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1. Circular economy and electronic waste

Author

Awasthi, AK, Li, J, Koh, L, and Ogunseitan, OA

Abstract

Electronic waste is the fastest growing category of hazardous solid waste in the world. Addressing the problem will require international collaboration, economic incentives that protect labour, and management approaches that minimize adverse impacts on the environment and human health.

Published
2019

4. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Author

Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD, Kastelein JJP, Cornel JH, Pais P, Pella D, Genest J, Cifkova R, Lorenzatti A, Forster T, Kobalava Z, Vida-Simiti L, Flather M, Shimokawa H, Ogawa H, Dellborg M, Rossi PRF, Troquay RPT, Libby P, Glynn RJ, Novo S, Krum H, Varigos J, Siostrzonek P, Sinnaeve P, Gotcheva N, Yong H, Urina-Triana M, Milicic D, Vettus R, Manolis AJ, Wyss F, Sigurdsson A, Fucili A, Veze I, Petrauskiene B, Salvador L, Klemsdal TO, Medina F, Budaj A, Otasevic P, Lainscak M, Seung KB, Commerford P, Donath M, Hwang JJ, Kultursay H, Bilazarian S, East C, Forgosh L, Harris B, Ligueros M, Bohula E, Charmarthi B, Cheng S, Chou S, Danik J, McMahon G, Maron B, Ning M, Olenchock B, Pande R, Perlstein T, Pradhan A, Rost N, Singhal A, Taqueti V, Wei N, Burris H, Cioffi A, Dalseg AM, Ghosh N, Gralow J, Mayer T, Rugo H, Fowler V, Limaye AP, Cosgrove S, Levine D, Lopes R, Scott J, Hilkert R, Tamesby G, Mickel C, Manning B, Woelcke J, Tan M, Manfreda S, Ponce T, Kam J, Saini R, Banker K, Salko T, Nandy P, Tawfik R, O’Neil G, Manne S, Jirvankar P, Lal S, Nema D, Jose J, Collins R, Bailey K, Blumenthal R, Colhoun H, Gersh B, Abreu M, Actis MV, Aiub J, Aiub F, Albisu J, Alvarisqueta A, Avalos V, Barreto M, Berli MA, Blumberg C, Bocanera M, Botta C, Bowen L, Budassi N, Buhlman S, Westberg JC, Carabajal T, Caruso G, Casala J, Cendali G, Coloma G, Berra FC, Cuneo C, Degennaro N, Dellasa M, Diaz M, Dos Santos P, Espinosa V, Facello A, Facello M, Farias E, Fernandez AA, Ferrari V, Pacora FF, Flores GS, Franco M, Gabito A, Viola HG, Garcia F, Garcia Duran R, Garcia Pinna J, Glenny J, Godoy Sanchez M, Grosse A, Guzman P, Hasbani E, Hominal M, Ibañez J, Jure H, Jure D, Vico ML, Liniado G, Luciardi H, Luquez H, Maehara G, Maffei L, Majul C, Mallagray M, Marinaro S, Martinez J, Massaccesi R, De Los Milagros Had M, Azize GM, Montana O, Montenegro E, Morell Y, Muntaner J, Navarrete S, Olmedo M, Paganini M, Paz S, Perez Manghi F, Piskorz D, Polato C, Recoaro R, Romano A, Salinger M, Sanchez A, Saravia MA, Sarjanovich R, Scaro G, Schiavi LB, Soler J, Tinnirello V, Tomassi A, Valle M, Vallejo MA, Venturini C, Marcela Wenetz LM, Yossen M, Zaidman C, Zalazar L, Zangroniz P, Amerena J, Brady L, Colquhoun D, Eccleston D, Ferreira-Jardim A, French J, Jayasinghe R, Mcintosh C, Ord M, Plotz M, Purnell P, Roberts-Thomson P, Schultz C, Shanahan T, Tan R, Taverner P, Turner F, Vibert J, Vorster M, William M, Youssef G, Bergler-Klein J, Brath H, Brodmann M, Fliesser-Goerzer E, Haider K, Heeren G, Hiden C, Mandic L, Paulweber B, Ploechl A, Prenner A, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Strohner-Kaestenbauer H, Barbato E, Bouvy C, Briké C, Charlier F, Cools F, De Knijf K, De Wolf L, Delforge M, Deweerdt N, Gits F, Goffinet C, Hermans K, Hollanders G, Mestdagh I, Pirenne B, Servaes V, Simons N, Tahon S, Theunissen E, Van Genechten G, Vervoort G, Vissers C, Vranckx P, Vrolix M, Abib E Jr, Abrantes J, Araujo Fonseca M, Barbosa E, Barroso W, Barroso A, Bodanese L, Botelho R, Costa Amorim R, Da Costa F, Da Silva A, Da Silva O Jr, Da Silva D Jr, Ferreira Dos Santos T, Dos Santos F, Dos Santos A, Duda N, Feitosa G, Felario Junior GA, Ferraz R, Filho P, Fonseca A, Wanderley FF, Freitas E, Fucci F, Marengo Garcia De Carvalho L, Hernandez M, Hettwer Magedanz E, Julião K, Kormann A, Lameira A, Lima F, Lino E, Maia L, Manenti E, Marchi AL, Fischer SM, Michalaros Y, Moraes J Jr, Moreira L, Pagnan M, Pesce F, Pinheiro L, Rassi S, Reis G, Reis H, Resende I, Roel A, Ruschel K, Saporito W, Saraiva JF, Seroqui M, Silva R, Unterkircher B, Vicente C, Vieira N, Xavier JP, Zucchetti C, Angelova I, Dimitrov G, Genova D, Gospodinov K, Goudev A, Grigorova V, Hristova K, Makedonska JJ, Katova T, Kostov K, Lazov P, Manov E, Manukov I, Manukov D, Milanova M, Kabakchieva VM, Petrov D, Petrusheva T, Pramatarova I, Raev D, Runev N, Sirakova-Taseva A, Tisheva-Gospodinova S, Todorova A, Tzekova M, Yakovova S, Yanev T, Abulencia K, Arora S, Baker A, Bata IR, Beaudry M, Belle Isle J, Bilodeau N, Boivin MC, Bolduc H, Bourgeois S, Brons S, Cantor W, Chaussé I, Chhabra A, Chouinard G, Cleveland T, Dattani D, Deslongchamps F, Diodati J, Drouin K, Duchesne L, Fontaine S, d'Amours DG, Gervais B, Gosselin G, Graham J, Grover A, Gupta A, Haldane H, Hartleib M, Hickey L, Huynh T, Johnston J, Julien VE, Lachance P, Lake J, Lamontagne C, Lauzon C, Lepage S, Maheux K, Manyari D, Martin E, McPherson C, Mehta S, Michaud N, Kouz SM, Murphy G, OKeefe D, Otis R, Ouimet F, Pandey S, Peck C, Perkins L, Richert L, Robbins K, Robinson S, Cabau JR, Ross B, Roy C, Roy M, Roy A, Rupka D, Affaki GS, Saunders K, Savard D, Soucy D, St Amour E, Thiessen S, Vertes G, Vezina M, Vincelli G, Weisnagel SJ, Zadra R, Chen J, Chen Y, Dong X, Feng Y, Feng Z, Fu G, Han B, Hao Y, He Y, He Z, Hong T, Jia Z, Jiang T, Jiang J, Jiang X, Ke Y, Li Y, Li Z, Li W, Li X, Liu P, Liu Y, Liu B, Liu S, Liu L, Lu Z, Lv Y, Ma C, Ma G, Peng L, Qing L, Ren L, Sang X, Song M, Sun Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Wei J, Wu W, Wu J, Xu H, Yan J, Yang P, Yang K, Yao Z, Yaoqing H, Yuan Z, Zhai Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Zhou H, Accini Mendoza JL, Aparicio CV, Castillo T, Chaverra I, Conrado Y, Coronel J, Cotes C, Cuentas I, Cuervo A, Dussan MA, Echeverria L, Hernandez E, Ibarra J, Isaza