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The North Croatian Basin (NCB) evolved during the Miocene as a part of the SW margin of the Pannonian Basin (Carpathian-Pannonian Region, CPR). A major transgressive-regressive sedimentary cycle in the NCB is represented by an initial deposition in alluvial and lacustrine environments, followed by Central Paratethyan marine environments, and a subsequent return to lacustrine and alluvial depositional environments (Pavelić & Kovačić, 2018). Indications for these variable depositional conditions that are linked to the marine flooding of the NCB are preserved in sediments on Mt. Medvednica (Pavelić and Kovačić, 2018 ; Avanić, 1997). Due to the intensive and long-lasting CPR magmatic activity, numerous referent volcaniclastic layers are preserved in stratigraphically and environmentally different sedimentary facies. We applied an integrated stratigraphic, compositional and geochronological approach on the three volcaniclastic horizons (ČUČ-1, ČUČ-6, PL) intercalated within the marine sediments on Mt. Medvednica to determine the flooding history and the timing of the initial Miocene Central Paratethys transgression of the western part of NCB, as well as to enable the correlation of the volcaniclastic layers. Volcaniclastic deposits ČUČ-1 and ČUČ-6 are fine to coarse tuffs intercalated with massive marls. The sequence of calcarenite, tuff, and calcisiltites recorded at site PL indicate a gradual deepening of the marine environment. The composition of volcaniclastic samples from all three sites is similar, with dominantly > 50% vitric juvenile particles (pumice and volcanic shards) with subordinate magmatic minerals (feldspar, biotite, quartz, and amphiboles). The samples are well preserved, with rarely visible volcanic glass alteration. Rhyolitic glass compositions (>77% wt. SiO2 ; ranging from rhyolites to high-K rhyolites) from all 3 volcaniclastic horizons suggest an origin from major silicic eruptive events of the CPR. Future trace element measurements of glass shards will provide additional constraints to distinguish primary from secondary volcaniclastics. New high-precision CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon dates indicate that the ČUČ-1 volcaniclastic horizon (up to 15.44 Ma) is older than the PL horizon (14.937 ± 0.012 Ma), as suggested by Avanić (1997). Since ČUČ-1 zircon dates range from 15.44 and 15.9 Ma, it is not possible to interpret a high-precision age, however, the absence of zircons younger than ~15.44 Ma implies the existence of NCB marine deposits older than ~14.8 Ma (Marković, 2017 ; PL this study). This data is also indicating that the initial Middle Miocene Central Paratethys flooding of the western (Mt. Medvednica) and the eastern (Mt. Požeška gora, Brlek et al. 2020) parts of the NCB occurred earlier than the previously accepted ~15 Ma maximum flooding age. References: Avanić, R. (1997): Analiza facijesa srednjeg miocena jugoistočnog dijela Medvednice, Master Thesis, University of Zagreb. Brlek, M. et al. (2020): Miocene syn-rift evolution of the North Croatian Basin (Carpathian-Pannonian Region): new constraints from Mts. Kalnik and Požeška gora volcaniclastic record with regional implications. International Journal of Earth Sciences 109:2775–2800. Marković, F. (2017): Miocene tuffs of the North Croatian Basin, Dissertation, University of Zagreb. Pavelić, D., Kovačić, M. (2018): Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Neogene rift-type North Croatian Basin (Pannonian Basin System, Croatia): a review. Mar Pet Geol 91:455–469.

The Neogene formations at the marginal parts of the Pannonian Basin in Croatia include numerous quartz sand deposits. Vranić sand pit has been considered to be one of them. It is located at the southern foothills of the Papuk mountain in the eastern part of the country. The deposition of quartz sand during the Miocene and Pliocene in this area was cyclic. Cyclicity was induced by the regional tectonic events and repeated transgressions and regressions accompanied by intense weathering of exposed rocks (Pavelić, 2001). This weathering occured under moderately warm and humid climatic conditions. Vranić locality is abandoned sand pit 300 m long and more than 30 m thick. Sedimentology of Vranić has been previously described as a sand deposit in which sand was transported from adjacent Papuk mountain. In this research we have collected samples for sedimentological, SEM analysis and cosmogenic nuclides dating. Grain size analysis proved that coarse sand is dominant fraction (in range from 38 % to 97 % depending of the sample). SEM images of quartz grains display dominance of angular and sub-angular grains. Only a few of them are sub rounded. This confirms a theory of short transport from a nearby mountain. This research, which included dating of the sediment yielded much younger age then previous research suggested. Considering the field estimate sample depth of 10 m and a sediment density of 2 g/cm3 the burial duration is 1 608±403 ka. This places Vranić sand pit sediment in Lower Pleistocene, rather than Pliocene or Upper Miocene. The coupled pre-burial denudation rate is 591±148 m/Ma, which in agreement with the sedimentological properties observed at the outcrop suggests fast erosion of the source area and quick deposition of the sediment. Results from our research sugest at least two cycles of reworking of sandy material before final deposition during the Lower Pleistocene. Structureless facies of lower and middle part of the Vranić sand pit point out to breaching as a dominant and most probable depositional process.

Geološka karta Požeške gore M 1:50 000 rađena je na temelju litostratigrafskog principa, pri čemu je izdvojeno i na karti prikazano 18 geoloških formacija i 3 člana, a koje su nastajale u vremenskom rasponu od donjeg trijasa do danas. Karta je izrađena prema Uputama za izradu Osnovne geološke karte Republike Hrvatske mjerila 1:50 000, a u okviru projekta Osnovna geološka karta Republike Hrvatske 1:50 000.

During research for the Basic Geological Map of Republic of Croatia 1:50000 and Croatian Science Foundation Project No. 4425 - SAPIQ, alluvial Quaternary sediments on the slopes of Medvednica Mt. which belong to the informal lithostratigraphic unit Bistra Formation (AVANIĆ et al., 2006 ; GRIZELJ et al., 2017), were studied using several different approaches. Geochemical analysis included determination of major and trace element compositions using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Mineralogical–petrological analysis included: microscope analysis of unconsolidated sedimentary rocks, heavy minerals analysis and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Palynological analyses were used for paleoenvironment reconstruction. The interpretation of the depositional environment and the provenance of the sediments are based on the obtained data. The informal Bistra Formation lies unconformably on the Pannonian informal Formations Medvedski Breg or Andraševec. It consists of gravely, sandy, silty and clayey poorly sorted sediments which were deposited in an alluvial environment in the area of sheet flows, crevasse splays, longitudinal bars and flood plains. It is overlaid by loess-like sediments and fluvial Holocene sediments. The chronostratigraphic position of the informal Bistra Formation is still under debate due to a lack of absolute dating results, but according to palynological data and superposition it is assumed to be of Pleistocene age. The main mineral components of clayey sediments are quartz, feldspar, swelling clays (vermiculite and/or smectite), illite/muscovite and in a lesser quantity kaolinite and chlorite. The composition of gravels and the presents of epidote group minerals in the heavy mineral fraction of silty sand sediments indicate a derivation of detritus from different types of schist rocks occurring on Medvednica Mt. On the other hand, quartz grains and chert fragments in the light mineral fraction of the silty sand sediments, together with elemental ratios critical of provenance (LREE/HREE, Eu/Eu*, La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Co, Th/Cr and La/Co) and the source rock discriminant diagram of ROSER & KORSH (1988) imply that the source were different types of rocks, but predominantly acidic (silicic) rocks. Keywords: Bistra Formation, Quarternary, Medvednica Mt., Alluvial sediments, provenance AVANIĆ, R., BAKRAČ, K., GRIZELJ, A., WACHA, L., ŠIMIĆ-STANKOVIĆ, M., HEĆIMOVIĆ, Lj., TIBLJAŠ, D. & KRUK, B. (2006): Ivošević Gaj ceramic clay deposit in the vicinity of Vojnić. In: VLAHOVIĆ, I., TIBLJAŠ, D. & DURN, G. (eds.): 3rd Mid-European Clay Conference. 18-23. September, 2006, Opatija, Field Trip Guidebook, 39-47. GRIZELJ, A., BAKRAČ, K., HORVAT, M., AVANIĆ, R. & HEĆIMOVIĆ, I. (2017): Occurrence of vivianite in alluvial Quaternary sediments in the area of Sesvete (Zagreb, Croatia). Geol Croat, 70, 41-52.

