/s, density measurements of 2.26–2.37 g/cm3, and porosity measurements of 19–22%. We associate the low velocity, low density, and high porosity of suevite and impact melt rock with rapid emplacement, hydrothermal alteration products, and observations of pore space, vugs, and vesicles. The uplifted granitic peak ring materials have values of 4000–4200 m/s, 2.39–2.44 g/cm3, and 8–13% for velocity, density, and porosity, respectively; these values differ significantly from typical unaltered granite which has higher velocity and density, and lower porosity. The majority of Hole M0077A peak-ring velocity, density, and porosity measurements indicate considerable rock damage, and are consistent with numerical model predictions for peak-ring formation where the lithologies present within the peak ring represent some of the most shocked and damaged rocks in an impact basin. We integrate our results with previous seismic datasets to map the suevite near the borehole. We map suevite below the Paleogene sedimentary rock in the annular trough, on the peak ring, and in the central basin, implying that, post impact, suevite covered the entire floor of the impact basin. Suevite thickness is 100–165 m on the top of the peak ring but 200 m in the central basin, suggesting that suevite flowed downslope from the collapsing central uplift during and after peak-ring formation, accumulating preferentially within the central basin.
Published: 2018
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19. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

Author: Gail L. Christeson, Cornelia Rasmussen, Ludovic Ferrière, Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar, Kazuhisa Goto, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Elise Chenot, Ulrich Riller, Heather L. Jones, Kenneth A. Farley, Timothy J. Bralower, Marco J. L. Coolen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Catalina Gebhardt, W. Zylberman, David A. Kring, Johanna Lofi, Jan Smit, Michael T. Whalen, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Johan Vellekoop, Long Xiao, Michael H. Poelchau, Phillipe Claeys, Naotaka Tomioka, S. Green, Auriol S. P. Rae, Sean P. S. Gulick, Jeremy D. Owens, Charles S. Cockell, Honami Sato, Axel Wittmann, Sonia M. Tikoo, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Christopher M. Lowery, Joanna Morgan, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute [Milton Keynes] (PSSRI), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Geology, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Physical Sciences, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Geology and Geochemistry, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, and Earth System Sciences
Subjects: Time Factors, Biodiversity, Plankton/isolation & purification, Foraminifera, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Impact crater, Metal poisoning, Life, Magnesium, History, Ancient, INTERPLANETARY DUST, Gulf of Mexico, Multidisciplinary, biology, Fossils, Plankton, Cretaceous, humanities, IMPACT CRATER, Productivity (ecology), [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Geology, 010506 paleontology, Calcium/metabolism, General Science & Technology, GULF-OF-MEXICO, NANNOPLANKTON, Extinction, Biological, Article, Paleontology, Species Specificity, MD Multidisciplinary, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ACCRETION, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Extinction event, TERTIARY BOUNDARY, EXTRATERRESTRIAL HE-3, 15. Life on land, Oxygen/metabolism, biology.organism_classification, BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA, CHICXULUB CRATER, Oxygen, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Sample Size, Foraminifera/isolation & purification, Calcium, Magnesium/metabolism, Paleogene, PALEOGENE BOUNDARY
Abstract: The Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction eradicated 76% of species on Earth1,2. It was caused by the impact of an asteroid3,4 on the Yucatan carbonate platform in the southern Gulf of Mexico 66 million years ago 5 , forming the Chicxulub impact crater6,7. After the mass extinction, the recovery of the global marine ecosystem—measured as primary productivity—was geographically heterogeneous 8 ; export production in the Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic–western Tethys was slower than in most other regions8–11, taking 300 thousand years (kyr) to return to levels similar to those of the Late Cretaceous period. Delayed recovery of marine productivity closer to the crater implies an impact-related environmental control, such as toxic metal poisoning 12 , on recovery times. If no such geographic pattern exists, the best explanation for the observed heterogeneity is a combination of ecological factors—trophic interactions 13 , species incumbency and competitive exclusion by opportunists 14 —and ‘chance’8,15,16. The question of whether the post-impact recovery of marine productivity was delayed closer to the crater has a bearing on the predictability of future patterns of recovery in anthropogenically perturbed ecosystems. If there is a relationship between the distance from the impact and the recovery of marine productivity, we would expect recovery rates to be slowest in the crater itself. Here we present a record of foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, trace fossils and elemental abundance data from within the Chicxulub crater, dated to approximately the first 200 kyr of the Palaeocene. We show that life reappeared in the basin just years after the impact and a high-productivity ecosystem was established within 30 kyr, which indicates that proximity to the impact did not delay recovery and that there was therefore no impact-related environmental control on recovery. Ecological processes probably controlled the recovery of productivity after the Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction and are therefore likely to be important for the response of the ocean ecosystem to other rapid extinction events.
Published: 2018
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20. Site M0077: Upper Peak Ring