D, Jimenez D, Lopez P, Manzur F, Mejia I, Mendoza Y, Molina DI, Patino JM, Rodriguez D, Rodriguez LM, Rodriguez SM, Sanchez Vallejo G, Luz Serrano H, Sotomayor A, Urina M, Vesga B, Yupanqui H, Akrap B, Busic N, Ciglenecki N, Cmrecnjak J, Fucak E, Gabor M, Jeric M, Jutrisa N, Kordic K, Planinc I, Popovic Z, Radeljic V, Sesto I, Sutalo K, Tusek S, Belohlavek J, Budkova J, Busak L, Capova L, Cech V, Cermak O, Coufalova Z, Cyprian R, Dedek V, Dedkova S, Ferkl R, Hanak P, Hanustiakova A, Homza M, Horackova K, Houra M, Iveta H, Kaiserova L, Kala P, Karel I, Kellnerova I, Koleckar P, Kreckova M, Krupicka J, Lorenc Z, Machova V, Malik J, Masarikova L, Matyasek I, Mikus M, Mikusova T, Ondrasik J, Otava M, Palubova L, Pavlickova L, Peterka M, Petrova I, Pokorna B, Povolny P, Radvan M, Reznakova S, Rickova Z, Roszkowska P, Rotreklova M, Samkova D, Skalicka H, Slechticka A, Sternthal P, Telekes P, Tesak M, Vesely P, Vesely J, Vins P, Vitovec M, Vodnansky P, Zidova M, Keba E, Laane E, Pool T, Randvee L, Ratnik E, Reimand M, Reinmets S, Rivis L, Siemann M, Stern M, Toom M, Vahula V, Apel T, Axthelm C, Ayasse D, Ayasse M, Baar M, Baeumer A, Bagi ES, Becker B, Binder A, Blankenberg S, Braun P, Johansen BB, Contzen C, Delfonso F, Denecke C, Dengler T, Donaubauer T, Eichinger G, Englmann E, Erhard M, Faghih M, Foerster A, Frankenstein L, Fuchs R, Furch G, Gaeb-Strasas B, Germann H, Giese C, Goette A, Gravenhorst-Muenter U, Haege R, Haenel T, Hagemann D, Hagenow A, Hanefeld M, Heider J, Heisters J, Hennig D, Hielscher S, Himpel-Boenninghoff A, Holscher A, Hornig M, Jeserich M, Kaczmarek N, Kanitz S, Kara YD, Khariouzov A, Kiefer R, Kiroglu K, Klamm M, Klein C, Korth-Wiemann B, Krapivsky A, Kuenzler J, Kuntzsch A, Landers B, Lappo M, Laube S, Leggewie S, Lehmann D, Lepp H, Lierse T, Lindner C, Luecke-Uzar M, Luedemann J, Marschke T, Maruzzo S, Mauersberger K, Maus O, Meinrich M, Meissner A, Moehring B, Muehlhaus J, Mueller S, Muenter KC, Muenzel T, Naumann R, Nebel J, Neumann J, Nuding S, Overhoff U, Papke B, Pencz I, Peter Y, Peukert AM, Radde I, Rau T, Regner S, Reichenbach D, Reimer D, Rinke A, Roettges R, Romanski A, Rummel R, Samer H, Sanuri M, Sarnighausen HE, Schäfer B, Scheibner T, Schermaul KH, Schindler A, Schlundt C, Schmidt E, Schmidt K, Schnabel A, Schoen N, Schorn K, Schroeder T, Schulenburg D, Schulz M, Schulze U, Schulze J, Schumacher M, Schwerin G, Schwerin M, Stadelmeier S, Stahl HD, Stahl A, Stockhausen J, Stockhausen G, Stoessel J, Stolze K, Stratmann M, Szymanowski N, Teschner AB, Teske A, Uecker C, Veit S, Voeller H, Walter I, Walter J, Walther I, Weber HG, Weimer J, Wichterich K, Wiebusch A, Willmerdinger M, Willner C, Winkelmann B, Winkler J, Wistuba T, Woehrle J, Wohnlich T, Wolf S, Woyczak D, Wrage P, Zirlik A, Anadiotis A, Chachalis G, Dermitzakis A, Kafarakis P, Kaldara E, Kolokathis F, Kostakou P, Lekakis J, Manolis A, Mantas I, Megalou A, Milkas A, Nanas J, Olympios CD, Patsilinakos S, Perperis A, Poulimenos L, Saloustros I, Tsioufis K, Tsorbatzoglou K, Vardas P, Zarifis I, Aguilar M, Arango JL, Borrayo NA, Corona V, Guerrero A, Guzman I, Haase F, De Krumbach L, Montenegro P, Munoz R, Munoz N, Paniagua A, Solares A, Vogel M, Anita S, Blazsek Z, Decsi K, Fulop T, Hangyal T, Hegedus V, Kalina A, Karakai H, Katona A, Kiss RG, Kovacs A, Laszlo Z, Lupkovics G, Medvegy M, Merkely B, Mihaly N, Nagy AC, Dékány JN, Nikoletta P, Noori E, Penzes J, Poor F, Sarszegi Z, Simay A, Simon J, Szakal I, Szatmarine V, Szocs A, Zilahi Z, Karsai XZ, Andersen K, Sigurdadottir E, Skuladottir F, Abdullakutty J, Abhaichand R, Abhyankar A, Agarwal DK, Aggarwal RK, Ahire N, Awasthi AK, Babu R, Bai A, Bali HK, Banker D, Bhadade S, Bisne V, Bohra P, Raghu C, Chauhan D, Chauhan H, Chavada J, Chaware G, Chella S, Chintala P, Dash D, Desai D, Devasia T, Dhanak R, Dobariya H, Dudhatra N, Duhan S, Fulwani M, Ghondale N, Ghosh S, Gohel P, Govindaraj D, Goyal B, Goyal S, Gundala AK, Gupta M, Hardas S, Iby M, Jagtap P, Jain A, Joshi U, Karpuram M, Kaur H, Khan A, Khan R, Kodem DR, Koeitti P, Kulkarni L, Kullal P, Kumar KS, Kumbla M, Latheef K, Lohkare M, Santosh MJ, Makhe B, Mandati M, Mehta A, Minocha G, Mittal A, Modi R, Mohan K, Oomman A, Pai R, Pai V, Palaniswami N, Pansheriya A, Parekh N, Patel J, Patel R, Patole T, Praveen M, Radhakrishnan V, Rajan B A, Rajasekhar D, Rao M, Rao MB, Rao NM, Rathnavel S, Rathore A, Rathore SRS, Rawat S, Reddy NC, Sarma R, Sathe S, Shah J, Shaikh P, Sharma K, Sharma S, Sharma T, Shetty P, Sidhu G, Singh V, Sohi GS, Srinath VS, Raju SS, Taran A, Thakkar B, Velusamy K, Vijan V, Vora V, Vuriya AK, Agosta GF, Antonicelli R, Ardissino D, Argiolas G, Baldin MG, Benedetti G, Berti S, Bevilacqua MT, Bolognesi MG, Dessalvi CC, Calabrese A, Campanale EG, Candusso R, Caso P, Cosmi F, Crea F, Crocamo A, De Caterina R, De Rosa S, Destro M, Di Biase M, Dognini GP, Eleuteri E, Fedele F, Ferrario M, Gabrielli D, Gamba C, Ganau A, Gravellone M, Iannopollo G, Indolfi C, Infusino F, Invitti C, Landolfi A, Lembo G, Liberato NL, Mannucci E, Marino P, Mariottoni B, Marziali A, Mercuro G, Monti L, Mos L, Mureddu V, Musumeci MB, Panzarino C, Parente A, Perotti M, Filardi PP, Petrillo C, Piatti P, Priori S, Racca V, Ragghianti B, Renda G, Righini V, Sarcone M, Senni M, Soro E, Tamburrini P, Vallone L, Villani GQ, Volpe M, Ajioka M, Akai Y, Ashino K, Baden M, Doi M, Eki Y, Endo T, Fukuike C, Hagiwara Y, Hasegawa K, Higuchi Y, Higuchi T, Hioki M, Hirayama A, Hiroma J, Hosokawa S, Ichisawa M, Iijima T, Inada T, Inagaki M, Ito K, Kaigawa K, Kajihara S, Kamiya H, Kamiya J, Kaneno Y, Katahira K, Kataoka M, Kawai M, Kawasaki T, Kojima E, Komura Y, Kuramochi T, Kuruma T, Kyo E, Mani H, Miyamoto T, Morii I, Morinaga Y, Morisawa T, Nagai Y, Naka T, Nakamura Y, Nakamura S, Nakayoshi K, Nishibe A, Ogawa M, Okada Y, Okawa M, Sakamoto Y, Sakurada M, Sasaki S, Seki S, Shimomura