The Miocene deposits of the Hrvatska Kostajnica area belong to the south-western marginal belt of the Pannonian Basin System. Sedimentological, paleontological and mineralogical investigations were performed on Kubarnovo brdo – Stari put landslide. Soil breakdown and sliding formed 30 m outcrop of the Badenian–Sarmatian marly deposits. The landslide was initiated by sudden snow melt with simultaneous precipitation which was accompanied by extremely high water level of the Una River. As a consequence of climatic conditions, the marly sediments rich in swelling mineral smectite were completely saturated with water. The slope collapse was also influenced with other unfavorable conditions: slope inclination toward Una river, geological conditions and anthropogenic activity. Badenian and Sarmatian sediments of this area were deposited in marine offshore with local input of terrigenous material represented with marls and silty marls with sand intercalations. The calcite content in the geological column varies from 33 to 88 %. Marls predominantly consist of calcite and clay minerals, while quartz is less abundant. Among clay minerals, in the less than 2 μm insoluble residue fraction, smectite is the most abundant while illite and kaolinite and in some samples chlorite were also determined. The heavy minerals association of the silty marls consists of most resistant minerals: garnet, tourmaline, zircon and rutile together with clinoptiolite indicating local origin of the material. According to palynofacies deposition occurred in a marginal environment under the periodically high terrestrial influence. The land was partially covered by swamp vegetation (Taxodiaceae), riparian forest (mostly Carya) and hillside–piedmont forest (mostly Pinus). Palynomorph assemblage is dominated by dinocysts such as Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Spiniferites div. sp., Cleistosphaeridium placacanthum, Melitasphaeridium choanophorum that point to the Polysphaeridium zoharyi– Lingulodinium machaerophorum Zone (Pzo-Lma) of the latest Badenian–Sarmatian age (Bakrač et al. 2012). Occurrence of small, microperforate planktonic species of the genera Tenuitella and Tenuitellinata are well documented in the Transylvanian Basin. According to Filipescu and Silye (2008), these small planktonic foraminifera occur in the uppermost Badenian– lowermost Sarmatian, just above the Velapertina Zone and slightly before the Anomalinoides dividens Zone. Highly oxic, shallow to middle water depth is the ideal environment for this foraminiferal group (Majewski 2003). The para-acme of Sphenolithus heteromorphus and the (FAD) of Helicosphaera HOL dalmaticus type (Syracolithus dalmaticus), noticed at the base of the section, marks Badenian NN6a subzone, while FAD of Discoaster kugleri, in its upper part, marks the early Sarmatian NN7 Zone of calcareous nannofossils for the Paratethys (Mărunţeanu 1999). Based on higher species diversity characteristic for the world’s ocean of lower latitudes (O’Brien et al. 2016) and dominations of warm water species (larger Coccolithus pelagicus, Umbilicosphaera jafari, small reticulofenestrids) indicate the MMCT. References Bakrač K., Koch G. and Sremac J. 2012. Middle and Late Miocene palynological biozonation of the south-western part of Central Paratethys (Croatia). Geologia Croatica, 65/2: 207–222. Filipescu S. and Silye L. 2008. New paratethyan biozones of planktonic foraminifera described from the Middle Miocene of the Transylvanian Basin (Romania). Geologica Carpathica, 59: 537– 544. Majewski W. 2003. Water-depth distribution of Miocene planktonic foraminifera from ODP site 744, Southern indian Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 33: 144–154. Mărunţeanu M. 1999. Litho- and Biostratigraphy (calcareous nannoplankton) of the Miocene deposits from the outer Moldavides, Geologica Carpathica, 50: 313–324. O’Brien C.J., Vogt M. and Gruber N. 2016. Global coccolithophore diversity: Drivers and future change, Progress in Oceanography, 140: 27–42.

The paper describes the development of neogene deposits in the area of Hrvatsko Zagorje. The lithological and environmental characteristics of the lithostratigraphic units are analyzed and the differences of the sedimentary basin evolution of the Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin and the North Croatian Basin are explained.

The Slovenian Geological Congress offers our leading geologists a celebration of their research achievements in the last four years. It is a great opportunity to exchange experience internationally also, and this bilaterally organized field trip offers just that, an opportunity for many international informal contacts. The field trip is organized as a collaboration of many institutions: the Slovenian Geological Society, the Geological Survey of Slovenia, the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering of the University of Ljubljana, the Slovenian Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, the Croatian Geological Society and the Croatian Geological Survey. It also has the honnor to form a part of the annual assembly of the Commission on Mineral and Thermal Water of IAH of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (CMTW-IAH). Most of the field trip is perfomed in the west part of the extensive Pannonian basin where in the past hydrocarbon industry used to play an important role. Nowadays, many of these sites are depleted, and thermal and mineral water production is economically and turistically important in both countries, Slovenia and Croatia

Mesozoic (Upper Cretaceous and Triassic) basement limestone lithoclasts occurring in basal conglomerates (overlain by rhodolith-bearing and maërl deposits) of the Middle Miocene transgressive deepening-upward successions of northeast Mt. Medvednica (North Croatian Basin, Central Paratethys ; BRLEK et al., 2016) show abundant Gastrochaenolites and Entobia borings (represented by an in situ rocky substrate community of bivalves and sponges, respectively), with Gastrochaenolites being the dominant ichnogenus and together with Entobia often occurring on all sides of limestone clasts. Gastrochaenolites torpedo and Gastrochaenolites lapidicus are the two most commonly recorded ichnospecies of bivalve borings (with possible occurrence of G. dijugus, G. cluniformis, and G. orbicularis). Gastrochaenolites-Entobia ichnofossil assemblage related to the Entobia subichnofacies and in turn assignable to the Trypanites Ichnofacies, is very typical of Neogene rocky shores (DE GIBERT et al., 2012). This ichnoassociation characterizes littoral rockground environments indicating wave-cut platforms and marine flooding surfaces (transgressive surfaces) with a low or null rate of sedimentation (BROMLEY & ASGAARD, 1993). Actualistic comparison was made in order to make more accurate palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental interpretations (based on e.g., ecology of possible tracemakers, as well as recorded trace fossil assemblages, orientation, preservation, and succession of ichnocoenosis with possible cross-cutting relationships) of the basal Middle Miocene conglomerates. Modern Northern Adriatic rocky coast endoliths (Lithophaga lithophaga, Rocellaria/Gastrochaena dubia, clinoid sponges) and their bioerosion trace fossils (Gastrochaenolites torpedo, Gastrochaenolites dijugus, ? G. lapidicus, Entobia sp.) were analysed from breakwater limestone boulders of the west Istrian coast (DEVESCOVI & IVEŠA, 2008). The Badenian, regarded as Middle Miocene regional stage of the Central Paratethys, has recently been subdivided by HOHENEGGER et al. (2014) based on paleoclimatic events (e.g., MMCO and MMCT), sea-level changes and biostratigraphic data. According to ĆORIĆ et al. (2009), the initial Middle Miocene marine flooding of the North Croatian Basin corresponds to Middle Badenian transgressive pulse (NN5 Zone, TB 2.4) of the Central Paratethys (HOHENEGGER et al., 2014). The co-occurrence of calcareous nannoplankton Sphenolithus heteromorphus and Helicosphaera waltrans (with absence of Helicosphaera ampliaperta) in some marl intervals (which represent the uppermost part of the Middle Miocene trangressive deepeningupward successions on northeast Mt. Medvednica) analysed here, points to the lower part of nannoplankton Zone NN5. HOHENEGGER et al. (2014) correlated this part of NN5 with Orbulina suturalis Plankton Zone of the Middle Badenian (TB 2.4 – main Badenian transgressive pulse of the Central Paratethys), which is also supported by the recorded co-occurrence of planktonic foraminifera Orbulina suturalis and Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis. Somewhat younger age (the upper part of NN5 Zone) of some successions is suggested by the occurence of Orbulina universa, supported also by recorded nannoplankton assemblage with Reticulfenestra minuta, Coccolithus pelagicus and Helicosphaera carteri. Besides the Badenian transgressive pulse(s) of the Central Paratethys being the probable cause for the development of Mt. Medvednica transgressive successions, possible local tectonic influence must also be taken in consideration due to possible age difference and stratigraphic position of closely spaced Mt. Medvednica outcrops on the Badenian sea-level curve.

