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[ES] En los últimos años, el sector de la náutica de recreo ha estado en auge debido en parte al turismo, al crecimiento económico, y a la mayor facilidad de acceso a esta práctica deportiva. Consecuencia de ello, las actividades relacionadas con el sector son practicadas cada día por un mayor número de usuarios. Sin embargo, en España, y más concretamente en la Comunidad Valenciana, todavía existe una diferencia relativa importante con respecto a países lideres en el sector, tanto en el número de instalaciones y su estado, como en espacios destinados a tal fin y, número de usuarios. Una de las principales razones por la cual no se ha logrado un nivel adecuado en las instalaciones náutico-deportivas es la limitación de inversiones para la reforma, modernización, y generación de unas infraestructuras acordes para la práctica de la náutica deportiva y de recreo que permitan la expansión del sector. Unido a lo anterior, la limitación de puntos de amarre por un lado, totalmente saturado en parte del litoral de la Comunitat Valenciana, el elevado coste en ocasiones, la ausencia de un futuro cierto para gran parte de los gestores de las instalaciones, todo ello unido a la creciente demanda de servicios, justifica la necesidad de desarrollar un programa de inversión que sirva de guía para el desarrollo, identifique las necesidades de infraestructura, cuantifique la inversión necesaria, y establezca un calendario de actuación. Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster lleva a cabo la elaboración de un programa de inversión para las instalaciones náutico-deportivas de los puertos de titularidad de la Generalitat Valenciana; todas ellas son o forman parte de un total de 35 puertos de los 40 que existen en la Comunidad Valenciana ya que no se encuentran en el ámbito del mismo las instalaciones náutico-deportivas que albergan los cinco puertos de interés general de la Comunitat. En el trabajo se incluye: 1. Una recopilación de los datos de actividad, un estudio de la oferta actual y una estimación de la demanda en un horizonte temporal de 10 años. 2. Un inventario de la infraestructura existente y una evaluación de su estado. 3. Identificación del tipo de gestión de la instalación y título administrativo habilitante, así como servicios prestados tanto a las embarcaciones como a los usuarios. 4. Identificación de las necesidades de actuación en el ámbito de la ordenación y urbanización, en obras de atraque, y en dotación de servicios. 5. Valoración de las actuaciones. Definido lo anterior, y junto con las propuestas de gestión administrativa para el desarrollo y explotación de la infraestructura que se incluyen de igual forma, se ha identificado el tipo de inversión diferenciándola entre pública o privada, y se ha confeccionado un calendario de actuaciones, y consecuentemente de inversión, condicionado principalmente por los plazos de vigencia de tanto los actuales títulos administrativos habilitantes como los futuros a otorgar. Para la realización del trabajo se han llevada a cabo visitas a las instalaciones, se han realizado encuestas a los usuarios y gestores, a los técnicos responsables de la Administración, se han utilizado datos de la oferta actual y estudios de demanda proporcionados por la Asociación Nacional de Empresas Náuticas (ANEN) e información y documentos varias proporcionados por la Conselleria de Política Territorial, Obras Públicas y Movilidad. Por último, el calendario de inversión, y consecuentemente el programa, se ha ceñido al espacio temporal objeto del presente programa de inversiones con el fin de estimar la inversión total que será realizada por año. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que la mayor parte de la inversión se produce en el primer quinquenio del programa y que el grueso de esta es soportado por la iniciativa privada, permitiendo su desarrollo dar continuidad a la prestación del servicio, la regularización administrativa de la gestión y, disponer de periodo suficiente para planificar, [EN] In recent years, the nautical and sporting sector has been booming due in part to tourism, economic growth, and easier access to this sport. As a result, activities related to the sector are practiced every day by a greater number of users. However, in Spain, and more specifically in the Valencian Community, there is still a significant relative difference with respect to leading countries in the sector, both in the number of installations and their condition, as well as in the spaces designated for this purpose and the number of users. One of the main reasons why an adequate level has not been achieved in the nautical-sports facilities is the limitation of investments for the reform, modernization, and generation of appropriate infrastructures for the practice of sports and recreational nautical that allow the expansion of the sector. Coupled with this, the limitation of berths on the one hand, totally saturated in part of the coast of the Valencian Community, the high cost on occasions, the absence of a certain future for a large part of the managers of the facilities, all of this together with the growing demand for services, justifies the need to develop an investment program that serves as a guide for development, identifies infrastructure needs, quantifies the necessary investment, and establishes a timetable for action. This Project has developed an investment program for the nautical-sports facilities of the ports owned by the Generalitat Valenciana; All of them are part of a total of 35 ports out of the 40 that exist in the Valencian Community, since the nautical-sports facilities that house the five ports of general interest in the Community are not within its scope. The work includes: 1. A compilation of activity data, a study of current supply and an estimate of demand over a 10-year time horizon. 2. An Inventory of existing infrastructure and an assessment of its condition. 3. Identification of the type of facility management and enabling administrative title, as well as services provided to both vessels and users. 4. Identification of the needs for action in the area of planning and urbanization, in berthing works, and in the provision of services. 5. Assessment of the actions. Once the foregoing has been defined, and together with the administrative management proposals for the development and exploitation of the infrastructure that are included in the same way, the type of investment has been identified, differentiating it between public or private, and a calendar of actions has been drawn up, and consequently of investment, conditioned mainly by the terms of validity of both the current enabling administrative titles and the future ones to be granted. To the realisation of the project, visits to the facilities have been carried out, surveys were undertaken on users, managers and the technicians responsible for the Administration, data from the current supply and demand studies provided by the National Association have been used. of Nautical Companies (ANEN) and various information and documents provided by the Ministry of Territorial Policy, Public Works and Mobility. Lastly, the investment calendar, and consequently the program, has been limited to the temporary space object of this investment program in order to estimate the total investment that will be made per year. From the results obtained, it is concluded that most of the investment occurs in the first five years of the program and that the bulk of it is supported by private initiative, achieving its development to give continuity to the provision of the service, the administrative regularization of the management and provision of a sufficient period to plan future installations.