H, Shinozaki T, Sugimoto N, Suzuki A, Taguchi S, Takahashi J, Takase S, Tanabe K, Tanaka A, Tani S, Tomioka J, Tsuboi H, Tsuji M, Tsujita K, Tsujiyama S, Umesu A, Yamada T, Yamaguchi E, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto T, Yamane M, Yanase T, Yasuoka S, Yasutake M, Yokoyama M, Yoshida M, Yoshimoto E, Yunoki C, Balode A, Dormidontova G, Flaksa I, Nagele-Luse I, Rancane G, Sime I, Bartuseviciene S, Cepinskiene L, Dobilas V, Grigaraviciene I, Marcinkeviciene J, Mazutavicius R, Miliuniene R, Motiejuniene R, Norkiene S, Norkute-Macijauske U, Rudys A, Slapikas R, Stonkute K, Strazdiene D, Tijuneliene E, Urbonas G, Vanagiene S, Viezelis M, Arenas Leon JL, Bayram E, Carrillo J, Davalos C, De Los Rios M, Delgadillo T, Hernández N, Leon S, Mendoza N, Muñoz W, Ramos G, Anneveldt A, Bakker H, Brouwer M, Bunschoten P, De Boer P, De Jong C, De Vos A, Den Hartog F, Doesborg L, Dommerholt R, Drost I, Ellenbroek D, Engelen W, Folkeringa RJ, Hamer BJB, Herrman JP, Hoogslag PAM, Jansen M, Jerzewski A, Joosten C, Kalkman C, Kietselaer B, Kok M, Kooiman E, Kose V, Lardinois R, Lenderink T, Lok DJA, Lousberg A, Meijlis P, Mulder R, Singerling M, Smeele F, Stroes E, Swart HP, Ten Holt W, Van Der Wal M, Van Der Zwaan C, Van Kempen WW, Van Maarseveen M, Van Stein I, Viergever EP, Visseren FLJ, Voors C, Nugteren SKZ, Ata B, Berulfsen A, Rønnevik TD, Dickstein K, Furuseth B, Grundtvig M, Hansen H, Hofsoey K, Høivik HO, Bøen RH, Hurtig U, Pettersen KI, Johansen E, Kleve R, Kolleroy C, Moen S, Nilsen V, Norin V, Otterstad JE, Risberg K, Rønnevik P, Sirnes PA, Skjelvan G, Strand S, Szacinski G, Vegsundvåg J, Alcalde JM, Gomez Sanchez J, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez A, Zena N, Baszak J, Cymerman K, Czerski T, Fratczak M, Jaguszewska G, Kawka-Urbanek T, Koba M, Kopaczewski J, Kopczyńska M, Laniec M, Lysek R, Sciborski R, Szpajer M, Torun A, Wujkowski M, Zielinski M, Ahn Y, Baek C, Bang SA, Chang K, Choi AJ, Han S, Hyun K, Kim M, Kim KS, Kim B, Lee SH, Lee J, Lee HN, Lee JH, Lee KR, Moon K, Park B, Park C, Tahk S, Yim KH, Yim S, Tase T, Andor M, Aron G, Badea C, Casoinic F, Clocotan M, Coman S, Emil B, Imre BS, Istratoaie O, Liviu C, Maximov D, Militaru C, Minescu B, Istvan KP, Parepa I, Petrescu L, Podoleanu C, Pop CF, Popa V, Popescu E, Radoi M, Sarbu I, Socoteanu E, Socoteanu G, Sorodoc L, Spiridon M, Stanciulescu G, Stefanescu M, Tanaseanu C, Tudoran M, Zdrenghea D, Agafina A, Akatova E, Avdonina N, Balukova E, Barbarash OL, Bartosh L, Boyarkin M, Bulashova O, Burova N, Churina S, Demidova M, Dorogova I, Dovgalevskiy Y, Dovgolis S, Dudarev M, Fitilev S, Gapon L, Gazizianova V, Gordeev I, Ivanov I, Izmozherova N, Kazanskay E, Khirmanov V, Khromtsova O, Konradi A, Kosmacheva E, Kozlova S, Kulibaba E, Kuzin A, Libov I, Lipchenko A, Lozhkina N, Malchikova S, Morozov E, Myslyaeva L, Onuchina E, Palatkina T, Panov A, Parmon E, Petelina T, Repin A, Reznik I, Sazonova E, Sergienko T, Shaposhnik I, Shapovalova Y, Shustov S, Shvarts Y, Skopets I, Skuratova M, Smolenskaya O, Solovev O, Trofimov V, Vasiliev M, Vezikova N, Vozzhaev A, Yakushin S, Zadionchenko V, Apostolovic S, Adjic NC, Ilic I, Ilic S, Nikolic L, Pupic L, Stokuca-Korac N, Antalik L, Bugan V, Csala L, Dokupilova A, Dzupina A, Forgon T, Fulop P, Gonsorcik J, Gyorgyova E, Holoubek D, Horvat P, Kamensky G, Kolikova V, Krupciakova B, Lenner E, Lennerova J, Lukac J, Majercak I, Mancikova I, Micko K, Nociar J, Pales J, Palka J Jr, Poliacik P, Ruffini L, Sabo L, Skubova K, Slanina M, Smik R, Srdos V, Stitova M, Stofkova D, Strbova J, Such S, Toth P, Urgeova L, Vinanska D, Zareczky P, Flezar M, Kovacic D, Marcun R, Zagozen P, Bolsmann C, Conradie C, Dawood SY, Decsi KL, Ebrahim I, Henley L, Horak A, Kapp I, Komati S, Lock E, Maboyi S, Makotoko E, Manga P, Page A, Ramdas S, Ranjith N, Roos J, Talliard C, Ajax K, Al-Khalili F, Assarsson E, Bergholtz T, Blom KB, Boman K, Boström PÅ, Curiac D, Jensen ED, Dahlen G, Davidsson K, Duckert A, Hansson A, Härstedt N, Henriksson A, Olsson GH, Johansson K, Jonsson JE, Knutsson A, Lindholm CJ, Lönnberg I, Lundqvist M, Mellberg L, Moodh J, Mooe T, Olofsson M, Risenfors M, Rönndahl M, Sundelin R, Suorra I, Torgersruud M, Torstensson I, Chang KC, Chen CP, Chen ZC, Chen MH, Cheng SM, Cheng JJ, Fang CY, Ho CJ, Hsieh IC, Huang PH, Huang A, Kuo JY, Lai WT, Lee SC, Li YH, Lin T, Liu HM, Tsai MC, Tsao HM, Tzong L, Ueng KC, Wang YL, Wang HC, Wang CP, Yang CC, Abaci F, Birdane A, Yilmaz MB, Asim Oktay AO, Kan G, Koldas N, Ozcan IT, Sahin M, Sahin T, Saka B, Tekten T, Ucar N, Uresin S, Yigit Z, Arif I, Bakhai A, Baksi A, Blagdon M, Brickman T, Brown N, Burton M, Burton J, Chaggar S, Chung A, Collier D, Covell W, Crawford G, Davies N, Davies M, Dayer M, Doughty A, Duff J, Dwenger E, Fisher J, Fitzpatrick L, Garner K, Glover J, Haughton G, Ilsley M, Ivan P, Voyzey EJ, Keenan S, Kelt T, Knight J, Kondagunta V, Lang C, Lee K, Lim L, Macdonald J, Mathew A, Mckenzie A, Mckibbin A, Michalska A, Pagett K, Pogson A, Price R, Price D, Procter K, Pye M, Redfearn H, Rewbury J, Ryding A, Sattar N, Sharp A, Shaw P, Simpson H, Smith W, Squire I, Storey R, Teenan M, Thomas H, Townend J, Trevelyan J, Wakeling J, Walukiewicz P, Wilkinson S, Zaman A, Acevedo L, Benton J, Abbate A, Aboufakher R, Acampora M, Acampora D, Aceto L, Acevedo B, Acheatel R, Adams M, Adams A, Ahmad I, Ahmed SH, Aish B, Akyea-Djamson A, Al Joundi T, Alcide P, Alfieri A, Alfonso T, Alfrey A, Allen J, Alllison DC, Almaliky T, Amos A, Angiolillo D, Antolick A, Ara M, Aragorn L, Arevalo S, Armas E, Arthur A, Asafu-Adjaye N, Ashcom T, Ashford M, Aslam A, Ather N, Atieh M, Aull L, Ayala M, Azizad M, Backer T, Baehl S, Bailey S, Bair S, Baker C, Ballmajo M, Pieretti HB, Baquero A, Barnett S, Baron S, Bartkowiak A, Bashir K, Beall K, Beauregard LA, Sarah S, Beckett L, Belejchak P, Bendelow T, Bender D, Benjamin