Geološki stup Ciprovac smješten je u središnjem dijelu Dilj gore, u blizini kamenoloma Zdenci. Kroz debljinu od 73 m mogu se pratiti promjene u mikropaleontološkoj zajednici od donjeg badena do sarmata.

Osnovni cilj RGS-e je evidentirati i valorizirati mineralne sirovine, utvrditi potencijalnost mineralnih sirovina te usmjeriti istražne radove i eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina prema odredbama za provođenje Prostornog plana Sisačko-moslavačke županije. Studija će poslužiti će kao stručna podloga pri planiranju gospodarenja mineralnim sirovinama u županiji. U ovoj Studiji obrađena je geološka građa terena Županije s opisom kronostratigrafskih odnosno litostratigrafskih jedinica s posebnim osvrtom na mineralne sirovine. Ležišta mineralnih sirovina, kao i eksploatacijska polja pojedinih mineralnih sirovina, svrstana su u nekoliko cjelina – metalične, nemetalične i energetske mineralne sirovine, te kartografski prikazane s pripadajućim zonama potencijalnosti, u mjerilu 1:100 000. Baze podataka za ležišta, eksploatacijska polja, pojave mineralnih sirovina te geološke karte i karte mineralne potencijalnosti oblikovane su u GIS projektu mineralnih sirovina županije.

Ovaj list prikazuje geološku građu, odnosno prostorni raspored, stratigrafske i tektonske odnose te temeljnu paleontologiju i pertologiju 16 litostratigrafskih jedinica neogenske i kvartarne starosti. List je izrađen prema pisanom geološkom standardu (Upute za izradu Osnovne geološke karte Republike Hrvatske mjerila 1 : 50 000) u okviru projekta od strateškog nacionalnog interesa.

Ovaj list prikazuje geološku građu, odnosno prostorni raspored, stratigrafske i tektonske odnose te temeljnu paleontologiju i pertologiju 19 litostratigrafskih jedinica neogenske i kvartarne starosti. List je izrađen prema pisanom geološkom standardu (Upute za izradu Osnovne geološke karte Republike Hrvatske mjerila 1 : 50 000) u okviru projekta od strateškog nacionalnog interesa.

Za lijepo otkrivene marinske sedimente izdanka „Plaz“, koji se nalazi u blizini Čučerja, D. Gorjanović-Kramberger (1908) i V. Kochansky-Devidé (1944) su smatrali da pripadaju egenburgu, a L. Šikić (1964) te Avanić i suradnici (1995 i 2000) svrstali su ih u karpat - donji baden. ĆORIĆ sa suradnici (2009) na temelju vapnenačkog nanoplanktona, foraminifera, dijatomeja i mekušaca cijelom stupu pripisuju donjobadensku starost, što se i danas smatra temeljem nalaza dinociste Batiacasphaera sphaerica STOVER (Bakrač i suradnici, 2012). Najstarije naslage na izdanku započinju Čučerje formacijom koju čine facijesi masivnih lapora s proslojcima pijesaka šelfa, te horizontalno uslojenih pijesaka s laminiranim laporima prijelazne zone između obalnog lica i šelfa. Slijedi Trstenik formacija s facijesima koritno koso uslojenih pješčenjaka i horizontalno uslojenih biokalkarenita i biokalcirudita donjeg obalnog lica i predobalja, te Vejalnica formacija s facijesima bioklastičnih tufita i tufova prijelazne zone i šelfa. Raspored facijesa na stupu upućuje da je tijekom donjeg badena došlo do progradacije odnosno regresivne faze, kada se nakon šelfnog okoliša i facijesa lapora s proslojcima pijesaka odlažu sedimenti prijelazne zone. Daljnji trend oplićavanja nastavlja se taloženjem naslaga donjeg obalnog lica do predobalja. Nakon toga slijedi transgresivno - regresivan slijed odlaganjem materijala u prijelaznoj zoni, šelfu te ponovno u prijelaznoj zoni. Sedimentacija gornjeg dijela stupa upućuje na pojačanu obližnju vulkansku aktivnost, kiselog, riolitsko-dacitskog tipa. Sličnu oscilaciju razine mora u obliku regresivnog slijeda, u donjem badenu, uočili su Nagymarosy & Müller (1988) unutar područja Panonskog bazenskog sistema. Vrlo kratki transgresivni trend unutar značajnijeg regresivnog slijeda na području Čučerja može biti odraz lokalne tektonike ili odnos brzine subsidencije i/ili donosa materijala u bazen. LITERATURA AVANIĆ, R., MIKNIĆ, M & ŠIMUNIĆ, AL. (2000): Karpatian-Badenian facies in the Mt. Medvednica area. U : TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., BALEN, D. & SAFTIĆ, B. (ur.): Pancardi 2000 - Abstracts , Vijesti HGD-a 37/3, 14, Zagreb. AVANIĆ, R., PAVELIĆ, D., MIKNIĆ, M., BRKIĆ, M. & ŠIMUNIĆ, AL. (1995): Karpatsko - donjobadenske naslage Čučerja. U: Geološki vodič Medvednice (Ur. K. Šikić), 156-158, Zagreb. BAKRAČ, K., KOCH, G., SREMAC J. (2012): Middle and Late Miocene palynological biozonation of the south-western part of Central Paratethys (Croatia). - Geologia Croatica, 65/2, 207-222. ĆORIĆ, S., PAVELIĆ, D., RÖGL, F., MANDIĆ, O., VRABAC, S., AVANIĆ, R., JERKOVIĆ, L. & VRANJKOVIĆ, A. (2009): Revised Middle Miocene datum for initial marine flooding of North Croatian Basins (Pannonian Basin System, Central Paratethys).- Geologia Croatica, 62, 1, 31-43, Zagreb. GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, D. (1908): Geologijska prijegledna karta Kraljevine Hrvatske - Slavonije. Tumač geologijskoj karti Zagreb. (Geologische Übersichtskarte des Königreiches Kroatien-Slavonien. Erläuterungen zur geologischen karte von Agram. Nakl. Kralj. zemalj. vlade, Odjel za unutar. poslove, II, 75 str., Zagreb. KOCHANSKY, V. (1944): Fauna marinskog miocena južnog pobočja Medvednice (Zagrebačke gore). Vjestnik 2-3, 171-280, Zagreb. NAGYMAROSY, A. & MÜLLER, P. (1988): Some Aspects of Neogene Biostratigraphy in the Pannonian Basin. In: The Pannonian Basin., A Study In Basin Evolution (Ed. L. H. Royden i F. Horvath). AAPG Mem. 45, 57-67. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. and Hung. Geol. soc. ŠIKIĆ, L. (1968): Stratigrafija miocena sjeveroistočnog dijela Medvednice na osnovu faune foraminifera. Geol. vjesnik, 21, 213-228, Zagreb.

Ovaj list prikazuje geološku građu, odnosno prostorni raspored, stratigrafske i tektonske odnose te temeljnu paleontologiju i petrologiju 15 litostratigrafske jedinice različite geološke starosti (perm, trijas, paleogen, neogen i kvartar)zapadnog dijela Ravne gore i Trakošćana. List je izrađen prema pisanom geološkom standardu (Upute za izradu Osnovne geološke karte Republike Hrvatske mjerila 1:50 000), u okviru projekta od strateškog nacionalnog interesa.

