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La bioéconomie questionne les méthodes d'évaluation des performances des filières. Les méthodes traditionnelles très liées à l'économie industrielle restent polarisées par des indicateurs macro-économiques ou d'intégration intersectorielle. Elles rendent peu compte des coûts cachés ou externalités sociales et environnementales. Dans différents contextes, on observe un renouvellement des cadres méthodologiques d'analyse des filières pour compléter les indicateurs de performance économique par des indicateurs environnementaux et sociaux. Leur objectif est alors de mieux caractériser les structures susceptibles de rendre compatibles l'activité économique, la justice sociale, et la diminution de l'empreinte de l'activité humaine. En compilant une synthèse bibliométrique et différentes études de cas de filières agricoles, alimentaires, bioéconomiques, nous documentons la nature des indicateurs environnementaux et sociaux référencés, les outils d'analyse utilisés et les limites de leurs usages dans le contexte des pays en développement.

Le changement climatique affecte en profondeur les filières maraîchères africaines, provoquant des pertes économiques et nutritionnelles importantes. La recherche CIRAD s'est engagée au travers de deux projets – Safoods et Marigo – à mieux comprendre les impacts du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement des systèmes agri-alimentaires, et à innover pour concevoir des solutions agroécologiques pour leur adaptation. Du 6 au 11 novembre 2023 à Yamoussoukro (Côte d'Ivoire), les projets Safoods et Marigo se sont associés pour organiser un atelier de co-conception de systèmes agri-alimentaires résilients au changement climatique. L'atelier était animé par un groupe de chercheurs et d'agents de développement du CIRAD, de l'Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, de l'Université Nangui Abrogoua, de l'Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, et des ONG NITIDAE, FERT et IECD. L'atelier a réuni pendant trois jours consécutifs des maraîchers, des grossistes, des agrofournisseurs, ainsi que des représentants d'ONG et de structures étatiques d'appui-conseil. Les participants ont mis en commun leurs connaissances pour imaginer des systèmes agri-alimentaires agroécologiquement performants, et capables d'endiguer plusieurs manifestations du changement climatique, à l'instar des pertes pré- et post-récolte et des bioagresseurs. La démarche d'idéotypage consiste à concevoir des systèmes agri-alimentaires théoriques (donc " idéels ") qui semblent cohérents d'un point de vue agronomique, économique et sociotechnique. Pour ce faire, les participants doivent identifier et assembler des innovations de natures variées (techniques, organisationnelles, institutionnelles) dans les domaines de la production agricole, de la récolte, de la commercialisation, de la transformation et de la consommation. Cette démarche d'innovation dite " couplée " permet de résoudre des problèmes complexes qui ne pourraient en aucun cas être réglés par une intervention à un seul niveau. La méthode d'idé

Animal effluents (AE) are of interest to substitute mineral fertilizers in agriculture. They are, however, a major contributor to soil chronic copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contamination that are provided in animal feeds and may exert toxic effects on soil organisms and reduce soil fertility. These negative impacts question the long-term sustainability of agricultural AE recycling. To estimate the terrestrial ecotoxicity of Cu and Zn, a novel method was proposed involving the USEtox model for life cycle impact assessment. It computes the comparative toxicity potential (CTP) of trace elements via pedo-transfer functions and by decomposing it in four characterization factors: fate, availability, bioavailability and toxicity towards soil organisms. Beyond the interest of this model, its relevance in the context of AE recycling in agriculture is unknown. We empirically assessed how this model is adapted to estimate ecotoxicological impact of Cu and Zn in an AE-amended agricultural soil. A 26 day-long incubation of the soil with or without 31 AE was carried out in controlled lab conditions that mimic a field application. The AE were pig or broiler faeces, showing distinct Cu and Zn concentrations due to different feed. Initial soil properties (clay, soil organic matter, pH and Al/Fe oxides) were analysed to inform the model. Soil properties (pH, dissolved organic matter – DOM) and Cu and Zn availability in soil and soil solution, matching the CTP characterization factors, were measured at the end of the incubation in each soil-AE mixture. Empirically-determined CTPs were different by up to 1.5 log unit from the model estimations for Cu, 0.3 for Zn. The CTP variability measured after AE application in our experiment was comparable to the variability observed for world-wide soils. One explanation is the overestimation of DOM concentration and the lack of consideration of DOM binding properties in soil. Our results overall support the need to improve the model for its applicati