Author: Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Timothy J. Bralower, Cornelia Rasmussen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Jan Smit, Christopher M. Lowery, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ludovic Ferrière, David A. Kring, Johanna Lofi, Axel Wittmann, Ph. Claeys, Michael H. Poelchau, L. Xiao, Marco J. L. Coolen, C.L. Mellett, Auriol S. P. Rae, W. Zylberman, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Catalina Gebhardt, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Honami Sato, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Gail L. Christeson, Elise Chenot, H. R. A. Jones, Sonia M. Tikoo, Michael T. Whalen, Charles S. Cockell, Naotaka Tomioka, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, and Joanna Morgan
Subjects: Crystallography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Ring (chemistry), 01 natural sciences, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Published: 2017
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21. Site M0077: Open Hole

Author: Ludovic Ferrière, C.L. Mellett, Cornelia Rasmussen, Elise Chenot, Marco J. L. Coolen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Michael T. Whalen, Joanna Morgan, Sean P. S. Gulick, Charles S. Cockell, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Gail L. Christeson, Naotaka Tomioka, Sonia M. Tikoo, Timothy J. Bralower, David A. Kring, Ph. Claeys, W. Zylberman, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Heather L. Jones, Axel Wittmann, L. Xiao, Jan Smit, Catalina Gebhardt, Michael H. Poelchau, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Christopher M. Lowery, Johanna Lofi, Auriol S. P. Rae, Kazuhisa Goto, and Ulrich Riller
Subjects: Open hole, Geology
Published: 2017
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22. Site M0077: microbiology

Author: W. Zylberman, Elise Chenot, Johanna Lofi, Heather L. Jones, Auriol S. P. Rae, Sonia M. Tikoo, Axel Wittmann, C.L. Mellett, Honami Sato, Michael T. Whalen, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Christopher M. Lowery, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Naotaka Tomioka, Ludovic Ferrière, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Cornelia Rasmussen, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ph. Claeys, Charles S. Cockell, Marco J. L. Coolen, Gail L. Christeson, David A. Kring, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Timothy J. Bralower, Catalina Gebhardt, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Jan Smit, L. Xiao, Joanna Morgan, Michael H. Poelchau, S. Green, and M. Rebolledo-Vieyra
Subjects: Environmental science, Microbiology
Published: 2017
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23. Site M0077: Lower Peak Ring

Author: Ludovic Ferrière, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Cornelia Rasmussen, Sonia M. Tikoo, W. Zylberman, Ph. Claeys, Christopher M. Lowery, Honami Sato, Timothy J. Bralower, Johanna Lofi, Jan Smit, Gail L. Christeson, Elise Chenot, C.L. Mellett, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Auriol S. P. Rae, Axel Wittmann, Sean P. S. Gulick, David A. Kring, Michael H. Poelchau, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, H. R. A. Jones, Charles S. Cockell, Michael T. Whalen, Naotaka Tomioka, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Marco J. L. Coolen, Catalina Gebhardt, Joanna Morgan, and L. Xiao
Subjects: Crystallography, Ring (chemistry), Geology
Published: 2017
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24. Site M0077: introduction

Author: Sean P. S. Gulick, Timothy J. Bralower, Christopher M. Lowery, Heather L. Jones, Elise Chenot, Axel Wittmann, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, W. Zylberman, L. Xiao, David A. Kring, Charles S. Cockell, Marco J. L. Coolen, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Michael H. Poelchau, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Michael T. Whalen, Naotaka Tomioka, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Johanna Lofi, Joanna Morgan, Auriol S. P. Rae, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Catalina Gebhardt, Kazuhisa Goto, Jan Smit, Ulrich Riller, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Ludovic Ferrière, Ph. Claeys, Sonia M. Tikoo, Cornelia Rasmussen, C.L. Mellett, and Gail L. Christeson
Subjects: Geology
Published: 2017
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25. Combining shock barometry with numerical modeling: insights into complex crater formation – The example of the Siljan impact structure (Sweden)