The Neogene formations of the marginal parts of the Pannonian Basin in Croatia include numerous quartz sand deposits. One of them is Vranić at the foothills of Papuk Mt. During the initial evolution of Pannonian Basin weathering conditions led to erosion of exposed granites, transportation of terrigenous material and deposition of quartz/feldspar fractions grains. The deposition of quartz during the Miocene and Pliocene was cyclic. Cyclicity was induced by the regional tectonic events and repeated transgressions and regressions accompanied by intense weathering of exposed rocks (PAVELIĆ, 2001). This weathering occurred under moderately warm and humid climatic conditions (BAKRAČ, 2005). Vranić is a sand quarry 300 m long and 30 m thick. Sedimentology of Vranić has been previously described as a sand deposit in which sand was transported from nearby mountains. In this research we have collected 8 samples for sedimentological analysis. Seven of them are from sand material and one is from marl lens at the middle part of the deposit. Marl sample has been analysed on pollen content. Grain size analysis proved that coarse sand is dominant fraction (range of 38-97% depending of the sample). SEM images of quartz grains provide detailed insight of shape and textures of the sand. Grains are dominantly angular and subangular. A few of them are sub rounded. This confirms a theory of short transport from nearby mountains. Osteological material sampled at Vranić consisted of 78 fossilized bones and teeth and 81 fossilized bone fragment originating from fishes (Class: Pisces) and mammals (Class: Mammalia). Out of the total sample 14 bones and 1 tooth originated from whales (Class: Mammalia, Ordo: Cetacea). The cetacean sample consisted of 5 humeri, 1 radius, 3 ulnas, 1 phalanx, 2 vertebrae, 1 tympanic temporal bone and 1 petrous temporal bone. According to our preliminary study Vranić represents a valuable finding of cetacean fossil remains and could serve as an important data source about marine life in Central Paratethys. Both sedimentological and palaeontological results suggest that sand and fossil material were redeposited in short transport in aqueous environment.

Miocene deposits of the Hrvatsko zagorje Basin belong to the south-western marginal belt of the Pannonian Basin System. Sedimentological, paleontological and mineralogical investigations were performed on three outcrops of Sarmatian deposits located on the North- western part of Hrvatsko zagorje. Sarmatian sediments of this area were deposited in two depositional environments of reduced salinity: near shore deposits composed of conglomerates, sandstones, biocalcirudites, biocalcarenites and marls, and offshore deposits with local input of clastic material represented with marls and silts with sand intercalations. The mineral association of the sands and silts which consists of garnet, dolomite, glauconite, tourmaline, zircon and rutile indicate a local origin of the material. Marls predominantly consist of calcite and clay minerals, while quartz and feldspars are less abundant. The calcite content varies from 20 to 80 %. Among clay minerals, in the less than 2 μm insoluble residue fraction, smectite, illite, chlorite and kaolinite were determined. Furthermore, the deposits of these facies associations contain numerous fossil species. The deposits determined as near shore are rich with typical Sarmatian macrofossils: Ervilia dissita dissita, Ervilia dissita podolica, Irus (Paphirus) gregarius dissitus and Mactra vitaliana eichwaldi. The association of foraminifera which consists of Anomalinoides dividens and Elphidium reginum indicates a Lower Sarmatian age. Besides typical Sarmatian fossils, in these deposits numerous microfossils redeposited from Badenian, Lower Miocene and Eocene sediments are present as well. Offshore deposition characterised by Elphidium hauerinum and Porosononion granosum association of foraminifera indicates the Upper Sarmatian age. Dinoflagellate cysts Polysphaeridium zoharyi, Lingulodinium machaerophorum and Spiniferites spp. of the open marine environment and prasinophytes phycomas Tytthodiscus mecsekensis and Hidasia racemosa, from restricted environments indicate Polysphaeridium zoharyi – Lingulodinium machaerophorum Zone (Pzo-Lma) of Sarmatian age. The development of the Sarmatian from the North-western part of the Hrvatsko zagorje Basin is in accordance with the developments in other parts of the Central Paratethys.

Slijed naslaga facijesa na stupu formacije Golubovec upućuje da je u gornjem egeru došlo do produbljavanja odnosno transgresije te su nakon pijesaka u priobalju odlagani pijesci s proslojcima siltova prijelazne zone između obalnog lica i šelfa, te siltovi šelfa. Nakon toga dolazi do oplićavanja odnosno regresije te se na siltovima šelfa ponovo odlažu pijesci s proslojcima siltova prijelazne zone i pijesci s positnjavanjem prema gore gornjeg obalnog lica. Ovaj transgresivno–regresivan slijed naslaga može se objasniti lokalnom tektonikom i/ili brzinom subsidencije i/ili brzinom donosa kopnenog materijala u bazen. Značajan utjecaj lokalne tektonike vidi se i u erozijsko trensgresivnom kontaktu plitkovodnih egerskih sedimentima formacije Golubovec i gornjobadenskih biokalkrudita i biokalkarenita formacije Vrapče. Nedostatak naslaga od egenburga do karpata ukazuje da je emerzija u području rijeke Sutle rezultat većinom lokalnog tektonskog izdizanja, a manjim dijelom utjecaj erozije. Na lokalno izdizanje upućuje i činjenica da u susjednom području (između Ravne gore i Strahinščice), gdje nije došlo do izdizanja, postoji kontinuirana sedimentacija u razdoblju gornji eger - karpat.

Rad prikazuje rezultate multidisciplinarne, geološke analize kojom su obuhvaćene naslage donjeg miocena u debljini od gotovo 900 m, otkrivene na području sjeverozapadnog dijela Hrvatskog zagorja (ukupne površine 230 km2) omeđenog Strahinščicom i Ivanščicom na jugu, hrvatsko-slovenskom granicom na zapadu i sjeveru te linijom Gornja Voća – Lepoglava na istoku. Sistematičnim istraživanjima, na izoliranim izdancima prilikom snimanja geoloških stupova proučavani su metodom analize facijesa tip slojevitosti, karakter slojne plohe, sedimentne teksture, veličina zrna, sortiranost, zaobljenost, sastav sedimenata, debljina slojeva, paleotransport i geometrija sedimentnih tijela i t.d. Uz to primjenjeno je prvi put radiometrijsko datiranje K-Ar metodom na glaukonitu u sedimentima ovih prostora, čemu su prethodile opsežne pripreme materijala (separacija, kemijske i rendgenske analize). Na temelju sistematično istraživanih, spomenutih parametara opisano je 17 različitih facijesa koji predstavljaju plitkovodne marinske, posebice plimske okoliše te deltne taložne sustave i pojave vulkanske aktivnosti. Facijesi su svrstani u litostratigrafske članove i formacije od kojih je većina bila predložena ranije: Macelj formacija građena od članova Vučji Jarek, Čemernica, Lipni Vrh i Vrbno, zatim Bednja formacija i Crkovec formacija. Izradom geološke karte objašnjeni su međusobni odnosi litostratigrafskih jedinica kao i relacije prema podinskim egerskim i krovinskim srednjemiocenskim naslagama, odnosno potpuno su definirane donjomiocenske naslage u vremenu i u prostoru. Konstrukcijom i izradom geoloških profila, repernih geoloških stupova, modela sedimentacije i paleogeografskih karata objašnjena je povijest taložnog prostora, rekonstruirana paleogeografija i utjecaj tektonike na sedimentaciju. Velika tektonska mobilnost uključujući horizontalne pomake i rotacije strukturnih blokova koje su dokumentirane rezultatima paleomagnetskih mjerenja, odredila su ne samo strukturna obilježja prostora, već su izravno kreirale karakteristike taložnog bazena. O dinamici tog prostora ovisio je i mjenjao se paleoreljef o kojemu je u pojedinim razdobljima ovisio smjer struja kao i značajke sedimentnih tijela, kod koga je tektonika imala bitnu ulogu pri generiranju klastičnog materijala i brzini punjenja bazena preko progradacije taložnig sustava. U radu je istaknuta značajna usporedba s drugim dijelovima prostora Panonskog bazena (Centralni Parathetys), primjerice Slovenije, Mađarske i Austrije. Korelacijom transgresivno-regresivnih faza pokazano je da su se svi ti predjeli u donjem miocenu ponašali na sličan način te da su predstavljali dijelove jedinstvenog morskog prostora. No ustanovljene izvjesne razlike, protumačene su različitim brzinama tonjenja lokalnih depocentara. Veća razlika je ustanovljena za razdoblje karpata u kojem je istraživani dio bazena Hrvatskog zagorja oplićavao te na kraju izronio, što se moglo dogoditi povećanom brzinom taloženja ili sporijim tonjenjem tog područja.