Organic residues (OR) are of interest to substitute mineral fertilizers in agriculture. They are however a major contributor to soil chronic trace elements (TE) contamination, which may exert toxic effects on soil organisms and reduce soil fertility. These negative impacts question the long-term sustainability of agricultural OR recycling. To estimate the terrestrial ecotoxicity of TE, a novel method was proposed in the USEtox model for life cycle impact assessment. It computes the comparative toxicity potential (CTP) via pedo-transfer functions and by decomposing it in the four characterization factors: fate, availability, bioavailability, and toxicity towards soil organisms. Beyond the interest of this model, its relevance in the context of OR recycling in agriculture is unknown. We therefore empirically assessed how this model is adapted to estimate the ecotoxicological impact of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in an OR-amended agricultural soil. A 26 day-long incubation of the soil with or without 31 OR (pig or broiler faeces), showing distinct Cu and Zn concentrations, was carried out in controlled lab conditions that mimic a field application. Initial soil properties (clay, soil organic matter, pH and Al and Fe oxides) were analysed to inform the model. Soil properties (pH, dissolved organic matter – DOM) and TE availability in soil and soil solution, corresponding to the CTP characterization factors, were measured at the end of the incubation experiment in each soil-OR mixture. Empirically-determined CTPs were different by up to 1.5 log unit from the model estimations for Cu, 0.3 for Zn. The CTP variability measured after OR application in our experiment was comparable to the variability observed for world-wide soils. One explanation is the overestimation of DOM concentration and the absence of consideration of DOM binding properties. Our results overall support the need to improve the model for application to agricultural OR recycling.

Called trace minerals in animal nutrition or trace elements in soil science, their sustainable use from the feed to the food is a common interest of the two disciplines. This common interest is more particularly obvious about the potential ecotoxicological impact of trace elements given as feed supplements to animal and added to agricultural soils by animal effluent applications. Most trace elements are more concentrated in animal effluents than in soils in such a way that their repetitive applications to soils tended irreversibly to accumulate trace elements in soils. Global life cycle assessments (LCA) of this agricultural practice recently suggested a potentially high ecotoxicological impact on soils for some trace elements, copper and zinc more particularly. However, these conclusions are challenged by the theoretical and empirical knowledge concerning the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the agro-ecosystems. Accordingly, this presentation will aim at confronting the framework used in LCA for assessing soil ecotoxicity with the bioavailability theory and empirical evidences obtained in soil biogeochemistry. Although the LCA framework is roughly in line with the bioavailability theory, empirical evidences obtained in the past 15 years suggest that the protective effect of animal effluents on the ecotoxicity of trace elements accumulated in amended soils is not accounted for in LCA. This protective effect seems efficient to avoid ecotoxicological impact of trace elements over about a decade. However, trace elements accumulation in soils under an intensive rate of animal effluent applications could be at risk over a few decades. Accordingly, animal nutritionists, soil scientists, and plat physiologists would benefit to work all together to determine the set of levers able to maintain the concentration of trace elements in amended soils under ecotoxicological thresholds.

Coordonnée par le Cirad en partenariat avec INRAE et l'IRD, l'étude ≪ 4 pour 1000 ≫ Outre-mer dresse un bilan inédit des stocks de carbone du sol des territoires ultramarins. Les auteurs formulent des recommandations opérationnelles et de recherche pour preserver ces stocks élevés et répondre aux grands enjeux actuels de l'agriculture face au changement climatique au niveau national et territorial. Si le potentiel des sols métropolitains a fait l'objet d'une evaluation en 2019, celui des territoires ultramarins était jusqu'ici méconnu. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, les auteurs dressent pour la premiere fois un état des lieux des connaissances pour la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, La Reunion, Mayotte, Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy.