Funded under the European H2020 research and innovation programme, FIRE-RES project aims to enhance the transition of the European Union towards a fire-resilient continent over the 2021-2025 period. Ethical issues are of major relevance during the development of European projects. This deliverable describes and facilitates the Requirement N4-EPQ: Copies of relevant authorisations must be kept on file of the FIRE-RES project, Grant Agreement No. 101037419.

Anàlisi i implementació d'un gestor de vacances de personal per una empresa mitjana-gran del sector de l'oci i la restauració. Es desenvolupa un mòdul software per al departament de recursos humans i s'integra a l'actual intranet de gestió corporativa. L'objectiu principal del projecte és optimitzar, simplificar i millorar el procés de petició de dies de vacances dels treballadors. Per al desenvolupament s'ha utilitzat la metodologia àgil Kanban. La planificació del projecte resulta en un total de 5 mesos, dels quals, 65 dies s'adjudiquen a la implementació, que es realitza en dues fases de 35 i 30 dies respectivament. Cada fase considera cada una de les dues aplicacions diferents del sistema, i es codifiquen mitjançant el patró de disseny Bridge Pattern. Pel que fa al disseny d'interfície, es realitzen diferents esbossos per aconseguir una eina intuïtiva, ràpida i incrementar l'experiència d'usuari. Per últim, es mostren els resultats obtinguts i s'exposen les experiències i conclusions personals. Analysis and implementation of a staff holiday management software for a medium-large company in the leisure and restoration sector. The module is developed for the human resources department and is integrated into the current corporate management intranet. The main objective of the project is to optimize, simplify and improve the process of requesting vacation days for staff. For the development, the agile methodology Kanban has been used. Project planning results in a total of 5 months, of which 65 days are used for implementation, which is carried out in two phases of 35 and 30 days respectively. Each phase considers each of the two different applications on the system, and they are coded using the Bridge Design Pattern. Regarding the interface design, different sketches are made to achieve an intuitive and fast tool and increase the user experience. Finally, the results obtained are shown and personal experiences and conclusions are explained. Análisis e implementación de un gestor de vacaciones de personal para una empresa mediana-grande del sector del ocio y la restauración. Se desarrolla un módulo software para el departamento de recursos humanos y se integra a la actual intranet de gestión corporativa. El objetivo principal del proyecto es optimizar, simplificar y mejorar el proceso de petición de días de vacaciones de los trabajadores. Para el desarrollo se ha utilizado la metodología ágil Kanban. La planificación del proyecto resulta en un total de 5 meses, de los cuales, 65 días se adjudican a la implementación, que se realiza en dos fases de 35 y 30 días respectivamente. Cada fase considera cada una de las dos aplicaciones diferentes del sistema, y ​​se codifican mediante el patrón de diseño Bridge Pattern. En cuanto al diseño de interfaz, se realizan diferentes bocetos para conseguir una herramienta intuitiva, rápida e incrementar la experiencia de usuario. Por último, se muestran los resultados obtenidos y se exponen las experiencias y conclusiones personales.

El propósito fundamental del informe final, es analizar los controles ejercidos por la aduana Principal Centro Occidental – SENIAT, División de operaciones en el estado Lara, para la detección de mercancías ingresadas al país y los Derechos de Propiedad Industrial. El modelo teórico utilizado se apoya en el criterio de la Ley Orgánica de Aduanas y su Reglamento, Ley de Propiedad Industrial, entre otras. La pasantía se realizó en el marco de un cronograma de actividades aplicado en la división de operaciones de la unidad de registros y autorizaciones, calificándose el compartir de experiencias con los funcionarios adscrito a esa división; la población está constituida por ocho (08) personas reconocedores que laboran en dicha aduana, en cargos como Jefe, coordinadores de las unidades, quienes según sus propósito, fundamentos y principios guiaron la ejecución, organización en el área funcional de la pasantía. El desarrollo y cumplimiento del cronograma de actividades asignadas, permitió conocer que los controles ejercidos actualmente son suficientemente efectivos referentes a la normativa que rige la materia, se deben hacer correcciones y/o modificaciones, en lo que se infiere que los funcionarios, debido a que no todos poseen sólidos conocimientos en esta área. Se recomienda aplicar formación y dar herramientas, a fin de visualizar claramente los controles que deben ejercerse para detectar mercancías que van en contra de la propiedad industrial en el estado Lara Venezuela. The fundamental purpose of the final report is to analyze the controls exercised by the Aduana Principal Centro Occidente – SENIAT, Operation division in the Estado Lara, Venezuela. For the detection of merchandise entered into the country and industrial property rights, the theoretical model used is based on the criterion of the organic customs law and its regulations, Industrial property law, among others. The internship was carried out within the framework of an activities schedule applied in the operations division of records and authorizations unit, qualifying in sharing experiences with the officials assigned to that division, the population is constituted by eight people (08) to recognized that they work in the customs, in positions like chief, coordinator units, who according to their purpose, foundations and principles guided the execution schedule of assigned activities, this allowed to know that controls currently exercised are sufficiently effective referring to the regulations that govern the subject, corrections and modifications must be made, which suggests that the officials, because not everyone has solid knowledge in this area, it is recommended to apply training and give tools, In order to visualize the controls that must be exercised to detect goods that go against the industrial property in the Estado Lara, Venezuela. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