Osnovna geološka karta Republike Hrvatske u mjerilu 1:50.000 (OGK RH) temeljna je karta koja čini drugu fazu izrade OGK 1:100.000 za područje Republike Hrvatske. Time je osiguran neprekinuti slijed sustavnih geoloških istraživanja u svrhu potpunijeg poznavanja državnog teritorija i njegovih prirodnih resursa, razvoja geološke znanosti uopće i stalnog osposobljavanja geoloških kadrova. OGK RH izrađuje se za čitav teritorij države, pri čemu se prema prioritetima i drugim čimbenicima istražuju pojedina projektna područja (geološko-geografske cjeline), a rezultati istraživanja se prikazuju na listovima mjerila 1:50.000. Radna geološka karta radi se u mjerilu 1:25.000 ili krupnijem, čime je omogućeno da se, prema potrebi u budućnosti, takva karta prilagodi potrebama možebitnih usmjerenih istraživanja nekog područja. Metodologija izrade OGK RH podrazumijeva provedbu terenskih i kabinetskih radova. Najopsežnija faza izrade OGK RH obuhvaća terenske radove tijekom kojih se prikupljaju mnogobrojni osnovni podatci nužni za izradu geološke karte mjerila 1:25.000. Kabinetski radovi sastoje se od analize svih prikupljenih podataka koji se, sintetizirani, prikazuju u mjerilu 1:50.000 na listovima i pripadajućim tumačima OGK RH. Rad na OGK RH podrazumijeva i izradu sustavnih i koherentnih elektroničkih baza podataka (pri HGI u funkciji je GEOLIS baza). Tijekom svih faza izrade karte provode se recenzije, čime se osigurava kontrola kvalitete njezine izrade u okviru same ustanove pri kojoj se izrađuje, ali u konačnici i na razini neovisnih stručnih recenzenata izvan ustanove. Podatci prikupljeni tijekom izrade karte čine vrijednu arhivsku građu te se čuvaju i arhiviraju kako bi bili dostupni za buduća istraživanja i analize. Konačni cilj projekta je izrada kompleta listova koji pokrivaju područje RH, zajedno s pripadajućim tumačima te bazom podataka, koji će biti pohranjeni pri Hrvatskom geološkom institutu kao glavnom nositelju projekta, a prema propisanim uvjetima dostupni svim zainteresiranim fizičkim i pravnim osobama.

The paleomagnetic rotations responsible for the observed magnetic lineations are interpreted as due to northward moving and CCW rotating Adria, after 6Ma.

Geološke karakteristike prostora Općine Jesenje prikazane su u okviru monografije Općine Jesenje (istočno od Đurmanca). U opisu geološke građe nastojalo se na jedan popularan i eduktivan način objasniti postanak i razvoj stijena na ovom području. Najstarije stijene na području Općine Jesenje nastale su prije 260 milijuna godina, u gornjem paleozoiku (gornji perm), a najmlađe nastaju i danas (kvartar). Tijekom toga vrlo dugoga geološkog razdoblja njihov postanak bio je u uskoj vezi s nekadašnjim oceanom Tethys i mlađi morem Paratethys. U donjem miocenu u Paratethysu se diferenciraju taložni bazeni, pa se miocenski sedimenti na području Jesenja odlažu unutar Panonskog bazena, odnosno u Zagorskom podbazenu (PAVELIĆ, 2001 ; MÁRTON et al., 2002). Na geološkoj karti izdvojene su stijene gornjeg perma, srednjeg trijasa, „Meljan formacije“, „Golubovec formacije“, „Macelj formacije“ i aluvij recentnih potoka. Konglomerati i pješčenjaci gornjeg perma su odlagani u priobalnom marinskom okolišu. Srednjetrijaski karbonati su nastali u relativno plitkom moru na području karbonatne platforme, koja je povremeno bila produbljavana, kada su taloženi sitnozrnati klastiti. Gline i lapori s proslojcima pijesaka „Meljan formacije“ odlagali su se od gornjeg oligocena do donjeg egera u okolišu šelfa i prodelte (AVANIĆ et al., 2007). Nakon toga u gornjem egeru su u marinsko– brakičnom okolišu, u području priobalja i delte, taloženi konglomerati, pješčenjaci, pijesci, siltovi, lapori i ugljeni „Golubovec formacije“. Za vrijeme egenburga i donjeg otnanga nastali su glaukonitni pješčenjaci, konglomerati, pijesci, siltovi, lapori i gline, koji su uvršteni u „Macelj formaciju“. Oni su odlagani u marinskom okolišu na području priobalja i prijelazne zone, pod utjecajem plime i oseke. Povremeno je uz dotok slatke vode taložen i krupnozrnasti kopneni materijal u okolišu riječne delte. Završnu fazu taloženja predstavljaju nanosi potoka za vrijeme gornjeg kvartara. Spomenuta sedimentacija od paleozoika do donjeg otnanga obilježena je čestim vulkanizmom. Prvo je u srednjem trijasu došlo do podmorskih izljeva andezit-bazalta, a zatim su tijekom gornjeg egera na površinu dospjeli andeziti i piroklastiti (tufovi i piroklastične breče). Vulkanska aktivnost u egenburgu i donjem otnangu bila je nešto slabijeg intenziteta, kada su unutar stijena „Macelj formacije“ odlagani samo tufovi. Tijekom taložnih procesa u geološkoj povijesti u ovom području došlo je do tektonike i izdizanja pojedinih stijena. Najpoznatiji tektonski pokreti bili su u permu (hercinski), te alpski za vrijeme mezozoika i kenozoika. Najmlađi tektonski pokreti dogodili su se tijekom pliocena i kvartara (posljednjih 5 milijuna god.) (ŠIMUNIĆ & ŠIMUNIĆ, 1987). Tada su potpuno izdignute planine Strahinščica i Ivanščica, kao i sve ostale gore u Hrvatskom zagorju. Svi ti pokreti rezultirali su u formiranju recentnog strukturno- tektonskog sklopa na području Hrvatskog zagorja. Od mineralnih sirovina koje se nalaze unutar područja Općine Jesenje mogu se izdvojiti tehničko-građevni kamen i tuf. Tehničko-građevni kamen čine srednjetrijaski dolomiti i dolomitne breče, koji se eksploatiraju u dva kamenoloma nedaleko Žutnice na obroncima Gorjaka (MARKOVIĆ, 2002). Tuf se nalazi u napuštenom kamenolomu kod Donjeg Jesenja, a pripada „Macelj formaciji“. Ranije se eksploatirao za potrebe cementne industrije, te kao ukrasni kamen. Pojave silikatnog minerala zeolita u tufu otvaraju mogućnost reaktivacije zatvorenog kamenoloma. Razlog tome je što se zeolit danas sve više pokazuje kao mineral 21. stoljeća zbog svoje višestruke primjene (medicina, stomatologija, kozmetika, zaštita tla i biljaka, prehrana životinja, pročišćavanje vode, građevinska industrija itd.). SUMMARY There are few factors that control forming of the modern distribution of rock of different age which is shown on the geological map, such as depositional environments, solidity and distribution of rocks in the lithosphere, and tectonic events. Clastic and carbonate rocks formed in the Tethys and Paratethys in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. By the end of the Paleogene, the Paratethys separated into smaller basins, and deposition continued in the Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin. Upper Permian conglomerates and sandstones formed in the nearshore marine environment. Middle Triassic carbonates reflect in relatively shallow sea in the area of a carbonate platform. The platform subsided temporarily which caused deposition of fine-grained clastics. Clays and marls, which belong to the "Meljan Fm.", accumulated from the Late Oligocene to Early Egerian in the offshore and prodelta zone (AVANIĆ et al., 2007). Later on, in the Upper Egerian marine to brackish environment in the area of nearshore and delta, accumulated conglomerates, sandstones, sands, silt, marl and coal of the "Golubovec Fm." In Eggenburgian and Early Ottnangian time, formed glauconitic sandstones, conglomerates, sands, slit, marl and clay which compose the "Macelj Fm." They deposited in the marine environment, i.e. in the area of nearshore and transition zone under the tidal influence. Temporarily, inflow of fresh water caused deposition of coarse-grained material in delta environment. Final sedimentation stage is represented by stream sediments deposited in upper Quaternary. Afore mentioned sedimentation from the Late Paleozoic to the Early Triassic was followed by volcanism. First andesite-basalt submarine eruptions were in the Middle Triassic. In the Late Egerian, volcanism was characterised by andesites and pyroclastics. The volcanic activity was weaker in the Eggenburgian and early Ottnangian when pyroclastics deposited within the "Macelj Fm." deposits. During depositional processes in the geological history of this area, some tectonics caused uplifting of rocks. Most known tectonic movements were in the Permian (Hercinian), and Alpine in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Youngest tectonic movements were during the Pliocene and Quaternary (last 5 Ma) (ŠIMUNIĆ & ŠIMUNIĆ, 1987). In this period Mt. Strahinščica and Mt. Ivanščica uplifted, as well as all other mountains in Hrvatsko Zagorje. All those movements resulted in forming of recent structural-tectonic pattern in the area of Hrvatsko Zagorje. There are some interesting mineral resources in the area of Municipality Jesenje, such as technically- constructional stone and tuff. The stone is represented by the Middle Triassic dolomite and dolomite breccia, which are being exploited in two quarries close to Žutnica on the Gorjak slopes (MARKOVIĆ, 2002). Earlier, it was used for cement industry and as decoration stone. An occurrence of siliceous mineral zeolite in the tuff enables reactivation of the closed quarry. The reason is availability of zeolite as a 21st century mineral for multiple use (medicine, stomatology, cosmetics, protection of soil and vegetation, feeding animals, filtering of water, construction industry etc.).