Author: Carl Alwmark, S. Holm-Alwmark, Auriol S. P. Rae, Gareth S. Collins, Ludovic Ferrière, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Paleozoic, Bedrock, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Complex crater, Shock (mechanics), Paleontology, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, Geophysics, Impact crater, 0403 Geology, Space and Planetary Science, Erosion, 0402 Geochemistry, Sedimentary rock, Impact structure, Petrology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Siljan, central Sweden, is the largest known impact structure in Europe. It was formed at about 380 Ma, in the late Devonian period. The structure has been heavily eroded to a level originally located underneath the crater floor, and to date, important questions about the original size and morphology of Siljan remain unanswered. Here we present the results of a shock barometry study of quartz-bearing surface and drill core samples combined with numerical modeling using iSALE. The investigated 13 bedrock granitoid samples show that the recorded shock pressure decreases with increasing depth from 15 to 20 GPa near the (present) surface, to 10–15 GPa at 600 m depth. A best-fit model that is consistent with observational constraints relating to the present size of the structure, the location of the downfaulted sediments, and the observed surface and vertical shock barometry profiles is presented. The best-fit model results in a final crater (rim-to-rim) diameter of ~65 km. According to our simulations, the original Siljan impact structure would have been a peak-ring crater. Siljan was formed in a mixed target of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks overlaying crystalline basement. Our modeling suggests that, at the time of impact, the sedimentary sequence was approximately 3 km thick. Since then, there has been around 4 km of erosion of the structure.
Published: 2017

26. [Untitled]

Author: Cornelia Rasmussen, Catalina Gebhardt, Philippe Claeys, Timothy J Bralower, Axel Wittmann, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Christopher M. Lowery, Johanna Lofi, Marco J. L. Coolen, Ludovic Ferrière, Sonia M. Tikoo, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Auriol S. P. Rae, Michael H. Poelchau, H. R. A. Jones, C.L. Mellett, Gareth S. Collins, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Michael T. Whalen, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, David A. Kring, Naotaka Tomioka, Kazuhisa Goto, Sean P. S. Gulick, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Charles S. Cockell, Ulrich Riller, Long Xiao, Honami Sato, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Jan Smit, Joanna Morgan, Gail L. Christeson, W. Zylberman, and Elise Chenot
Subjects: Extinction event, Paleontology, Plate tectonics, Impact crater, Impact structure, International Ocean Discovery Program, Early Earth, Ejecta, Geologic record, Geology
Abstract: The Chicxulub impact crater, Mexico, is unique. It is the only known terrestrial impact structure that has been directly linked to a mass extinction event and the only terrestrial impact with a global ejecta layer. Of the three largest impact structures on Earth, Chicxulub is the best preserved. Chicxulub is also the only known terrestrial impact structure with an intact, unequivocal topographic peak ring. Chicxulub’s role in the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction and its exceptional state of preservation make it an important natural laboratory for the study of both large impact crater formation on Earth and other planets and the effects of large impacts on the Earth’s environment and ecology. Our understanding of the impact process is far from complete, and despite more than 30 years of intense debate, we are still striving to answer the question as to why this impact was so catastrophic.During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 364, Paleogene sediments and lithologies that make up the Chicxulub peak ring were cored to investigate (1) the nature and formational mechanism of peak rings, (2) how rocks are weakened during large impacts, (3) the nature and extent of post-impact hydrothermal circulation, (4) the deep biosphere and habitability of the peak ring, and (5) the recovery of life in a sterile zone. Other key targets included sampling the transition through a rare midlatitude section that might include Eocene and Paleocene hyperthermals and/or the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM); the composition and character of the impact breccias, melt rocks, and peak-ring rocks; the sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Paleocene–Eocene Chicxulub impact basin infill; the chronology of the peak-ring rocks; and any observations from the core that may help us constrain the volume of dust and climatically active gases released into the stratosphere by this impact. Petrophysical property measurements on the core and wireline logs acquired during Expedition 364 will be used to calibrate geophysical models, including seismic reflection and potential field data, and the integration of all the data will calibrate impact crater models for crater formation and environmental effects. The proposed drilling directly contributes to IODP Science Plan goals:Climate and Ocean Change: How resilient is the ocean to chemical perturbations? The Chicxulub impact represents an external forcing event that caused a 75% level mass extinction. The impact basin may also record key hyperthermals within the Paleogene.Biosphere Frontiers: What are the origin, composition, and global significance of subseafloor communities? What are the limits of life in the subseafloor? How sensitive are ecosystems and biodiversity to environmental change? Impact craters can create habitats for subsurface life, and Chicxulub may provide information on potential habitats for life, including extremophiles, on the early Earth and other planetary bodies. Paleontological and geochemical studies at ground zero will document how large impacts affect ecosystems and effects on biodiversity.Earth Connections/Earth in Motion: What are the composition, structure and dynamics of Earth’s upper mantle? What mechanisms control the occurrence of destructive earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami? Mantle uplift in response to impacts provides insight into dynamics that differ between Earth and other rocky planets. Impacts generate earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami, and scales that generally exceed plate tectonic processes yield insight into effects, the geologic record, and potential hazards.IODP Expedition 364 was a Mission Specific Platform expedition to obtain subseabed samples and downhole logging measurements from the sedimentary cover sequence and peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater. A single borehole was drilled into the Chicxulub impact crater on the Yucatan continental shelf, recovering core from 505.7 to 1334.73 m below seafloor with ~99% core recovery and acquiring downhole logs for the entire depth.
Published: 2017
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27. FIRST DAY OF THE CENOZOIC: PROCESSES RECORDED WITHIN THE CHICXULUB CRATER AT IODP-ICDP SITE M0077