En el Perú, la gestión del uso del agua y el vertimiento son regulados por la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), que otorga el derecho de uso y vertimiento en condiciones de sostenibilidad y retribución económica.El número de autorizaciones de vertimiento entre el 2013 y el 2015 fue 529; y de reúso, 21. Los puntos de vertimiento autorizados fueron 686; y los de monitoreo en cuerpos de agua, 1839. El volumen total autorizado para vertimiento fue 1802 hm3; y para reúso, 16 hm3. Los subsectores que contaban con autorizaciones de vertimiento entre el 2013 y el 2015 fueron minería (261 autorizaciones y 913 hm3 de vertimiento), pesquería (87 autorizaciones y 24 hm3 de vertimiento), hidrocarburos (74 autorizaciones y 86 hm3 de vertimiento), industrias (34 autorizaciones y 180 hm3 de vertimiento), saneamiento (18 autorizaciones y 429 hm3 de vertimiento), electricidad (31 autorizaciones y 330 hm3 de vertimiento) y agricultura (3 autorizaciones y 0,4 hm3 de vertimiento).Por la disponibilidad de datos de retribución económica se analiza con respecto al año 2014. En ese año, se otorgó el derecho para uso consuntivo de 23 816,60 hectómetros cúbicos (hm3) de agua; y para uso no consuntivo, 37 544,82 hm3. La retribución económica de ese año por el uso de agua fue de 82 millones de soles; y de vertimiento, 42 millones de soles.El volumen de agua autorizada para uso consuntivo y energético en el 2014 fue 60 757 hm3, equivalente a 60 veces el caudal promedio del río Rímac, mientras que el vertimiento total autorizado (incluida la energía) el mismo año fue 188 hm3, equivalente al 20 % del caudal promedio del río Rímac (la quinta parte). Por tanto, se puede deducir que a) existe un importante número de vertimientos que no cuentan con autorización debido a que las aguas no han sido tratadas o no cumplen con los límites máximos permisibles (LMP); y b) tanto la población como los sectores productivos consumen grandes volúmenes de agua y, por consiguiente, generan también una enorme cantidad de aguas residuales. Sin embargo, estos datos requieren ser contabilizados.El artículo 32.1 de la Ley General del Ambiente, Ley 28611, promulgado el 15 de octubre del 2005, define los LMP como «la medida de la concentración o del grado de elementos, sustancias o parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos, que caracterizan a un efluente o una emisión, que al ser excedida causa o puede causar daños a la salud, al bienestar humano y al ambiente. Su cumplimiento es exigible legalmente por la respectiva autoridad competente. Según el parámetro en particular a que se refiera, la concentración o grado podrá ser expresada en máximos, mínimos o rangos»., In Peru, the management of water use and discharges are regulated by Water National Authority, which gives the right of use and discharging in sustainability conditions and economic retribution. The number of discharging authorizations between 2013 and 2015 was 529; and 21 for reuse. The points of authorized discharging were 686. The total authorized volume for discharging was 1802 hm3. And 16 hm3 for reuse. The sub-sectors that had discharging authorization between 2013 and 2015 were the mining (261 authorizations and 913 hm3 of discharging), fishing (87 authorizations and 24 hm3 of discharging), hydrocarbon (74 authorizations and 86 hm3 of discharging), industries (34 authorizations and 180 hm3 of discharging), sanitation (18 authorizations and 429 hm3 of discharging), electricity (31 authorizations and 330 hm3 of discharging) and agriculture (3 authorizations and 0,4 hm3 of discharging).Due to the availability of economic retribution data, it is analyzed for the year 2014. In that year were assigned authorizations for consumption of 23 816,60 cubic hectometers (hm3) and authorizations for use (without consumption) of another 37 544,82 hm3. The economic retribution of that were paid for discharging used for water use was about 82 million of soles, and 42 million of soles of discharging.The volume of authorized water for consumption and energetic use in 2014 was 60 757 hm3, equivalent to 60 times the average level of Rimac river, while the total authorized discharging (including the energy) was 188 hm3 the same year, equivalent to 20 % of average level of Rimac river. So, we can deduce that a) There’s an important number of discharging which don’t count with authorization because the water hasn’t been treated or don’t keep the permissible maximum limits and b) as the population and the productive sectors consume big volumes of water, therefore, they make a huge quantity of residual waters too. However, this information must be counted.The article 32.1 of the General Environmental Law, law 28611, promulgated on October 15th, 2015, defines the permissible maximum limits as the concentration of elements, substances, physical, chemicals and biologicals parameters, that characterize an effluent or an emission that being exceed causes or may cause health damage, to the human well-being and environment. The competent authority legally required its compliance. According to the parameter, which the concentration is related, it may be expressed in maxima, minima, and ranges.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como finalidad evidenciar que el aprovechamiento forestal no es solo un fenómeno que tiene impacto en territorios colectivos de comunidades negras en Colombia, sino que también se realiza en resguardos indígenas. Utilizando el método analítico descriptivo (Toro & Parra, 2010), en esta investigación se realiza un análisis jurídico sobre el estado actual de los permisos y autorizaciones otorgadas en el departamento del Chocó, con especificidad en territorios de comunidades indígenas, para el uso y aprovechamiento del recurso forestal. Abstract This article has the purpose to show that the forest exploitation is not a phenomena that has impact in collective territories of Colombian afro American communities, but also is done in indian communities; using descriptive analysis method (Tamayo, 2003) also is done legal analysis about the actual state of permits and authorizations granted in Choco department, with specificity in territories of indigenous communities for the use and exploitation of forest resources. Résumé Cet article vise à montrer que l'exploitation forestière est non seulement un phénomène qui a un impact sur les territoires collectifs des communautés noires en Colombie, mais aussi entrepris dans les réserves autochtones. En utilisant la méthode d'analyse descriptive (Tamayo, 2003), dans cette enquête une analyse juridique de l'état actuel des permis et autorisations accordées dans le département de Chocó, avec une spécificité dans les territoires des communautés autochtones, pour l'utilisation et l'exploitation de la ressource est permis forestiers. Resumo O presente artigo procura evidenciar o aproveitamento das matas, não somentente é um fenómeno que tem impacto nos territórios colectivos das comunidades negras na Colômbia, também e feita em povoados indígenas. Usando o método de análitico descritivo (Tamayo, 2003), nesta pesquisa foi realizado uma análise jurídico sob a situação da concessão das licençãs no estado de Chocó, principalmente nos territórios das aldeias indígenas, paro o uso e aproveitamento dos recursos da floresta.