The Pannonian Basin System (PBS) originated during the Early Miocene as a result of extensional processes between the Alpine-Carpathian and the Dinaride Orogenic Belts. The Paratethys Sea flooded the new basins successively during the Karpatian (late Burdigalian, Early Miocene) and the Early Badenian (middle Langhian, Middle Miocene). The North Croatian Basins (NCB) occupied the south-western margin of the PBS and the Central Paratethys Sea. Their initial marine flooding has until now been dated as Karpatian in age. The transgression into the NCB invaded a lacustrine environment therein, representing the northern prolongation of the vast Dinaride Lake System extending southwards as far as the Adriatic Plate. We reinvestigate two sections from opposite margins of the NBS - from Mt. Medvednica on the west and from Mt. Požeška on the east - including corresponding lowermost marine Miocene deposits to critically examine the Karpatian datum. Our new biostratigraphic data – integrating calcareous nannoplankton, planktic and benthic foraminifera, diatom and mollusk records – have substantially revised the previous interpretation. The presence of a calcareous nannoplankton assemblage of the NN5 Zone and the planktic and benthic foraminifera of the regional Lower Lagenidae Zone now place the transgression into the main Early Badenian transgressive pulse of the Central Paratethys. Consequently, the initial marine transgression correlates accurately with the middle part of the Early Badenian, which is more than 2 m.y. younger than the previously inferred datum and at least 1 m.y. younger than the lower boundary of the Badenian and the Middle Miocene, respectively. Finally, the basal lacustrine infill of the NCB, previously dated as Ottnangian (middle Burdigalian, Early Miocene) and continuously grading into marine deposits, has to be reconsidered as Early Badenian as well.

Egerian deposits occur only in north-western part of Croatia, i.e. Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin (PAVELIĆ et al., 2003). Despite of many researches in that area, the stratigraphy of the Egerian deposits is still not clear. New sedimentological, micropaleontological and palynological analyses were carried out on the deposits from the lithostratigraphic column at locality Cerje Jesenjsko in Zagorje Basin, in the north-western part of the Croatia, in order to define the boundaries between local formations: Meljan Formation (lower Egerian) and Golubovec Formation (upper Egerian). The deposits are grouped into three facies: massive to laminated marls and clays, normally graded sands and pyroclastic breccias. Massive to laminated marls and clays dominate in the lower and middle part of the succession. They contain abundant foraminiferal association and numerous dinocyst. In the association of foraminifera Haplophragmoides carinatus, Cribrostomoides subglobosus, Reticulophragmium acutidorsatum, Vaginulinopsis gladius, Bolivina liebusi, Uvigerina mexicana, Cibicidoides similis, Heterolepa costata, Subbotina cf. galavisi, Globigerina ouachitaensis, G. wagneri and Globigerinela megaperta indicate Egerian age (CICHA et al, 1975 ; RÖGL et al, 1998). Dinocysts are dominated by Chiropteridium galea, Deflandrea phosphoritica, Homotryblium tenuispinosum, Polysphaeridium sp. and Spiniferites ramosus. Dinocysts assemblages point out on Chiropteridium Abundance Subzone (Chi) - upper part of Distatodinium biffii Interval Zone (Dbi) of the uppermost Oligocene age (BRINKHUIS et al, 1992). The marls and clays were deposited on the shelf with terrestrial influence. In the upper part of the succession the respectable flow of pyroclastic material occur together with debris flow deposits at the top indicating redeposition from shallow marine environment. Radiometric measurements that were carried out on andesites from the Lepoglava Quarry in vicinity, gave the K-Ar age of 22.8± ; ; ; ; ; 7 Ma (ŠIMUNIĆ & PAMIĆ, 1993). That data is in accordance with our paleonotological results which suggest the Upper Egerian age of the upper part of the succession. The sedimentary succession on the Cerje Jesenjsko locality, starting with shelf deposits and ending with pro-delta deposits shows coarsening-upward tendency, and generally suggests progradation of the delta system.

The Macelj formation, situated in the northwestern part of Croatia, in the Hrvatsko Zagorje region, as well as in the adjacent eastern Slovenia is composed of Vučji Jarek, Čemernica, Lipni Vrh and Vrbno members. The Vučji Jarek is the lowermost member of the Macelj formation laid transgressively on an erosional unconformity over Eggerian sediments. The Vučji Jarek sediments were deposited within a marine, nearshore environment under tidal influence. The sediments are characterized by horizontal-bedded and cross-bedded glaucony sandstones and tuffs. The Čemernica member succeeds the Vučji Jarek member. It consists of clayey and silty sediments affected by intensive bioturbation, and silty marls rich on ichnofossils. The deposits were formed in the offshore-transition zone between shoreface and offshore. The Macelj formation deposits were formed in Eggenburgian and in the lower part of Ottnangian time. The formation builds up an elongated syncline, plunging towards the east. Glauconitic materials from Macelj-sandstones have been already investigated in detail but during recent investigations glauconitic materials belonging to different members, Vučji Jarek and Čemernica, of the formation were investigated. Two samples of glauconitic materials were separated per member and investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared (IR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy, and by chemical methods. Performed analyses revealed that investigated glauconitic materials from two members differ significantly. XRPD patterns showed that no impurities were present in investigated materials. Diffraction pattern of Čemernica samples have broader diffraction maxima, this is best seen for 001 peak, indicating higher expandable layer content. The observed d(060) for these samples of 1.510 Å ; ; ; in comparison to 1.516 Å ; ; ; for Vučji Jarek samples indicates higher Al content in them. In spite of the fact that IR spectra of all samples are characterized by poorly resolved broadened bends, they differ in the appearance of the OH-stretching region. Those from Čemernica member samples have more pronounced band at 3603 cm-1, which can be ascribed to Al-Mg cationic environment of the OH groups in addition to bands at 3557 (Mg-Fe3+ and Al-Fe2+) and 3530 cm-1 (Fe3+-Fe2+) that are practicaly the only visible in Vučji Jarek samples. In two samples from Vučji Jarek sediments potassium content (7.75 and 8.03 wt% K2O) was higher than in two samples from Čemernica member having 5.58 and 6.24 wt% K2O respectively, what is in accordance with observed differences in XRPD patterns. The content of expandable layers in Vučji Jarek and Čemernica samples is approximately 5 and 20% respectively. Mössbauer spectra recorded at room temperature, fitted with four doublets with Lorentzian line shape, show differences in site populations for samples belonging to different members.