S, Berdoff R, 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Ebeling K, Eder F, Edgerton L, Edillo C, Edwards J, Edwards T, Einhorn D, El Hafi S, Ellis M, Erickson B, Ervin W, Eskridge L, Fail P, Falcon D, Fang C, Fattal P, Fawson A, Felix L, Ferdinand K, Fien E, Fintel D, Firek C, Fitz-Patrick D, Flores E, Flores H, Floro T, Forker A, Foster M, Foucauld J, Lehman KF, Fox B, Francoeur L, Frandsen B, Frivold G, Fruchter G, Fullerton D, Gabriel J, Gacioch G, Garas S, Garcia N, Garcia Rinaldi R, Garcia-Fragoso V, Garcia-Portela M, Gelb R, George F, Ghali J, Gilbert J, Gilley J, Glancy R, Goff R, Goldberg N, Gonzales D, Gonzales V, Gonzalez E, Gorges R, Gould R, Grabeau R, Grable M, Graham JA, Graif J, Green E, Greener R, Greenway F, Grieshaber V, Griffin S, Gros C, Gudipati RVC, Guillinta P, Gupta V, Gutmann J, Gwyn M, El Hachem M, Hage F, Hageman T, Haidar A, Hakas J, Haldis T, Hall L, Hall C, Hall S, Halpern S, Hamud-Socoro A, Hardee L, Harrell W, Harrington A, Hartwell J, Hasan F, Hattler B, Haught H, Haynes E, Haywood A, Heaney L, Hecht J, 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Lee J, Lee HN, Lee JH, Lee KR, Moon K, Park B, Park C, Tahk S, Yim KH, Yim S, Tase T, Andor M, Aron G, Badea C, Casoinic F, Clocotan M, Coman S, Emil B, Imre BS, Istratoaie O, Liviu C, Maximov D, Militaru C, Minescu B, Istvan KP, Parepa I, Petrescu L, Podoleanu C, Pop CF, Popa V, Popescu E, Radoi M, Sarbu I, Socoteanu E, Socoteanu G, Sorodoc L, Spiridon M, Stanciulescu G, Stefanescu M, Tanaseanu C, Tudoran M, Zdrenghea D, Agafina A, Akatova E, Avdonina N, Balukova E, Barbarash OL, Bartosh L, Boyarkin M, Bulashova O, Burova N, Churina S, Demidova M, Dorogova I, Dovgalevskiy Y, Dovgolis S, Dudarev M, Fitilev S, Gapon L, Gazizianova V, Gordeev I, Ivanov I, Izmozherova N, Kazanskay E, Khirmanov V, Khromtsova O, Konradi A, Kosmacheva E, Kozlova S, Kulibaba E, Kuzin A, Libov I, Lipchenko A, Lozhkina N, Malchikova S, Morozov E, Myslyaeva L, Onuchina E, Palatkina T, Panov A, Parmon E, Petelina T, Repin A, Reznik I, Sazonova E, Sergienko T, Shaposhnik I, Shapovalova Y, Shustov S, Shvarts Y, Skopets I, Skuratova M, Smolenskaya O, Solovev O, Trofimov V, Vasiliev M, Vezikova N, Vozzhaev A, Yakushin S, Zadionchenko V, Apostolovic S, Adjic NC, Ilic I, Ilic S, Nikolic L, Pupic L, Stokuca-Korac N, Antalik L, Bugan V, Csala L, Dokupilova A, Dzupina A, Forgon T, Fulop P, Gonsorcik J, Gyorgyova E, Holoubek D, Horvat P, Kamensky G, Kolikova V, Krupciakova B, Lenner E, Lennerova J, Lukac J, Majercak I, Mancikova I, Micko K, Nociar J, Pales J, Palka J Jr, Poliacik P, Ruffini L, Sabo L, Skubova K, Slanina M, Smik R, Srdos V, Stitova M, Stofkova D, Strbova J, Such S, Toth P, Urgeova L, Vinanska D, Zareczky P, Flezar M, Kovacic D, Marcun R, Zagozen P, Bolsmann C, Commerford P, Conradie C, Dawood SY, Decsi KL, Ebrahim I, Henley L, Horak A, Kapp I, Komati S, Lock E, Maboyi S, Makotoko E, Manga P, Page A, Ramdas S, Ranjith N, Roos J, Talliard C, Ajax K, Al-Khalili F, Assarsson E, Bergholtz T, Blom KB, Boman K, Boström PÅ, Curiac D, Jensen ED, Dahlen G, Davidsson K, Duckert A, Hansson A, Härstedt N, Henriksson A, Olsson GH, Johansson K, Jonsson JE, Knutsson A, Lindholm CJ, Liu B, Lönnberg I, Lundqvist M, Mellberg L, Moodh J, Mooe T, Olofsson M, Risenfors M, Rönndahl M, Sundelin R, Suorra I, Torgersruud M, Torstensson I, Chang KC, Chen CP, Chen ZC, Chen MH, Cheng SM, Cheng JJ, Fang CY, Ho CJ, Hsieh IC, Huang PH, Huang A, Hwang JJ, Kuo JY, Lai WT, Lee SC, Li YH, Lin T, Liu HM, Tsai MC, Tsao HM, Tzong L, Ueng KC, Wang YL, Wang HC, Wang CP, Yang CC, Abaci F, Birdane A, Yilmaz MB, Asim Oktay AO, Kan G, Koldas N, Ozcan IT, Sahin M, Sahin T, Saka B, Tekten T, Ucar N, Uresin S, Yigit Z, Arif I, Bakhai A, Baksi A, Blagdon M, Brickman T, Brown N, Burton M, Burton J, Chaggar S, Chung A, Collier D, Covell W, Crawford G, Davies N, Davies M, Dayer M, Doughty A, Duff J, Dwenger E, Fisher J, Fitzpatrick L, Garner K, Glover J, Haughton G, Ilsley M, Ivan P, Voyzey EJ, Keenan S, Kelt T, Knight J, Kondagunta V, Lang C, Lee K, Lim L, Macdonald J, Mathew A, Mckenzie A, Mckibbin A, Michalska A, Pagett K, Pogson A, Price R, Price D, Procter K, Pye M, Redfearn H, Rewbury J, Ryding A, Sattar N, Sharp A, Shaw P, Simpson H, Smith W, Squire I, Storey R, Teenan M, Thomas H, Townend J, Trevelyan J, Wakeling J, Walukiewicz P, Wilkinson S, Zaman A, Acevedo L, Benton J, Abbate A, Aboufakher R, Acampora M, Acampora D, Aceto L, Acevedo B, Acheatel R, Adams M, Adams A, Ahmad I, Ahmed SH, Aish B, Akyea-Djamson A, Al Joundi T, Alcide P, Alfieri A, Alfonso T, Alfrey A, Allen J, Alllison DC, Almaliky T, Amos A, Angiolillo D, Antolick A, Ara M, Aragorn L, Arevalo S, Armas E, Arthur A, Asafu-Adjaye N, Ashcom T, Ashford M, Aslam A, Ather N, Atieh M, Aull L, Ayala M, Azizad M, Backer T, Baehl S, Bailey S, Bair S, Baker C, Ballmajo M, Pieretti HB, Baquero A, Barnett S, Baron S, Bartkowiak A, Bashir K, Beall K, Beauregard LA, Sarah S, Beckett L, Belejchak P, Bendelow T, Bender D, Benjamin S, Berdoff R, Berger V, Bergeron P, Berk M, Bernstein M, Binns Y, Bitzer V, Blahey M, Bloch S, Bluemel J, Boffetti P, Boley K, Bonner J, Boudreaux R, Boulanger K, Bradley A, Bramlet D, Bredlau C, Briggs S, Brousalis L, Brown S, Brown C, Buchannan C, Burke W, Burley T, Burton C, Burtt D, Byars W, Caballero-Valiente B, Carr K, Halliwell TC, Castillo J, Cei L, Cerda L, Chambers J, Chamblee T, Chattin W, Chee L, Chen YC, Cherlin R, Cheung D, Chiodi L, Christensen L, Christenson S, Cislowski D, Clavier-Firmin C, Colfer H, Colvin T, Cosgrove N, Covert C, Cox B, Cox R, Craig W, Crandall L, Crepps K, Cromer M, Cruz H, Cruz H, Cruz M, Cucher F, Damron M, Dave K, Dave B, Davis M, Davis B, Dawkins-Hughes S, Dean J, Debnam S, Defosse C, Dehning M, Dela Llana A, Dellorso M, Denham D, Desalle D, Dettmer M, Dhawan M, Diago M, Dicken T, Diederich C, Diederich