Carina v Sloveniji deluje pod okriljem Finančne uprave Republike Slovenije od leta 2014. Uvrščamo jo v pluralno policijsko družino ravno tako kot policijo, zasebno varovanje, pravosodno policijo, občinsko redarstvo in detektivsko dejavnost ter podobne organizacije. Namen pluralne policijske dejavnosti je varovanje ljudi in premoženja, zagotavljanje zakonitosti in javnega reda, izvajanje splošnega družbenega nadzorstva ter zagotavljanje varnosti v družbi. Carinska služba skrbi za zaščito gospodarskih, finančnih in varnostnih interesov ne le Slovenije, temveč tudi enotnega carinskega območja EU s pomočjo carinskih služb ostalih držav Evropske unije. Naloge, ki jih izvajajo cariniki, so carinski in trošarinski nadzor obračun in pobiranje uvoznih, izvoznih dajatev ter trošarin carinske preiskave kontrola potnikov, blaga in storitve ter druge naloge določene z zakonom. Pri opravljanju svojih nalog se povezujejo tudi z domačo in tujo policijo ter s tujimi carinskimi organi in tako skupaj skrbijo za varnost in zaščito prebivalcev, predvsem pa varujejo pred nepoštenim in nezakonitim trgovanjem. Policija in Finančna uprava medsebojno sodelovanje krepita na skupnih delovnih sestankih. Primerjava pooblastil policistov, carinikov, zasebnih varnostnikov in občinskih redarjev pripelje do ugotovitve, da so pooblastila carinikov najbolj podobna pooblastilom, ki jih imajo policisti, zato lahko v skladu z definicijo pluralne policijske družine carino označimo kot policijsko službo. Customs in Slovenia has been operating under the Financial Administration of the Republic of Slovenia since 2014. We classify it as a part of plural police family. As a part of plural police family we also classify police, private security, judicial police, municipal warden service and detective activity as well as similar organizations. The purpose of the plural police activity is security of people and property, assuring regularity and public order, exercising general social control as well as the assurance of the security in the society. Customs service provides for the protection of economic, financial and security interests not only of Slovenia but also of the customs territory of the Community by the assistance of customs services of the other countries of the European Union. The duties exercised by the customs officers are customs and excise control levying and collecting import and export duties and excises, customs investigations, control of the passengers, goods and services as well as the other tasks, determined by law. When performing their duties they cooperate also with the domestic and foreign police and with foreign customs authorities. Together they provide for the security and the protection of the inhabitants above all they protect against unfair and illegal trade. The Police and the Financial Administration strengthen mutual cooperation in joint working meetings. Comparison of the authorizations, of the police, customs, private security guards and municipal wardens, we found that authorizations of the customs officers are the most similar to the authorizations of the police officers. Therefore, within the definition of the plural police family, we can classify customs as a police service.