Ceramic clays in the “ Ivoševićev Gaj” deposit are used by the Inker d.d. company from Zaprešić, as raw materials for ceramic tiles, and to lesser extent, the production of sanitary ceramics. Ceramic clays interlayered by Pliocene-Pleistocene gravels, sands and silts, whose overlie the Middle to Upper Triassic dolomites with erosional contact. Ceramic clays occur as larger or smaller discrete lenses in several levels with an average thickness of 3.2 - 3.9 m. Their chemical composition expressed in weight % is: SiO2 (69– 79) and Al2O3 (14– 28). The lower values have the other oxides (Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O). The values are from 0, 1 to 3, 3%. According to the results of mineralogical investigations (of the clay minerals), kaolinite (15-28%) and illite (10-20%) present in concentrations are more abundant than montmorillonite (10%). The geological column Katinovac– 1 is situate in the western part of the “ Ivoševićev Gaj” ceramic clay deposit. Sediments within the column comprise three facies: Facies of massive clays, Facies of sands with gravel lenses and Facies association A. Lithostratigraphically these layers belong Pliocene - Pleistocene “ Bistra formation” . The Facies of Massive clays (raw materials for explotation) was observed in the lower part of the column as well as in the upper part as two intercalations. Clays were deposited from suspension in stagnant water. The association with other facies, together with the observed palinomorphs and lignohumin remains, indicates that these sediments were most probably deposited in oxbow lakes and flood plains of fluvial environments. The Facies of sands with gravel lenses occurs in the lower part and in the upper part of the column. These sediments have the main characteristics of alluvial channel environments as result of river bank collapse with a short term of flood plain ecology. Facies association A is present in the upper part of the column. Sediments are composed of a succession of small fining-upward cycles, which generally contain gravel, sand and clay. Fining-upward cycles suggest current speed decrease, occasional channel abandonment and formation of short-term flood plains. The sedimentary succession within the Katinovac– 1 column, beginning with a flood plain environment and finishing with the development of channel sediments, generally show coarsening-upward tendency and suggests progradation of a river system.

Bukova glava és Vranović

The uncertainty of the age of the Macelj glauconitic sediments, based on ambiguous paleontologic records, put forward isotopic determination by K-Ar method. Monomineral glauconitic fraction was prepared from the sandstones and sands of the Macelj formation. K-Ar dating of the mono-mineral fraction yielded an age of 19.21  0.64 Ma. It confirms supposition that the sediments belong primarily to Eggenburgian time.

Gornjomiocenski sedimenti prekrivaju najveći dio površine Dilj gore i u dosadašnjim su istraživanjima pripisivani panonu (Croatica slojevi, Banatica slojevi ) i pontu (Abihi slojevi, Romboidea slojevi). U okviru izrade Osnovne geološke karte Republike Hrvatske 1:50.000, u do sada istraženom središnjem i zapadnom dijelu planine unutar gornjomiocenskih naslaga izdvojene su četiri neformalne litostratigrafske jedinice ranga formacije: Croatica, Pavlovci, Andraševec i Nova Gradiška. Jedinica Croatica pretežno je sastavljena od tanko uslojenih glinovitih vapnenaca i kalcitom bogatih lapora taloženih u plitkom jezerskom okolišu smanjenog saliniteta. Rijetki proslojci vapnenačkog pijeska rezultat su povremenog donosa klastičnog detritusa s obalnog zaleđa ili otoka. Jedinica stratigrafski pripada donjem panonu, a debljina joj ne prelazi 25 m. Granica prema podinskim jedinicama Glogovica i Kasonja je oštra i u pravilu konformna, a rijeđe diskonformna s kraćom emerzijom. Gornja granica je konformna s postupnim prijelazom u jedinicu Pavlovci. Jedinica Pavlovci u nižem dijelu sastoji se od izmjene kalcitom bogatih lapora i glinovitih vapnenaca, u središnjem dijelu od lapora, a u višem dijelu od siltoznih i glinom bogatih lapora. Postanak jedinice vezan je uz dublje i distalnije dijelove brakičnog jezera, a karakterizira ga izostanak značajnijeg terigenog utjecaja. Stratigrafski obuhvaća gornji panon, donji pont, a mjestimice i najniži dio gornjeg ponta. Debljina joj se kreće između 100 i 150 m. Granica s podinskom jedinicom Croatica je konformna i postupna, a s krovinskom jedinicom Andraševec konformna i oštra. Mjestimice je utvrđen i diskonformni odnos s krovinskom jedinicom Nova Gradiška. Jedinica Andraševec sastoji se od izmjene slojeva pijeska, lapora i silta. Taloženje naslaga jedinice Andraševec odvijalo na prijelazu iz plićeg u dublji brakični jezerski okoliš (prodelta), a povezano je s progradacijom klastičnih sustava iz smjera sjevera. Jedinica stratigrafski obuhvaća niži dio gornjeg ponta, a debljina joj se kreće između 5 i 15 m. Granica s podinskom jedinicom Pavlovci je konformna i oštra, a s krovinskom jedinicom Nova Gradiška konformna i postupna. Jedinica Nova Gradiška najvećim dijelom sastoji se od dobro sortiranih pijesaka, a manjim dijelom od šljunkovitih pijesaka, siltita i pješčenjaka. Postanak jedinice vezan je uz plitki brakični jezerski okoliš koji je bio pod stalnim i snažnim utjecajem progradirajućih klastičnih sustava sa sjevera (čelo delte). Stratigrafski pripada gornjem pontu, a debljina joj doseže 150 m. Granica prema podinskoj jedinici Andraševec je konformna i postupna, a prema jedinici Pavlovci diskonformna. Krovinu jedinice čine pliocenski sedimenti jedinice Cernik. Vertikalni raspored opisanih litostratigrafskih jedinica ukazuje na transgresivno-regresivni sedimentacijski slijed tijekom gornjeg miocena na području Dilj gore.

Earlier paleomagnetic studies suggested that counterclockwise rotating Adriatic microplate could have triggered the youngest rotations in the Hrvatsko Zagorje area, in the area of Slavonian Mts. and in the Mura-Zala depression. Since the named areas are located quite far from the Eastern Adriatic coast, we decided to study the Krško and Karlovac basins, which are situated in-between (Fig. 1). From the collected 12 paleomagnetic localities (Badenian through Pontian sediments) ten yielded good paleomagnetic directions as a result of laboratory processing and statistical evaluation. They definitely point to the counterclockwise rotation of the area in post early Pontian times. The angle of the rotation is about 20° (D=337°, I=50°, k=48, 95=10°). Thus, we have found a missing tectonic link from the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Slavonian Mts. and the Mura-Zala basins to the Adriatic microplate and collected further paleomagnetic evidence for the end of Miocene or even younger important tectonic movements in the South Pannonian basin.