Author: Timothy J. Bralower, Michael T. Whalen, Sean S.P. Gulick, Gail L. Christeson, Jens Ormö, Christopher M. Lowery, Auriol S. P. Rae, Kazuhisa Goto, Joanna Morgan, B. Hall, and Philippe Claeys
Subjects: Paleontology, Impact crater, Cenozoic, Geology
Published: 2017
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28. THE HISTORY OF DEFORMATION DURING PEAK-RING EMPLACEMENT: LINKING OBSERVATIONS WITH MODELS

Author: Johanna Lofi, Auriol S. P. Rae, Richard A. F. Grieve, Ulrich Riller, Michael H. Poelchau, Joanna Morgan, Gareth S. Collins, Gordon R. Osinski, and Abdoulaye Diaw
Subjects: Geometry, Deformation (meteorology), Ring (chemistry), Geology
Published: 2017
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29. The formation of peak rings in large impact craters

Author: Cornelia Rasmussen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, Timothy J. Bralower, Xiao Long, Sonia M. Tikoo, David A. Kring, Douglas R. Schmitt, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Philippe Claeys, C.L. Mellett, Johanna Lofi, W. Zylberman, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Michael T. Whalen, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ludovic Ferrière, Elise Chenot, Gail L. Christeson, Gareth S. Collins, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Naotaka Tomioka, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Charles S. Cockell, Joanna Morgan, Axel Wittmann, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Heather L. Jones, Erwan Le Ber, Michael H. Poelchau, Gordon R. Osinski, Jan Smit, Catalina Gebhardt, Christopher M. Lowery, Auriol S. P. Rae, Marco J. L. Coolen, Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Department of Geology [Leicester], University of Leicester, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), School of Earth Sciences [Wuham], China University of Geosciences [Wuham] (CUG), The Lyell Centre, British Geological Survey (BGS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Geology, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Physics [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Physical Sciences, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Department of Chemistry, Toho University, NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Work funded by the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) and the International Continental Scientific Program, with contributions and logistical support from the Yucatan State Government and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)., Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-Jackson School of Geosciences, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre ( WA-OIGC ), Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ) -Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ), Natural History Museum [Vienna] ( NHM ), Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] ( LPI ), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane ( UAG ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences-Planetary Science Institute, British Geological Survey, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé ( ICPEES ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Western Ontario ( UWO ), Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] ( CPSX ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ), Universität Hamburg ( UHH ), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences ( FALW ), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] ( VU ), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS ), University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ), Arizona State University [Tempe] ( ASU ) -LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, NASA Astrobiology Institute ( NAI ), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement ( CEREGE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), The Institute for Geoscience Research [Perth] (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), BG International Limited, ConocoPhillips, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), The Leverhulme Trust, Penn State Department of Geosciences, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Dike, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Science & Technology, BASIN FORMATION, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, GRAVITY, Impact crater, Planet, impact cratering, Impact structure, Petrology, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, BASIN, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Felsic, Drilling, Crust, [ SDU.STU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, terrestrial analog, CHICXULUB CRATER, Multidisciplinary Sciences, MODEL, 13. Climate action, DENSITY, ASYMMETRY, Science & Technology - Other Topics, QUARTZ, Shear zone, Geology