Občinsko redarstvo se v zadnjih letih vse bolj razvija. Občinski redarji dobivajo vedno več pristojnosti in bodo počasi postali že skoraj kot policisti. Redarstvo se je skozi čas močno razvijalo in se pojavljalo v različnih oblikah. Nočni stražar, stražnik, sodni sluga so le nekateri nazivi, ki so jih redarji imeli v preteklosti. Danes poznamo občinske redarje kot osebe, ki nadzorujejo javni red in mir v posameznih občinah. Ena izmed osnovnih nalog občinskega redarja je opozarjanje na nepravilnosti v cestnem prometu. Sledijo si še vse ostale naloge, ki sodijo v okvir dela občinskih redarjev in jih bomo opisali v nadaljevanju. Občinski redar ima, tako kot policist, pooblastila, urejena po vrstnem redu od najblažjega do najstrožjega. Med najmilejša pooblastila štejemo opozorilo, ustno odredbo ter ugotavljanje istovetnosti. Občinski redar lahko poseže tudi po strožjih pooblastilih, ki si sledijo po sledečem vrstnem redu: sredstva za vklepanje in vezanje, uporaba plinskega razpršilca, uporaba fizične sile. Doslej poznamo zelo malo primerov, kjer bi prišlo do konfliktov oz. fizičnega obračunavanja med občani in občinskimi redarji. Leta 2006 je bil sprejet Zakon o občinskem redarstvu, ki ureja vse podrobnosti, ki jih morajo občinski redarji upoštevati in spoštovati. V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na delo medobčinskega redarja v Mežiški dolini. V našem primeru deluje na območju celotne Mežiške doline, ki šteje okoli 25.000 prebivalcev, en medobčinski redar. Sedež medobčinskega redarstva je v občini Ravne na Koroškem, kjer delujeta dve osebi, in sicer vodja medobčinskega redarstva in redar sam. Za konec smo v diplomskem delu »potegnili črto« in primerjali število prekrškov v posameznih občinah ter te podatke nekoliko analizirali in jih tudi opisali. Občinski redar je kot pooblaščena uradna oseba v zadnjem času vse bolj priljubljen, kajti ljudje so spoznali, da ni zgolj »pobiralec denarja«, ki piše položnice, ampak je tudi razumljiva oseba, ki želi zagotoviti varnost slehernega občana. Municipal constabulary is developing increasingly more within last years. The municipal traffic wardens are getting larger competences and in a few years they will become some kind of local sheriffs. During time constabulary was developing strongly and was appearing in different dimensions.The night guard, a constable, bailiff are only some names that traffic wardens had in the past. We know traffic wardens today as people, who supervise public order and peace in individual municipalities. Their basic task is warnings on irregularity of citizens. The municipal warden and police officers have in common a few mildest mandates such as warnings, oral order and verifiying identety. But if things go rough, can municipal traffic warden reaches for: means for handcuffing and bondage, round gas diffuser, and all the way to the use of physical force. We know very few cases so far, where wars and physical charging would take place with citizens and the municipal traffic warden. Law was passed about municipal constabulary in 2006. This act is regulating all details, that the municipal traffic wardens must comply with and to admire them. We concentrated on work of the inter-municipal traffic warden in a dissertation in the Mežica valley. Just one inter-municipal traffic warden is taking care of order and peace for almost 25,000 inhabitants of the entire Mežica valley. Seat of inter-municipal constabulary is in a municipality Ravne na Koroškem, where two people work namely, the leader of inter-municipal constabulary and a traffic warden alone. For an end in the dissertation we »pulled a line« and compared number of offences in individual municipalities and these analysed data. The municipal traffic warden as an official person, is in individual municipalities growing more popular, because people realised now, that traffic warden is not only »money taker«, but it is also an understandable person, who wants to ensure safety of the every citizen.

Diplomsko delo obravnava problematiko spreminjanja vlog oboroženih sil in njihovih pooblastil z ozirom na aktualno begunsko/migrantsko krizo, s katero se evropske države intenzivno soočajo od leta 2015, ter begunsko/migrantsko krizo v Sloveniji, Grčiji, Avstriji in Madžarski. Številni prihodi beguncev in migrantov so začeli ogrožati nacionalno varnost držav. Nenadna in nepričakovana množica ljudi je začela predstavljati grožnjo državnim mejam in prebivalcem držav, mogoče pa je bilo čutiti tudi pomanjkanje nadzora na mejah. Državni organi so bili primorani sprejeti odločitve, ki so bile nujno potrebne za zagotavljanje nacionalne varnosti. Migracije so posledica križnih žarišč, kot je večletna vojna v Siriji, ki je prepletena s kriznim žariščem v Iraku. Ljudje s teh območij so se odpravili na pot po balkanski poti, prek katere so želeli doseči ciljne države. Nemška kanclerka je s svojim javnim vabilom spodbudila nezakonite migracije in s tem odprla t. i. Pandorino skrinjico. Na problematiko migracij je prva vidneje opozorila Madžarska, ki se je odločila, da popolnoma zapre svoje meje, hkrati pa je dala vsem migrantom in beguncem vedeti, da je od tega trenutka naprej vsak nezakoniti prestop njihove meje kaznovan z zaporno kaznijo ter takojšnjo deportacijo. Za obvladovanje toka migrantov in beguncev so nekatere države vključevale tudi oborožene sile. Zanimalo nas je, kako je kriza vplivala na spreminjanje vojaških pooblastil v državah, ki so bile neposredno izpostavljene begunskemu valu. V ta namen smo izvedli študijo, v okviru katere smo se osredotočili na štiri izbrane države: Slovenijo, Madžarsko, Grčijo in Avstrijo. Ugotovili smo, da so v vseh državah sprejeli ukrepe, s katerimi so želeli zaščititi nacionalne interese. Slovenija, Madžarska in Avstrija so se odločile za zapiranje državnih mej ter napotitev oboroženih sil na mejna območja. Ker je kljub temu prihajalo do incidentov, so se države odločile, da sta najboljši rešitvi napotitev vojske na kritična območja in dodelitev novih pooblastil. Oborožene sile so prevzele izvajanje nekaterih policijskih pooblastil, ki so bila nujno potrebna za miritev toka in ohranjanje miru. The dissertation discusses the issue of changing the role of the armed forces and their powers, caused by refugee-migrant crisis in Slovenia, Hungary, Austria and Greece. Mass arrivals have begun to threaten the national security. Sudden and unexpected crowd of people began to threat national borders and their inhabitants. It was possible to feel lack of border controls. National authorities have been forced to take decisions that were necessary for national security. Illegal migration is a result from crisis hotspots such as the perennial war in Syria, which is intertwined with the crisis areas in Iraq. German Chancellor with her public invitation encouraged illegal migration and with that opened a Pandora's box. Hungary was first country of the Schengen, or European passport-free zone, who decided to completely close its borders for the migrants who hope to travel further to Germany or elsewhere. Hungary also made clear that every illegal crossing will be punished by imprisonment and immediate deportation. We wanted to know how the crisis has affected the changing of military powers in the countries that were directly exposed to the wave of refugees. To this end, we conducted a study in which we focused on four selected countries. These countries are Slovenia, Hungary, Greece and Austria. We found that all countries have taken measures to protect their interests. Slovenia, Hungary and Austria have decided to close national borders and to deploy armed forces to the state borders. The police did not have the desired effect on people and because they wanted to avoid confrontations between them, they decided that the best solution in this situation is to deploy the army in the critical areas. Armed forces got new powers that were necessarily needed to maintain peace. Greece and has primarily focused on changing the asylum legislation.