The Pannonian Basin System was formed as a result of continental collision of the European plate (Tisia-Moesia) with the African plate. Formation of its southern part began during Ottnangian time (Early Miocene) by continental rifting. The syn-rift phase lasted until the Middle Badenian (Middle Miocene), and resulted in the formation of elongated half-grabens characterized by large sediment thicknesses strongly influenced by tectonics and gradually increasing volcanism. The Lower Miocene sedimentary complex of the south Pannonian Basin System, i.e. North Croatian Basin, unconformably overlies pre-Miocene basement, and is represented by fresh-water deposits which belong to the earliest syn-rift phase of basin evolution. Deposition of the lower part of the fresh-water complex occurred in alluvial environments while the upper part was characterized by lacustrine sedimentation. Alluvial deposits have been measured at the Kalnik, Medvednica and Požeška Mts.. The main characteristics of these deposits the domination of coarse-grained over fine-grained sediments, conspicuous variation in grain size, very rapid lateral and vertical facies alternations, occurrences of red beds and a lack of fauna. The sediments form many small fining- and rarely coarsening-upward cycles. These cycles are typical of alluvial fans and braided rivers as a consequence of the autocyclic process on the surface. The deposits are divided into eleven facies: 1. Bcn ; massive breccia, clast-supported: rock-fall, 2. Gmu ; massive conglomerates, matrix-supported: plastic debris flow, 3. Gmi ; massive conglomerates, matrix-supported, rare clast-supported: pseudoplastic debris flow, 4. Gc ; massive conglomerates, clast-supported: main fan-trench, longitudinal bar, 5. Gp ; planar cross-bedded conglomerates, clast-supported: tranverse bar, 6. Ge ; pebble to granule conglomerates, lenses: stream flows, crevasse channel, 7. Sh ; fine- to coarse grained sandstones, horizontal lamination: upper flow regime, 8. Sr ; fine- to coarse grained sandstones, cross-lamination: lower flow regime, 9. Se ; fine- to coarse grained sandstones, lenses: crevasse splay, 10. F1 ; siltstones, massive, brown colour: flood plain, abandoned channel, 11. F2 ; siltstones, scattered granules, calcrete, reddish colour: palaeosol. Kalnik Mt.. The conglomerate bodies interpreted as longitudinal and transverse bar deposits, and the lack of sediments deposited by gravity flows suggest a pebbly braided river in the upper part of the succession. The lower part of the succession is characterized by dominant flood plain over channel deposits indicating deposition in the lower alluvial plain of the braided river. The unusually thick flood plain deposits could be attributed to rapid subsidence of the basin by tectonic influences, when the possibility of erosion of fine-grained deposits is minimal. Medvednica Mt.. The domination of coarse-grained deposits accumulated on longitudinal bars, pedogenic occurrences and the lack of fossils suggest a pebbly braided river. Alluvial deposits are sharply overlain by lacustrine limestones indicating tectonic deepening of the basin. Požeška Mt.. The association of sediments deposited by rock-fall and debris flow mechanisms with deposits of longitudinal bars, flood-plains and palaeosol indicates deposition in alluvial environments, relatively close to the source area, probably in the alluvial fan. The predominance of sediments deposited by traction in the fan succession seems closer to the braided alluvial fan. One of the measured sections shows a fining-upwards megacycle which is expressed by a general decrease in fragment size in the coarse-grained deposits and the occurrence of thick calcretes near the top of the megacycle, followed by gradual decreasing of the conglomerate unit thickness. This megacycle is interpreted as the result of normal faulting along the active margin of the subsiding basin. The deposition of rock-fall breccias also indicates the very high intensity of tectonic activity, and trapping of coarse-grained clastics near the steep slopes in the proximity of the source area.

The sedimentation during the Late Sarmatian and Pannonian was continous, and the dinoflagellate zones are correlative within Croatian and Hungarian part of the Pannonian Basin.

U udžbeniku Zemljopis-1, za prve razrede gimnazije (1997 g.), u poglavlju "Geološke osobine i reljef Zemlje" iznose se netočno neki geološki pojmovi. Ovakve greške upućuju na veće previde autora i/ili lektora.

Fresh-water environments are characteristic in the Kalnik Mountain area, at the SW marginal zone of the Pannonian Basin System. It was a part of the Central Paratethys bioprovince during the Miocene (Ottnangian). Alluvial and lacustrine sediments varying from gravel to marl accumulated by different depositional processes. In the early, alluvial phase pebbly braided rivers evolved. Deposition was characterized mostly by bar conglomerates and flood plain siltstones. Alluvial deposition was controlled by both autocyclic and allocyclic processes, in semi-arid climate. During the later, lacustrine phase sedimentation was mostly represented by marls and occasional coarser material, in humid climate. Fresh-water deposition was terminated by marine transgression during the Karpatian. Lower Miocene fresh-water deposits of the Kalnik Mountain can be correlated with similar deposits in the wider area of the Northern Croatia. The Kalnik Mountain represents the boundary area between two Early Miocene basins, the north-western one being characterized by marine deposition, and the south-eastern by contemporaneous fresh-water deposition.

Na temelju snimljenih geoloških stupova u donjotrijaskim naslagama na području Žumberka i Samoborske gore, definirane su litostratigrafske jedinice Konjarić Vrh i Ludvić. Konjarić Vrh jedinica je donjoskitske starosti i sastoji se od facijesa tinjčastih pješčenjaka, pješčenjaka s ooidnim vapnencima, siltita s proslojcima pješčenjaka i pješčenjaka s proslojcima vapnenaca. Klastiti i karbonati su taloženi vjerojatno u priobalnom marinskom okolišu između delte i preljevne lepeze. Ludvić jedinica je gornjoskitske starosti i izgrađuju je facijesi ooidnih kalkarenita s laminama pješčenjaka, vapnenaca s proslojcima lapora, laminiranih kalkarenita s proslojcima vapnenaca i kalksiltita s ooidnim kalkarenitima. Ovi sedimenti su odlagani također u plitkom moru, ali između lagune i baze valova olujnog vremena. Slijed facijesa jedinica Konjarić Vrh i Ludvić na permskim i permotrijaskim naslagama pokazuje da je u donjem skitu nastupila marinska transgresija. Zbog relativno velike količine kopnenog materjala prevladava deltni okoliš. Uz smanjenjeni donos terigenog materjala u gornjem skitu okoliš produbljava i talože se naslage prijelazne zone. Nakon toga dolazi do postupnog oplićavanja te odlaganja lagunarnih sedimenata, čime završava cjeloviti transgresivno regresivni slijed. Kontinuitet sedimentacije se nastavlja u aniziku taloženjem karbonatnog materjala u morskom plićaku.

Tertiary palaeomagnetic results, obtained from sediments of the Adriatic Foreland in Istria and in the Split-Makarska segment yielded palaeomagnetic proof for the existence of an Adriatic microplate which rotated in the CCW sense with respect to Africa after mid-Eocene.

In the area of Čučerje, on SE flanks of the Mt. Medvednica, a geological column has been investigated in marine deposits of Carpathian and Lower Badenian age. Carpathian deposits are represented by facies of massive marls with sand interlayers, and deposits of Badenian age by horizontally bedded sands with laminated marls, trough cross-bedded sandstones, horizontally bedded biocalcarenites and biocalcrudites, bioclastic tuffites and tuffs. Marls from the facies of massive marls with sand interlayers were deposited from the suspension in restricted shelf environment, and sands during temporary storm events, when material eroded from shallow environments was transported to shelf by turbulent currents. Depositional mechanism of horizontally bedded sands with laminated marls facies was similar to the aforementioned one, but deposition took place in the transitional zone between shelf and shoreface. Trough cross-bedded sandstones facies was probably formed by migration of 3D subaqueous dunes in the lower shoreface environment. Facies of horizontally bedded biocalcarenites and biocalcrudites was deposited in the upper shoreface and foreshore environments. Deposits of bioclastic tuffites facies were deposited in the transitional zone between shoreface and shelf, and those of the tuff facies in the shelf area. Succession investigated on the geological column in the area of Čučerje indicates continuous deposition from Carpathian to Lower Badenian. Facies pattern suggests progradation, i.e. regressive trend, at the transition from Carpathian to Badenian, which resulted in shift from shelf deposition towards sedimentation in the transitional zone. Further shallowing trend, i.e. progressive regression resulted in sedimentation of shoreface and foreshore deposits. Subsequent transgressive-regressive trend was marked by deposition in the transitional zone, shelf and again transitional zone environments. Deposits of the upper part of the column indicate on intensified volcanic activity in the neighbouring area, characterized by acid, rhyolitic-dacitic volcanism. Investigated oscillation of the sea level (mainly regressive trend) at the Carpathian to Badenian transition can be positively correlated with the study of the Pannonian Basin deposits (NAGYMAROSY & MÜLLER, 1988).

The Eocene sediments in the north-western part of Croatia have been determined as of Middle to Late Eocene in age. Mainly shallow marine limestones contain diverse foraminiferal assemblage, algae and corals.

The evolution of the Ottnangian lake was related to synsedimentary tectonics. The first phase consists of the fine-grained swamp deposits, overlain by carbonate deposits of the lake margin, and marls and thin turbidites of a deeper lake realms. These sediments reflect continued tectonic subsidence and deepening. The second phase shows a coarsening-upward trend with an increase of the proportion of clastic deposits, reflects delta progradation, and may be interpreted as a consequence of a relative tectonic quiescence. The third phase includes very silty marls and turbidites, and indicates renewed tectonic activity and deepening. Marine transgression in Karpatian, which terminated the evolution of the lake, is explained by the opening of the connection with Mediterranean sea due to tectonic subsidence.