M, Diehl R, Digangi D, Diller P, Dimattia M, Dodds G, Doggett J, Donahue K, Doughty L, Dragutksy B, Dreese M, Dunhurst F, Dunn D, Dutka C, Earl J, Eaton C, Eaves W, Ebeling K, Eder F, Edgerton L, Edillo C, Edwards J, Edwards T, Einhorn D, El Hafi S, 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Hodnett P, Hoffman M, Hogan C, Holmes Z, Rees DH, Hotchkiss D, Huang P, Humbert J, Hutchens E, Iachini K, Ibarra M, Igbokidi O, Ilahi T, Imbrognio M, Ipp E, Iteld B, Jacques G, Jafri A, Jafry B, Jardula M, Jefferson D, Jenkins R, Johnson E, Johnson J, Jones S, Kawahara M, Kelehan S, Kelly R, Kendall T, Kereiakes D, Khan M, Khan S, Kick J, Kimmel M, King T, King A, Kirkland S, Kissel S, Kitchens D, Klein P, Klugherz B, Korban E, Koren M, Korte M, Kostis J, Kotek L, Kozak M, Kreutter F, Kusnick B, Labovitz R, Lail J, Lamance J, Lamas G, Lambert J, Lambert C, Landzberg J, Langdon J, Lavoie W, Ledger G, Lee T, Lee K, Lehman R, Leimbach W, Lennard M, Lepor N, Lester F, Levin P, Levinson L, Lewis D, Lillo J, Link L, Long C, Longaker R, Lorch G, Lucksinger G, Lynd S, Rhudy JM, Madder R, Magness K, Maheshwari A, Alan A, Malek M, Maletz L, Malhotra V, Malhotra S, Mandviwala M, Mani CK, Manuel J, Marchelletta N, Marshall L, Marsters M, Martin L, Martinez E, Mavromatis K, Maynard R, Mays M, Mays B, Mbulaiteye A, Mcalister R, Mccoy C, Mccrary D Jr, Mccullough-O'Brien H, Mcdonald M, Mcgill J, Mcgrew F, Mckenzie C, Mclaurin B, Mclellan BA, Mcneil D, Mcneill R, Mehrle A, Melbie K, Melliza T, Messina T, Meyer R, Michel K, Mikdadi G, Miller C, Miller R, Miller A, Miller G, Miller W, Mitchell J, Moats DJR, Mody F, Moffat J, Molk B, Molter D, Monroe T, Montero H, Montgomery R, Mookherjee D, Moran J, Moriarty P, Morrison J, Morton D, Moshayedi P, Mosley J, Moustafa M, Munshi K, Murray A, Mustafa J, Nadar V, Naidu R, Nalley J, Navy S, Neil L, Neutel JM, Niblack P, Nicely V, Nicolai M, Nijmeh G, Nikas A, Nikyar A, Nixon S, Norman L, Noto G, Nour K, Nugent A, Ocman B, Odegard A, Olsen S, Ortiz-Carrasquillo R, Ossino N, Paez H, Palchick B, Paliwal Y, Pannell R, Parfait V, Partridge J, Patel B, Patel R, Patel M, Patel S, Paysor C, Pena A, Pereira S, Perez M, Perez A, Perkins H, Perry B, Peters P, Phillippi C, Phillips A, Phillips A, Piacente R, Pintado M, Pish R, Pitt W, Poling T, Pomposini D, Poock J, Potts J, Poudrier R, Prior J, Pritchard C, Purighalla R, Quddusi K, Quinones J, Quinton D, Radin M, Radojcsics B, Rajput B, Rama B, Ramos M, Rauch R, Raynes K, Reber AM, Reddy J, Reeves M, Reilly K, Renaud K, Resnick H, Reyes R, Richardson M, Riethof M, Riser J, Rodero M, Rodriguez Araya E, Roper L, Rozeman P, Ruder D, Runquist L, Sack G, Saint-Jacques H, Salfity M, Sall N, Sam K, Samal A, Sanchez D, Santiago J Jr, Savignano C, Saylor R, Scheffel M, Schifferdecker B, Schindler E, Schneider P, Schneider R, Schnitzler R, Schrager B, Schwartz A, Scott R, Seals A, Shah AV, Shah A, Shatsky K, Shayani S, Shealy N, Sheets L, Shelley J, Shepard P, Shetty S, Silver K, Simon M, Singh K, Singh N, Sizemore BC, Skatrud L, Slayton C, Slimak V, Sloane G, Smallwood B, Smith P, Smith M, Smith T, Smith G, Smith B, Smith W, Smith M, Smith J, Smith J, Soca Y, Sofley C, Sopko K, Sosa-Padilla M, Sotolongo R, Sprinkle B, Srivastava S, Starzec M, Steinhoff J, Stelly L, Stinson J, Stoddard M, Stoltz S, Stone B, Stover T, Strain J, Strugatsky S, Stys T, Suleman A, Sullivan P, Tamez W, Tandon N, Teltser M, Terry PS, Terry K, Tessmar C, Thekkoott D, Thomas D, Thomas DM, Thompson E, Thompson J, Thornton A, Tjaden T, Tobias C, Topper J, Tran A, Treasure C, Trenkamp P, Trevino M, Tsou L, Tuholske C, Uy W, Vahtel M, Vaid B, Valenzuela M, Vance A, Vandam J, Vanhecke T, Vanness WC III, Vargas R, Vaz S, Vazquez Tanus J, Veerina K, Vega J, Vento A, Vijay N, Voelker F, Vogt E, Vold D, Vora K, Wade RD, Wadell C, Waksman R, Walker K, Walker K, Wallace K, Warren M, Washam M, Watson B, Webel R, Wells T, West M, Whitaker J, White J, White C, White A, White A, Wilhoit G, Wilkins M, Willingham K, Wilson S, Wilson V, Wise J, Woodall S, Woods A, Wright J, Wu J, Xu ZJ, Yarows S, Young A, Younis L, Zarate J, Zebrack J, Zhang W, Zieve F, Zineldine A, Ridker, P. M., Everett, B. M., Thuren, T., Macfadyen, J. G., Chang, W. H., Ballantyne, C., FONSECA E PIRES, CARLOS EDUARDO, Nicolau, J., Koenig, W., Anker, S. D., Kastelein, J. J. P., Cornel, J. H., Pais, P., Pella, D., Genest, J., Cifkova, R., Lorenzatti, A., Forster, T., Kobalava, Z., Vida-Simiti, L., Flather, M., Shimokawa, H., Ogawa, H., Dellborg, M., Rossi, P. R. F., Troquay, R. P. T., Libby, P., Glynn R., J, CANTOS Trial, Group, Perrone, Filardi, P, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vascular Medicine, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, and ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, c-reactive protein, Randomized controlled trial, law, Cardiovascular Disease, middle aged, double-blind method, antibodies, Myocardial infarction, humans, Stroke, interleukin-1beta, biology, Antibodies, Monoclonal, drug, General Medicine, Lipid, Aged, anti-inflammatory agents, monoclonal, humanized, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, dose-response relationship, female, incidence, infections, lipids, male, myocardial infarction, neutropenia, secondary prevention, stroke, Anti-Inflammatory Agent, aged, Editorial, Atherosclerosi, Monoclonal, Human, medicine.drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Neutropenia, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Infections, Placebo, antibodies, monoclonal, dose-response relationship, drug, infection, medicine (all), 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Antiinflammatory Therapy, Canakinumab, for Atherosclerotic Disease, C-reactive protein, medicine.disease, Surgery, Canakinumab, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, business
Abstract