El presente trabajo tiene como fin diseñar un modelo de gestión de calidad para las autorizaciones de los usuarios del Ejército Nacional, contribuyendo a la mejora continua propendiendo por el uso racional de los recursos evitando el detrimento patrimonial del Subsistema de Salud de las Fuerzas Militares, haciendo un correcto direccionamiento de los objetivos institucionales aplicándolos al proceso autorizador. Es de anotar que el proceso autorizador de Ejército tiene como función realizar la autorización de servicios de salud de acuerdo a parámetros clínicos, nivel de complejidad de la atención, pertinencia de la remisión y portafolio de servicios de la red interna(Establecimientos de Sanidad Militar) propendiendo por una racionalidad científica en la administración de los recursos de salud, infraestructura, equipo y personal. Además permite a cada funcionario enfocar su trabajo al plan de acción establecido creando sentido de pertenencia con la institución In the Department of Health of the National Army they perceive that the authorizing process does not have a quality management model and therefore officials are not clear on the strategic direction of the institution, which means that there are congestion, delay, confusion and dissatisfaction by the user; this is why this research aims to implement a management model that helps to improve effectiveness of authorizations and processes, make efficient use of the external network contracted health services III and IV level .

Today many companies use an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system such as the SAP system to run their daily business ranging from financial issues down to the actual control of a production line. These systems are very complex from the view of administration of authorizations and include a high potential for errors. The administrators need support to verify their decisions on changes in the authorization setup of such systems and also assistance to implement planned changes error-free. First-order theorem proving is a reliable and correct method to offer this support to administrators at work. But it needs on the one hand a corresponding formalization of an SAP ERP system instance in first-order logic, and on the other hand, a sound and terminating calculus that can deal with the complexity of such systems. Since first-order logic is well-known to be undecidable in general, current research deals with the challenge of finding suitable and decidable sub-classes of first-order logic which are then usable for the mapping of such systems. This thesis presents a (general) new decidable first-order clause class, named BDI (Bounded Depth Increase), which naturally arose from the requirement to assist administrators at work with real-world authorization structures in the SAP system and the automatic proof of properties in these systems. The new class strictly includes known classes such as PVD. The arity of function and predicate symbols as well as the shape of atoms is not restricted in BDI as it is for many other classes. Instead the shape of cycles in resolution inferences is restricted such that the depth of generated clauses may increase but is still finitely bound. This thesis shows that the Hyper-resolution calculus modulo redundancy elimination terminates on BDI clause sets. Further, it employs this result to the Ordered Resolution calculus which is also proved to terminate on BDI, and thus yielding a more efficient decision procedure which is able to solve real-world SAP authorization instances. The test of conditions of BDI have been implemented into the state-of-the art theorem prover SPASS in order to be able to detect decidability for any given problem automatically. The implementation has been applied to the problems of the TPTP Library in order to detect potential new decidable problems satisfying the BDI class properties and further to find non-terminating problems close to the BDI class having only a few clauses which are responsible for the undecidability of the problem. Viele Unternehmen verwenden heutzutage ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systeme wie das SAP System zur Unterstützung des täglichen Geschäfts angefangen vom Rechnungswesen bis hin zur Steuerung einer Fertigungslinie. Diese Systeme sind hinsichtlich der Verwaltung von Berechtigungen sehr komplex und besitzen deswegen eine hohe Fehleranfälligkeit. Administratoren benötigen deswegen sowohl Unterstützung, um ihre Entscheidungen bei Änderungen im Berechtigungs-Setup zu verifizieren und auch Hilfe, um geplante Änderungen an Berechtigungen fehlerfrei umsetzen zu können. Theorembeweisen in Prädikatenlogik ist eine zuverlässige und korrekte Methode, um Administratoren die notwendige Unterstützung bei der Arbeit zu bieten. Sie benötigt jedoch auf der einen Seite eine entsprechende Formalisierung einer SAP ERP System Instanz in Prädikatenlogik, und auf der anderen Seite einen korrekten und terminierenden Kalkül der mit der Komplexität solcher Systeme umgehen kann. Da Prädikatenlogik bekanntlicherweise im Allgemeinen unentscheidbar ist, beschäftigt sich die aktuelle Forschung mit der Herausforderung, geeignete und entscheidbare Teilklassen der Prädikatenlogik zu finden, die dann für die Abbildung solcher Systeme benutzbar sind. Diese Arbeit stellt eine (allgemeine) neue entscheidbare Klauselklasse in Prädikatenlogik mit dem Namen BDI (Bounded Depth Increase) vor, die auf natürlichem Wege aus der Anforderung zur Unterstützung der Administratoren bei der praxisorientierten Arbeit mit Berechtigungsstrukturen im SAP System und dem automatischen Nachweis von Eigenschaften in solchen Systemen entstand. Die neue Klasse enthält bereits bekannte Klassen wie PVD. Die Stelligkeit von Funktions- und Prädikatssymbolen wie auch die Gestalt der Atome ist in BDI nicht beschränkt, wie es bei vielen anderen Klassen der Fall ist. Stattdessen wird die Gestalt von Zyklen in Resolutionsinferenzen derart beschränkt, dass die Tiefe von generierten Klauseln zwar ansteigen kann, aber letztendlich begrenzt ist. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass der Hyperresolutions-Kalkül zusammen mit der Eliminierung von Redundanzen auf BDI Klauselmengen terminiert. Zusätzlich wird das Ergebnis übertragen auf den Kalkül der geordneten Resolution, für die ebenfalls die Terminierung auf BDI bewiesen wird und damit eine effizientere Enscheidungsprozedur liefert, die für praxisorientierte SAP Instanzen anwendbar ist. Der Test der Bedingungen für BDI wurde im aktuellen Theorembeweiser SPASS implementiert, um die Entscheidbarkeit für ein beliebiges Problem automatisch feststellen zu können. Die Implementierung wurde auf die aktuelle TPTP-Problem-Bibliothek angewendet, um neue entscheidbare Probleme zu finden, die den Anforderungen der BDI Klasse genügen und weiterhin nicht terminierende "beinahe"-BDI Probleme zu ermitteln, bei denen nur wenige Klauseln verantwortlich für die Unentscheidbarkeit des Problems sind.