The macro-economic context of cocoa is characterised by a worldwide growth of chocolate consumption, a sectoral industrial concentration, and a renewal of socio-ecological challenges for the production development. To remain competitive, cocoa-producing countries must follow new environmental and social standards. These standards lead to a reduction of the ecological footprint of cocoa due to deforestation, to a reduction in the use of pesticides, and to higher compliance with international labour standards. They also lead, in the expansion of the International Sustainable Development Goals, to modifying the distribution of value in the sectors for farmers, or to protecting the territories of indigenous people. These norms structure the notion of “inclusive competitiveness” and its translation into public policies or action strategies for actors in the cocoa sector. This paper uses a methodological approach developed within the framework of the European Union (Avadí et al. 2021 - VCA4D) that analyses agricultural value chains by combining economic, environmental and social indicators. In Ecuador, this approach is documented by two surveys of 40 actors from the value chain (producers, cooperatives, exporters, industrialists), and 20 institutional actors (ministerial support services, donors, project and program managers, research, certification institutions, etc.). The interviews were carried out in two phases in 2020 and 2021, respectively. This approach also mobilises an in-depth analysis of international secondary databases on the functioning of markets (IICCO, FAO, COLEACP, IFOAM), and national databases on the Ecuadorian cocoa sector and production costs (ESPAC, SENAE). The results explain why, with an unfavourable production cost differential, Ecuador has improved its competitiveness indicators since 1997. They reveal a break in the trajectory in 2015, which implies a renewed policy of qualitative differentiation of Ecuadorian cocoa to move away from a commodit

La bioéconomie questionne le renouvellement des méthodes d'évaluation des performances des filières. Les méthodes traditionnelles très liées à l'économe industrielle restent polarisées par des indicateurs macro-économiques ou d'intégration intersectorielle. Elles rendent peu compte des coûts cachés ou externalités sociales et environnementales. Dans différents contextes on observe un renouvellement des cadres méthodologiques d'analyse des filières pour compléter les indicateurs de performance économique par des indicateurs environnementaux et sociaux. L'objectif est alors de mieux caractériser les structures, susceptibles de rendre compatible l'activité économique, la justice sociale, et la diminution de l'empreinte atrophique de l'activité humaine. En compilant différentes études de cas de filières agricoles et alimentaires, nous documentons la nature des indicateurs environnementaux et sociaux référencés, les outils d'analyse utilisés et les limites de leurs usages au regard notamment des spécificités que révèlent les filières biosourcées.

Agriculture, as the largest managed biome, represents both a land-use with great impacts on ecosystems and great potentialities to a better sustainability of climate mitigation, food security and biodiversity. Yet, its effects on biodiversity importantly vary among agricultural managements. Currently, no global synthesis analysing the available evidence of multiple individual or combined agricultural intervention on biodiversity exists. Here, we systematically synthesise evidence of the published meta-analyses on the effects of: individual practices (fertilization, crop diversification, tillage, pest and disease management, residues management, water management), agro-ecological systems (agroforestry, conservation agriculture, organic agriculture) and landscape scale management (landscape complexity, land-use change), on various biodiversity groups in croplands. We searched through four online search engines on July 2021. We thereby identified more than 150 meta-analyses to create a database representing ca. 1500 effect-sizes. From this, we produce: (i) an evidence map highlighting the data availability and knowledge gaps, and (ii) a vote-counting analysis representing the positive/neutral/negative effects of agricultural interventions on biodiversity. First, our results show that most of the meta-analyses focus on the effects of one individual agricultural practice: mainly fertilization (mineral or organic) and crop diversification. In contrast we gathered less meta-analyses on agricultural systems or landscape scale effects. All agricultural interventions highlighted micro-organisms as the most studied biodiversity group, followed by invertebrates (predominantly arthropods) and weeds. We notice that notably megafauna and avifauna are scarcely represented. For all biodiversity groups, the most studied metrics are biomass, abundance and taxonomic richness, while activity metrics are highly represented only in micro-organisms. Trait-based functional responses are ver

To inform the modelling of organic waste treatments yielding organic amendments and fertilisers in France, published as “Screening LCA of French organic amendments and fertilisers” [1], we compiled data pertaining to the chemical characteristics of both raw and treated organic residues, as well as inventory data on the most common organic waste treatments. The majority of these life cycle inventory data was obtained from reports and other literature, but primary data was also compiled, notably for commercial organic fertiliser production. The data presented here can be used by future life cycle assessment studies on organic waste treatments, as well as to inform agricultural modelling.