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.)

Published
2017

6. Phylogeny of Host Response Proteins Activated in Silkworm Bombyx mori in Response to Infestation by Dipteran Endoparasitoid Revealed Functional Divergence and Temporal Molecular Adaptive Evolution

Author

Awasthi Ak, Anitha J, Pooja M, Trivedy K, Geetha Nm, Pradeep Ar, and Ponnuvel Km

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Genetics, Multiple sequence alignment, Phylogenetic tree, Lineage (evolution), fungi, Proteolytic enzymes, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Amino acid, chemistry, Phylogenetics, Bombyx mori, Functional divergence
Abstract

Heterogeneous group of 19 host – response proteins were activated in commercially important silkworm, Bombyx mori after infestation by dipteran parasitoid, Exorista bombycis. The proteins include components of Toll and melanisation pathways, autophagy and apoptosis regulators, chaperones, cytokines and proteolytic enzymes. We elucidated phylogenetic relation within each host – response proteins belong to different insect orders. Multiple sequence alignment with most similar sequences showed large proportion of amino acid conservation in stress proteins, melanisation components, cactus, chitinase and autophagy 5 – like whereas signal proteins and cytokines showed ~30 % amino acid conservation. Phylogenetic analysis of the proteins revealed divergence which is an adaptive mechanism to provide immunity against parasitic attacks. In order to analyze phylogenetic position of the host – response proteins, amino acid sequences of all the proteins from B. mori and similar sequences from representative insects were aligned and constructed a phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood method using MEGA 5.05 program. Bootstrap values for Tree building method were obtained from 1000 replicates. The phylogenetic tree revealed three clusters. On the phylogenetic tree, cluster A showed early divergence of caspase and later divergence of BmToll whereas cluster B showed early divergence of prophenol oxidase activating enzyme (PPAE) through an independent lineage. PPAE expression showed pleiotropic correlation with different genes indicating initiation of diverse immune processes by PPAE at different time points in the evolutionary tree. NF κB transcription factors, dorsal and relish were diverged from common ancestor with high bootstrap value (83%) however showed 58% amino acid similarity. Relish showed long insertions revealing amino acid variations from dorsal. Cluster C illustrated divergence of autophagy 5- like, apoptosis - inducing factor and prophenol oxidase in temporal fashion to protect cells initially or to induce programmed cell death at later stages of parasitism.

Published
2015

13. A theoretical model for diffusion through stenosis.

Author

Awasthi AK, Kaur H, Tripathi RK, Khademi M, and Emadifar H

Abstract

Stenosis is caused by an abnormal growth in the artery's lumen. This undesirable growth can change the hemodynamic characteristics of the blood flow which could be injurious to normal health. Theoretical results obtained for specific geometrics are given for the velocity distribution, pressure, wall shearing stress, and other different phenomena. Flow resistance has been shown that the wall shear decreases with decreasing peripheral layer viscosity, but these properties increase with increasing stenosis size. A two-fluid blood model with a core of micro-polar fluid and a periphery of Newtonian blood has been researched in the presence of moderate stenosis. In terms of modified Bessels functions of zero and first order, analytical equations for flow resistance, wall shear stress, and diffusion via stenosis have been found. Therefore, understanding and preventing arterial illnesses need a thorough grasp of the specific flow characteristics of a channel with restriction. The results for wall shearing stress resistance to flow and concentration profiles have been obtained and discussed with the help of graphically., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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17. Minimizing hazardous impact of food waste in a circular economy - Advances in resource recovery through green strategies.

Author

Usmani Z, Sharma M, Awasthi AK, Sharma GD, Cysneiros D, Nayak SC, Thakur VK, Naidu R, Pandey A, and Gupta VK

Subjects
Anaerobiosis, Biofuels, Bioreactors, Food, Hydrogen, Methane, Composting, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management
Abstract

Recent trends in food waste and its management have increasingly started to focus on treating it as a reusable resource. The hazardous impact of food waste such as the release of greenhouse gases, deterioration of water quality and contamination of land areas are a major threat posed by food waste. Under the circular economy principles, food waste can be used as a sustainable supply of high-value energy, fuel, and nutrients through green techniques such as anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, composting, enzymatic treatment, ultrasonic, hydrothermal carbonization. Recent advances made in anaerobic co-digestion are helping in tackling dual or even multiple waste streams at once with better product yields. Integrated approaches that employ pre-processing the food waste to remove obstacles such as volatile fractions, oils and other inhibitory components from the feedstock to enhance their bioconversion to reduce sugars. Research efforts are also progressing in optimizing the operational parameters such as temperature, pressure, pH and residence time to enhance further the output of products such as methane, hydrogen and other platform chemicals such as lactic acid, succinic acid and formic acid. This review brings together some of the recent progress made in the green strategies towards food waste valorization., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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18. Polydopamine and dopamine interfere with tetrazolium-based cytotoxicity assays and produce exaggerated cytocompatibility inferences.

Author

Awasthi AK, Gupta S, Namdev KR, Banerjee A, and Srivastava A

Subjects
Cell Survival, Indoles toxicity, Tetrazolium Salts, Dopamine, Polymers toxicity
Abstract

Tetrazolium-based assays such as the MTT assay have been commonly employed in evaluating biocompatibility. Here, we show that PDA (or its precursor dopamine (DA)) spontaneously reduces MTT and produces exaggerated cytocompatibility inferences. The extent of interference depends on the method of DA polymerization. We observed that the trypan blue exclusion assay allowed more accurate determination of cell viability in the presence of DA- and PDA-based nanomaterials.

Published
2021
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19. Tuberculosis management in India during COVID-19 crisis.

Author

Awasthi AK and Singh PK

Subjects
Humans, India epidemiology, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 epidemiology, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis therapy
Abstract

During the early months of the 2020 COVID-19 crisis, critical services in India for tuberculosis (TB) have been disrupted. India has one of the highest burdens of TB and requires continuity of critical TB care. Here, we highlight important points and approaches that can be used to guide navigation of the combined COVID-19 and TB crisis in India.

Published
2021
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20. Bioprocessing of waste biomass for sustainable product development and minimizing environmental impact.

Author

Usmani Z, Sharma M, Awasthi AK, Sivakumar N, Lukk T, Pecoraro L, Thakur VK, Roberts D, Newbold J, and Gupta VK

Subjects
Biomass, Biofuels
Abstract

Growing concerns around the generation of biomass waste have triggered conversation around sustainable utilization of these seemingly waste materials as feedstock towards energy generation and production of chemicals and other value-added products. Thus, biotechniques such as utilization of microbes and enzymes derived thereof have become important avenues for green pretreatment and conversion of biomass wastes. Although the products of these bioconversions are greener at an overall level, their consumption and utilization still impact the environment. Hence it is important to understand the overall impact from cradle to grave through lifecycle assessment (LCA) techniques and find avenues of process optimization and better utilization of all the materials and products involved. Another factor to consider is overall cost optimization to make the process economically feasible, profitable and increase industrial adoption. This review brings forward these critical aspects to provide better understanding for the advancement of bioeconomy., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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21. Single-use plastics: Production, usage, disposal, and adverse impacts.

Author

Chen Y, Awasthi AK, Wei F, Tan Q, and Li J

Abstract

Single-use plastics (SUPs), invented for the modern "throwaway society," are intended to be used only once. They are being increasingly produced and used globally, most notably as packaging or consumables, such as SUP shopping bags or disposable tableware. We discuss how most SUPs are landfilled or incinerated, which causes pollution, consumes valuable land, and squanders limited natural resources. Only relatively small amounts are currently recycled, a hindrance to the concept of a circular economy. Moreover, SUP litter aggregation in the natural environment is a major concern. This article briefly reviews SUP contamination in various environmental media including soil, rivers, lakes and oceans around the world. In the face of mounting evidence regarding the threat posed to plant growth, soil invertebrates and other land animals, (sea) birds, and marine ecosystems, there is a growing push to minimize SUPs. Regulatory tools and voluntary actions to reduce SUP usage have been put forward, with some suggestions for minimizing SUP waste., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We would like to confirm through this file that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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22. Biotechnological Potential for Microplastic Waste.

Author

Awasthi AK, Tan Q, and Li J

Subjects
Biotechnology trends, Microplastics, Waste Management methods, Waste Products analysis
Abstract

Plastic has become a critical material in the modern world due to its low cost and easy production. However, inadequate management and open disposal make plastic a major obstacle to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This article emphasizes the role of biotechnology in addressing the issue of microplastic waste., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2020
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24. Fixed-dose combination of three drugs, i.e. LABA/LAMA/ICS for COPD: Results of a real-world study from India.