ResumoA proposta geral desse artigo é apresentar uma análise descritiva dos estrangeiros autorizados a se estabelecer temporária ou permanentemente no Brasil, durante o período de 2005 a 2011, bem como sua relação com a política migratória brasileira. Para isso, foram utilizados os microdados da Coordenação Geral de Imigração (CNIg) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Considerando a literatura apresentada, o intuito é identificar se há uma tendência de seletividade dos estrangeiros autorizados a entrarem no país. Apesar de tal fato não poder ser testado, pois não se dispõe de informações sobre o perfil dos candidatos que tiveram seus pedidos de autorizações negados, é possível inferir sobre tal questão a partir dos dados analisados. Os resultados mostram que as autorizações concedidas são majoritariamente para trabalhadores profissionais e investidores, homens, altamente qualificados e de países, em geral, mais desenvolvidos (norte-americanos, europeus e asiáticos), com destino para o Sudeste. Esse perfil dos autorizados pode ser explicado, em parte, pela política migratória brasileira, que continua a ser restritiva e seletiva. Embora não se possa identificar a origem da seletividade – se o governo brasileiro, o mercado de trabalho (de origem e/ou de destino), ou as próprias solicitações dos estrangeiros –, verifica-se que a política migratória brasileira assegura tal seletividade, independentemente de quem venha a ser o agente dessa ação. AbstractThe main purpose of this article is to bring a descriptive analysis about foreigners who are authorized to stay in Brazil in a temporary or permanent term, from 2005 to 2011; and to highlight its relation to Brazilian migration policy. As such, we worked with microdata from Brazilian Migration General Coordination (CNIg), at the Work and Employ Ministry. Based on the presented bibliography, our aim is to identify the existence of a selectivity tendency regarding the authorization of foreigners who accomplish to come to Brazil. Although, we cannot test this selectivity fact, as the information regarding the migrant profile, who had his/her authorization declined, is not available; we can infer this point from the data collected. The results show that the majority of issued authorizations refers to professional workers and investors, men, highly skilled, from developed countries (in general Americans, Europeans and Asians), and towards Brazilian Southeast. This profile of authorized migrants could be partially explained by Brazilian migration policy which remains restrictive and selective. Although it is not possible to identify the source of this selectivity – whether the Brazilian government, the labor market (for origin and destination), or just the specificities of foreigners' requests – Brazilian migration policy ensures this selectivity, regardless of whom could be the agent of this action. ResumenLa propuesta dese artigo es presentar un análisis descriptivo de los extranjeros autorizados a establecerse de manera temporaria o permanente en Brasil, por el período de 2005 a 2011, y su relación con la política de migración brasileña. Para eso, utilizamos los microdatos de la Coordinación General de la Migración (CNIg), del Ministerio del Trabajo y Empleo. Considerando la literatura presentada, nuestro intento es identificar si hay una tendencia a la selectividad de los extranjeros que entran en el país. Aunque no podamos testar tal facto, una vez que no tenemos las informaciones sobre los perfiles de los candidatos que tuvieron sus solicitudes negadas, es posible inferir tal cuestión por los datos analizados. Los resultados enseñan que los tipos de autorización concedidos son, en su mayoría, para trabajadores profesionales y inversores, hombres altamente cualificados, de países, en general, desarrollados (estadounidenses, europeos y asiáticos), y con destino al Sudeste del país. Este perfil de autorizados puede ser explicado, en parte, por la política de migración brasileña que continua a ser restrictiva y selectiva. Aunque no se pueda identificar la fuente de la selectividad - si el gobierno brasileño, el mercado de trabajo (origen y / o destino), o las propias solicitudes de los extranjeros - la política de inmigración brasileña asegura tal selectividad independientemente de quién sea el agente de esta acción.

The main purpose of this article is to bring a descriptive analysis about foreigners who are authorized to stay in Brazil in a temporary or permanent term, from 2005 to 2011; and to highlight its relation to Brazilian migration policy. As such, we worked with microdata from Brazilian Migration General Coordination (CNIg), at the Work and Employ Ministry. Based on the presented bibliography, our aim is to identify the existence of a selectivity tendency regarding the authorization of foreigners who accomplish to come to Brazil. Although, we cannot test this selectivity fact, as the information regarding the migrant profile, who had his/her authorization declined, is not available; we can infer this point from the data collected. The results show that the majority of issued authorizations refers to professional workers and investors, men, highly skilled, from developed countries (in general Americans, Europeans and Asians), and towards Brazilian Southeast. This profile of authorized migrants could be partially explained by Brazilian migration policy which remains restrictive and selective. Although it is not possible to identify the source of this selectivity – whether the Brazilian government, the labor market (for origin and destination), or just the specificities of foreigners’ requests – Brazilian migration policy ensures this selectivity, regardless of whom could be the agent of this action. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-30982015000000003