Abstract: The Chicxulub impact crater, known for its link to the demise of the dinosaurs, also provides an opportunity to study rocks from a large impact structure. Large impact craters have “peak rings” that define a complex crater morphology. Morgan et al. looked at rocks from a drilling expedition through the peak rings of the Chicxulub impact crater (see the Perspective by Barton). The drill cores have features consistent with a model that postulates that a single over-heightened central peak collapsed into the multiple-peak-ring structure. The validity of this model has implications for far-ranging subjects, from how giant impacts alter the climate on Earth to the morphology of crater-dominated planetary surfaces.Science, this issue p. 878; see also p. 836Large impacts provide a mechanism for resurfacing planets through mixing near-surface rocks with deeper material. Central peaks are formed from the dynamic uplift of rocks during crater formation. As crater size increases, central peaks transition to peak rings. Without samples, debate surrounds the mechanics of peak-ring formation and their depth of origin. Chicxulub is the only known impact structure on Earth with an unequivocal peak ring, but it is buried and only accessible through drilling. Expedition 364 sampled the Chicxulub peak ring, which we found was formed from uplifted, fractured, shocked, felsic basement rocks. The peak-ring rocks are cross-cut by dikes and shear zones and have an unusually low density and seismic velocity. Large impacts therefore generate vertical fluxes and increase porosity in planetary crust.
Published: 2016
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29 results on '"Auriol S. P. Rae"'

1. The Distribution of Impactor Core Material During Large Impacts on Earth-like Planets

2. Ancient and recent collisions revealed by phosphate minerals in the Chelyabinsk meteorite

3. Erratum: 'Reduced Atmospheres of Post-impact Worlds: The Early Earth' (2022, PSJ, 3, 115)

4. Use of magnetic fabrics and X-ray diffraction to reveal low strains in experimentally deformed Maggia gneiss

5. The palaeoinclination of the ancient lunar magnetic field from an Apollo 17 basalt

6. Dynamic strength, fragmentation, and the impact cratering process

7. Shocked titanite records Chicxulub hydrothermal alteration and impact age

8. Reduced atmospheres of post-impact worlds: The early Earth

9. Ancient and recent collisions revealed by phosphate minerals in the Chelyabinsk meteorite

10. Orientations of planar cataclasite zones in the Chicxulub peak ring as a ground truth for peak ring formation models

11. Impact Experiment on Gneiss: The Effects of Foliation on Cratering Process

12. Comparison of stress orientation indicators in Chicxulub’s peak ring: Kinked biotites, basal PDFs, and feather features

13. Dynamic Compressive Strength and Fragmentation in Felsic Crystalline Rocks

14. Probing the hydrothermal system of the Chicxulub impact crater

15. Stress and strain during shock metamorphism

16. Shock impedance amplified impact deformation of zircon in granitic rocks from the Chicxulub impact crater

17. INSIGHTS INTO IMPACT PROCESSES AND EXTINCTION MECHANISMS FROM IODP-ICDP CHICXULUB CRATER DRILLING

18. Extraordinary rocks from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater: P-wave velocity, density, and porosity measurements from IODP/ICDP Expedition 364

19. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

20. Site M0077: Upper Peak Ring

21. Site M0077: Open Hole

22. Site M0077: microbiology

23. Site M0077: Lower Peak Ring

24. Site M0077: introduction

25. Combining shock barometry with numerical modeling: insights into complex crater formation – The example of the Siljan impact structure (Sweden)

26. [Untitled]

27. FIRST DAY OF THE CENOZOIC: PROCESSES RECORDED WITHIN THE CHICXULUB CRATER AT IODP-ICDP SITE M0077

28. THE HISTORY OF DEFORMATION DURING PEAK-RING EMPLACEMENT: LINKING OBSERVATIONS WITH MODELS

29. The formation of peak rings in large impact craters

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29 results on '"Auriol S. P. Rae"'

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