Author

Salvi S, Deb AK, Agarwal M, Tummuru VR, Kodgule R, Hemalatha VS, Awasthi AK, Suraj KP, Pavitran VK, Mourya SP, Thomas P, Vaidya A, Chhowala S, and Gogtay J

Subjects
Aged, Bronchodilator Agents therapeutic use, Drug Combinations, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume drug effects, Formoterol Fumarate therapeutic use, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive drug therapy, Quality of Life
Abstract

Background: The use of triple therapy with inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonist and long-acting antimuscarinics has been shown to be beneficial in COPD patients who continue to have symptoms and exacerbations, despite receiving dual bronchodilator combinations. This study assessed the real-world effectiveness and safety of once-daily, fixed-dose combination of Tiotropium/Formoterol/Ciclesonide (TFC) (18 mcg/12 mcg/400 mcg) via dry powder inhaler (DPI) or metered dose inhaler (MDI) in patients with COPD., Patients and Methods: In this 24-week, open-label, prospective, non-comparative, multicentre, real-world study, COPD patients requiring triple therapy as judged by their physician, were enrolled. The primary endpoint was mean change from baseline in pre-dose Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) at week 24. Pre and post-dose (30 min) FEV 1 , Forced Vital capacity (FVC), COPD Assessment Test (CAT), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) score and safety were also evaluated. A post-hoc analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the triple drug combination among smoker and non-smoker COPD patients., Results: Out of the 297 patients enrolled [mean age 61 ± 10 years; 84.8% males; 55.2% smokers and post-dose FEV 1 (% predicted) 39 ± 16%], 253 completed the study. Mean change in pre-dose FEV 1 from baseline to week 24 increased significantly after administering the triple drug combination [580 ± 600 mL, 95% CI (510, 650 mL), p < 0.0001]. The increase in the pre-dose FEV 1 was significant at all time points (p < 0.0001). Similar improvements were seen in pre-dose FVC, post-dose FEV 1 and post-dose FVC across all time points. CAT scores and the proportion of patients with improved mMRC score improved at all visits. The post-hoc analysis showed that TFC significantly increased pre-dose FEV 1 both among smokers [mean change 200 ± 430 mL, 95% CI (130, 270 mL), p < 0.0001] as well as non-smokers [990 ± 470 mL, 95% CI (900, 1070 mL), p < 0.0001] at week 24. This difference was significant from week 12 onwards. Mean change in pre and post-dose FEV 1 and FVC was significant across all visits between the two groups. At week 24, CAT score reduced significantly from baseline (overall: -6.6 ± 6.07; smokers: -5.17 + 6.96; non-smokers: 8.06 ± 4.44; all p < 0.0001). The mean difference between the two groups was 2.88 (p < 0.0001) at week 24. TFC was well tolerated., Conclusion: In this real world, multicentre study in India, TFC significantly improved lung function, symptoms and quality of life among all patients with COPD, but the effect was more pronounced among non-smoker COPD patients., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2020
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25. Polydopamine-on-liposomes: stable nanoformulations, uniform coatings and superior antifouling performance.

Author

Awasthi AK, Gupta S, Thakur J, Gupta S, Pal S, Bajaj A, and Srivastava A

Subjects
Animals, Liposomes, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Biofouling prevention & control, Catheters microbiology, Gram-Negative Bacteria growth & development, Gram-Positive Bacteria growth & development, Indoles chemistry, Indoles pharmacology, Polymers chemistry, Polymers pharmacology
Abstract

Polydopamine (PDA), a mussel-inspired synthetic polymer, affords biocompatible and antifouling coatings on a variety of surfaces. However, the traditional protocol of preparing PDA by polymerizing dopamine (DA) under basic conditions yields physically-unstable and non-uniform coatings that are prone to delamination and exhibit compromised antifouling performance in vivo. Here, we show that the high local pH in the vicinity of vesicular self-assemblies formed by a series of acetal-based cationic amphiphiles can be exploited to conveniently polymerise DA under physiological conditions in a gradual manner without requiring any external oxidant. Two of the four PDA-liposome nanoformulations viz. PDA-L1 and PDA-L2 turned out to be highly stable physically and resisted precipitation for more than a month while the other two formulations (PDA-L3 and PDA-L4) were less stable and formed visible precipitates with time. Further, the PDA-liposome formulations had significantly improved haemocompatibility compared to that of pristine liposomes. PDA-L1 formed highly uniform, nanostructured coatings on implants like catheter, cotton and bandages that did not delaminate even after a week of continuous incubation in simulated body fluid, or on exposure to pH change and presence of proteolytic enzymes. The PDA-L1 coated catheter implants resisted biofouling by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and also had superior in vivo performance in mice vis-à-vis the implants coated with traditional base-polymerised PDA formulation (BP-PDA). Thus, these novel liposomal PDA nanoformulations significantly improve the practical utility of PDA-based coatings for antimicrobial applications.

Published
2020
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26. Chirally Twisted Ultrathin Polydopamine Nanoribbons: Synthesis and Spontaneous Assembly of Silver Nanoparticles on Them.

Author

Awasthi AK, Bhagat SD, Ramakrishnan R, and Srivastava A

Abstract

Polydopamine (PDA) is a synthetic polymeric material with immense potential in biomedical and surface functionalization applications. Herein, we have screened self-assemblies formed by Phenylalanine-based amphiphiles (Phe-AMPs) as soft templates for preparing chiral PDA nanostructures. Our study revealed that the amphiphile 2 endowed with a primary amine residue afforded chirally-twisted ultrathin nanoribbons of PDA under optimized conditions. The chirality at the Phe residue of 2 modulated the twist-chirality of the PDA nanoribbons; the l-2 resulted in nanoribbons with right-handed twist, whereas the d-2 induced a left-handed twist to the ribbons. The racemic mixture of these two amphiphiles produced flat, achiral tapes. The PDA ribbon thickness was ≈5.86±0.40 nm, whereas its width and length were ≈133.5±3.2 nm and >5000 nm, respectively. Upon dialysis, hollow PDA nanotubes were obtained due to curling of the PDA nanoribbons. These PDA-nanoarchitectures were employed to spontaneously form and assemble Ag-nanoparticles along the edges of the PDA nanoribbons. In this work we are reporting chirality controlled synthesis of PDA nanostructures for the first time., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Published
2019
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27. Sustainable Bioprospecting of Electronic Waste.

Author

Awasthi AK and Li J

Subjects
Biotechnology trends, Humans, Biotechnology methods, Electronic Waste, Environmental Pollutants isolation & purification, Environmental Pollutants metabolism, Metals isolation & purification, Metals metabolism, Waste Management methods
Abstract

Global electronic waste management is emerging as a critical issue, especially in developing countries. Collective societal effort and scientific innovation are required along with interdisciplinary approaches to the development of sustainable technologies for recycling precious metals. Bioprospecting of electronic waste is a promising approach to provide economic, environmental, and public health benefits., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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28. Mechano-microbial systems: An ecofriendly approach for copper bioleaching from waste printed circuit board.

Author

Awasthi AK and Li J

Subjects
Recycling, Copper, Electronic Waste
Abstract

Waste printed circuit board (PCB) is attracting serious concerns because the recycling of its valuable metallic portion is made difficult by the existence of hazardous substances. The objective of the present study was to develop a simplified approach for copper bioleaching from waste PCB. In this context, we intended mechano-microbial systems symbolized as SET-I (spore suspension + potato dextrose broth medium + waste PCB powder), SET-II (pre-cultured until the logarithmic phase, without waste PCB powder), and SET-III (fungal metabolites produced at stationary phase). The results of bioleaching studies showed that the developed method achieved the highest copper leaching of 85% by the SET-III approach. This study provides an insight for bioleaching copper from waste PCB. Furthermore, this approach can be established as an ecofriendly method for copper bioleaching by using an integrated system.

Published
2019
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29. Prospects to the formation and control of potential dimer impurity E of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate.

Author

Awasthi AK, Kumar L, Tripathi P, Golla M, Reddy CS, and Kumar P

Abstract

Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole derivative, is an irreversible proton pump inhibitor which is primarily used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The monographs of European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) specify six impurities, viz. ; impurities A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively for its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The identification and synthesis of all impurities except impurity E are well described in the literature; however, there is no report related to impurity E. The prospects to the formation and controlling of impurity E up to ≤0.03% in the synthesis of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PAN) were discussed in detail for the first time. The present work described the journey towards the successful development of an optimal preparation procedure of dimer impurity E. The most plausible mechanism involved in the formation of impurity E has been proposed.

Published
2019
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30. Emerging biomedical applications of polyaspartic acid-derived biodegradable polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complexes.