Este artigo pretende traçar a evolução do tratamento legislativo da produção de energia a partir de fontes renováveis em Portugal tanto no plano da produção de electricidade como no do fabrico de biocombustíveis. O assunto vem merecendo atenção legislativa desde final da década de 1980, e sofreu um impulso decisivo desde 2001/2003, data das primeiras directivas europeias sobre energia verde (electricidade e biocombustíveis). Apesar do reforço de metas introduzido pela segunda directiva das renováveis, de 2009, a crise económica motivou algumas medidas restritivas dos incentivos até então concedidos aos electroprodutores, lançando alguma incerteza sobre a evolução próxima deste tema no nosso país. This article aims to describe the evolution of the legislative approach to energy production from renewable sources in Portugal as much as in what concerns electricity as in what relates to biofuels. Since the late 1980 legislation has been enacted and a decisive impulse was promoted by the EU directives of 2001/2003 (first green directives, on electricity and biofuels). In spite of the mandatory goals fixed by the second directive, of 2009, the economic crisis has dictated the reduction of the incentives to production of renewable energy, throwing some uncertainty over the evolution in this matter in the near future.

As knowledge increases faster and faster, authorizations for drug use often don’t report the most recent evidence. In addition, trials on pediatric populations are rare: as a consequence, a lot of drugs in pediatrics are prescribed out of their indications. This is called off-label use, if the drug isn’t approved for the treatment of a specific disease, or unauthorized use, if, for example, a dose isn’t written in the summary of product characteristics. These uses aren’t illegal, but physicians should take some steps in order to protect their liability: for example, the hospital should write documents based on shared scientific evidence, where the reasons supporting a choice are explained. Informed consent should be obtained, after an exhaustive explanation, from the parents. There is also the exceptional use, i.e. the use in desperate cases, where no other treatments are possible, but, for example, a study in an animal model has resulted in good outcomes. Even in this case, similar measures should be taken by the physician.

Se describen los elementos fundamentales de un sistema que pretende proveer una función de autorización, que permitirá o prohibirá la salida de un alumno de una escuela, basando dicho permiso en la presencia de alguna persona autorizada para recogerlo, pero también en los datos de entorno - día de la mañana, mes, hora y como dato excpcional, si se trata de una situación de emergencia. El sistema tiene los procesos para actualizar todos los datos, especialmente los permisos para recoger a algún alumno con las restricciones de entorno que procedan, y autorizar a los que a su vez delegan o asignan tales permisos. El sistema es parte de un esquema de seguridad adicional para escuelas. El énfasis e interés principal del trabajo está en el diseño del modelo de datos que soporta estas funciones y ofrece un soporte ágil a la función de decisión, objetivo del sistema, es decir, la que autorizará o no la salida de un alumno.________Elements of a system which purports to furnish a function which will grant or deny permission to a student, who wishes to leave the school, are described. The permit will be conditioned to the presence of somebody authorized to pick up the student that day and at that time The system contains all necessary elements to grant such authorization, at two levels: to the persons who will be able to pick up the kid, and to those which will have the power to assign such permits to others. The main part of the research was centered on creating an edequate model to store the permits, since it posed several interesting problems. Of course it also had to furnish efficient use of the date in their use by the function which determined if the conditions for student to leave were present.

El presente trabajo busca establecer y determinar tanto si el artículo 35 del Decreto-Ley 019 de 2012 ha incluido de manera indirecta en el derecho ambiental un silencio administrativo positivo temporal como si es viable su utilización en sede de permisos, autorizaciones, concesiones y licencias ambientales. Por ende, pretende el análisis de las nuevas tendencias del derecho ambiental, al presentar atipicidad de su receptor, el derecho administrativo. The current paper seeks to establish and determine whether article 35 of Executive Order 019 of 2012 has included in environmental law a temporary positive administrative silence indirectly. The essay also purports to determine whether this legal figure can be used when obtaining environmental permits, authorizations, concessions, or licenses. Therefore, the authors seek to analyze new trends in environmental law by focusing on current developments in its recipient, administrative law.

In a large-scale enterprise system, making authorization decisions is often computationally expensive due to the complexity of the policies involved and the large size of the resource and user populations. Given today's trends, computing resources and network bandwidth will become more and more affordable, yet network latency will remain an obstacle. Pre-computing authorizations in advance and delivering them to the PEP cache will enable new tradeoffs between processor/network utilization and network delays. We report preliminary results of investigating what we labeled as "speculative authorizations."

Este trabajo analiza la doctrina de las condiciones inconstitucionales en Estados Unidos y sus posibles implicancias en el ordenamiento nacional. La doctrina, en virtud de la cual sería inconstitucional que el Estado condicionara la recepción de fondos públicos a la renuncia de derechos fundamentales por parte del receptor, ha dado pie a una interesante jurisprudencia y discusión académica en los Estados Unidos que a continuación se analiza. Posteriormente, se presentan algunos antecedentes en nuestro derecho contenidos especialmente en sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional con miras a encontrar fundamentos para una articulación de esta doctrina en Chile. This document refers to the unconstitutional condition doctrine in the United States and its possible application in our legal system. The doctrine states that the Constitution does not allow the government to require someone to surrender a constitutional right as a condition to receive some governmental benefit. The following pages analyze this contended doctrine considering the current constitutional debate and the case law in the United States. Then, the article presents some decisions of the Chilean Constitutional Court in order to find the foundations of such doctrine in Chile.