Author

Yavvari PS, Awasthi AK, Sharma A, Bajaj A, and Srivastava A

Subjects
Animals, Biocompatible Materials chemical synthesis, Biocompatible Materials chemistry, Biodegradable Plastics chemical synthesis, Biodegradable Plastics chemistry, Biofouling prevention & control, Humans, Peptides chemical synthesis, Peptides chemistry, Polyelectrolytes chemical synthesis, Polyelectrolytes chemistry, Tissue Scaffolds chemistry, Biocompatible Materials pharmacology, Biodegradable Plastics pharmacology, Peptides pharmacology, Polyelectrolytes pharmacology
Abstract

Polyelectrolytes (PELs) - polymers with charged repeat units - have emerged as a useful class of polymers for biomedical applications due to their high aqueous solubility, low aggregation propensity and the opportunity they afford for polyvalent interactions with surfaces. Biodegradability and biocompatibility of PELs are important prerequisites for their utilization in in vivo applications. PELs that can be chemically functionalized with ease prove advantageous for creating diverse biomaterials. Polyaspartic acid (PASA) is a modular and biocompatible synthetic PEL that has all these features. It also shows many positive biomedical attributes such as bone-tissue targeting, muco-adhesive behavior and extended blood circulation time. Cationic PELs derived from PASA are rapidly internalized by mammalian and bacterial cells, and hence have immense utility in therapeutic delivery applications. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) and multilayers (PEMs) formed from PASA PELs have further expanded their biomedical utility. This mini-review highlights some recent literature examples of unique biomedical applications of PELs, PECs and PEMs prepared through the molecular engineering of PASA. It discusses biomineralization modulators, anti-mycobacterial agents, underwater adhesives, mucoadhesive drug and gene delivery agents, and cell encapsulants fabricated using PASA derived PELs.

Published
2019
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31. A nanogel based oral gene delivery system targeting SUMOylation machinery to combat gut inflammation.

Author

Yavvari PS, Verma P, Mustfa SA, Pal S, Kumar S, Awasthi AK, Ahuja V, Srikanth CV, Srivastava A, and Bajaj A

Subjects
Administration, Oral, Animals, Cations chemistry, Cell Line, Tumor, Colitis pathology, Colitis physiopathology, Colon metabolism, Colon pathology, Colon physiopathology, Disease Models, Animal, Endocytosis, Gene Expression, Genetic Therapy instrumentation, Humans, Inflammation, Mice, Nanogels, Peptides chemistry, Plasmids administration & dosage, Plasmids chemistry, Plasmids genetics, Polyethylene Glycols chemistry, Polyethylene Glycols metabolism, Polyethyleneimine chemistry, Polyethyleneimine metabolism, Polymers chemistry, Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT genetics, Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT metabolism, Colitis therapy, Gene Transfer Techniques instrumentation, Genetic Therapy methods, Polyethylene Glycols administration & dosage, Polyethyleneimine administration & dosage, Sumoylation
Abstract

Poor success rates and challenges associated with the current therapeutic strategies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have accelerated the emergence of gene therapy as an alternative treatment option with great promise. However, oral delivery of nucleic acids (NAs) to an inflamed colon is challenged by multiple barriers presented by the gastrointestinal, extracellular and intracellular compartments. Therefore, we screened a series of polyaspartic acid-derived amphiphilic cationic polymers with varied hydrophobicity for their ability to deliver NAs into mammalian cells. Using the most effective TAC6 polymer, we then engineered biocompatible and stable nanogels composed of polyplexes (TAC6, NA) and an anionic polymer, sodium polyaspartate, that were able to deliver the NAs across mammalian cells using caveolae-mediated cellular uptake. We then utilized these nanogels for oral delivery of PIAS1 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT1), a SUMO 3 ligase, encoding plasmid DNA since PIAS1 is a key nodal therapeutic target for IBD due to its ability to control NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. We show that plasmid delivery using TAC6-derived nanogels diminished gut inflammation in a murine colitis model. Therefore, our study presents engineering of orally deliverable nanogels that can target SUMOylation machinery to combat gut inflammation with very high efficacy.

Published
2019
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32. Environmental pollution and human body burden from improper recycling of e-waste in China: A short-review.

Author

Awasthi AK, Wang M, Awasthi MK, Wang Z, and Li J

Subjects
China, Environmental Pollution statistics & numerical data, Humans, Metals, Heavy analysis, Metals, Heavy metabolism, Recycling, Body Burden, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure statistics & numerical data, Environmental Pollution analysis, Waste Management methods
Abstract

Brief Background: E-waste generation has become a serious environmental challenge worldwide. The global quantity of e-waste was estimated 44.7 million metric tons (Mt) in 2016. The improper recycling of e-waste is still a challenging issue in developing countries., Objective: The objectives of this a review article to present comprehensive information of recent studied on environment pollution and effect on human health in China., Method: The search engines consulted, period of publications reviewed 2015-2018. For search study, we used different key words: 'improper recycling', 'primitive recycling,' 'backyard recycling,' 'e-waste,' 'WEEE', and the studies related to improper recycling of e-waste., Results: According to reports, the e-waste recycled by unorganized sectors in China. These unorganized sector workers daily go for work, such as e-waste collection from consumer house and manual dismantling of e-waste by using simple method, at unauthorized workshop. These backyard workshop are reported in small clusters in or around city e.g., Qingyuan village; Taizhou, Longtang Town, Guiyu, nearby Nanyang River and Beigang River in China., Discussion: The earlier reported studies directed the heavy metals effect (causing effects both acute and chronic effects; respiratory irritation, reproductive problem, cardiovascular and urinary infection/disease) on human health. According the reports, the improper recycling of e-waste which need to be address for the environment protection and prevention of public health risk. However, if e-waste exposure is not avoided very well, the associated contamination will be continuing, and simultaneously needful to increase the awareness for proper e-waste management in China., Conclusions: In order to solve the e-waste problem in China, more detail research is needed. Furthermore, for environment protection and health safety, the proper e-waste dismantling techniques, environmentally sound management, and the regular monitoring are very important., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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33. E-waste management in India: A mini-review.

Author

Awasthi AK, Wang M, Wang Z, Awasthi MK, and Li J

Subjects
India, Recycling, Electronic Waste, Waste Management
Abstract

Environmental deterioration and health risk due to improper e-waste management has become a serious issue in India. The major portion of e-waste reaches an unorganized e-waste recycling sector and is then treated by using crude methods. This review article presents a brief highlight on e-waste management status, legislation, and technology uses in India. The present e-waste management needs to be more focused on environmentally sound management, by more active support from all the participants involved in the e-waste flow chain in India.

Published
2018
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34. Assessing resident awareness on e-waste management in Bangalore, India: a preliminary case study.

Author

Awasthi AK and Li J

Subjects
Adult, Awareness, Cities, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Public Health statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Electronic Waste analysis, Recycling, Waste Management
Abstract

The generation of e-waste has increased significantly in India, and the informal recycling of e-waste has adverse effects on environment and public health. In this article, the E-waste management is evaluated in accordance from the resident's awareness perspective in Bangalore city, India. The survey data revealed that about 58% male and 42% female responded and 35% of the participants belong to age range between 18 and 25 years. About 60% of respondent's education level was either graduate or post graduate, 27% high school to higher school, 10% higher educated (> post graduate), and 3% primary to middle. Only 30% of the respondents were confident with e-waste rules and regulation, while 39% of the respondents were of very little information. Indian e-waste management has been improving for the last few years and it continues to develop. Therefore, the findings can be valuable for better understanding the resident's awareness for e-waste management and also need to promote the environmentally sound management of e-waste in Bangalore, India.

Published
2018
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35. The dynamic of cellulase activity of fungi inhabiting organic municipal solid waste.

Author

Sarsaiya S, Awasthi SK, Awasthi MK, Awasthi AK, Mishra S, and Chen J

Subjects
Aspergillus niger, Cellulose, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Cellulase, Fungi, Solid Waste
Abstract

The study dealt with to identified and screened out potential cellulase producing fungal strains. All the indigenous fungal strains were developed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mandel media at 30 °C for 3-4 days to examine their congo red cellulase activity. It was found from the primary screening test result that only four isolates Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum were shown large zone formation that meant they have great potential cellulase activity. Among these, Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger strains were showed highest enzymatic activity during the secondary screening, while Trichoderma viride generated the highest protein (89.51 μg/ml). Furthermore, these potential fungal strains will be useful for the organic municipal solid waste degradation., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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36. Modelling the correlations of e-waste quantity with economic increase.

Author

Awasthi AK, Cucchiella F, D'Adamo I, Li J, Rosa P, Terzi S, Wei G, and Zeng X

Abstract

Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE or e-waste) is regarded as one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world and is becoming an emerging issue owing to adverse consequences on the natural environment and the human health. This research article reveals the presence of a strong linear correlation among global e-waste generation and Gross Domestic Product. The obtained results indicate that the best fit for data can be reached by comparing e-waste collected volumes and GDP PPS. More in detail, an increase of 1000 GDP PPS means an additional 0.27kg of e-waste collected and 0.22kg of e-waste reused/recycled. Furthermore, for each additional citizen, there will be an increase of 7.7kg of e-waste collected and 6.2kg of e-waste reused/recycled. The better collection of e-waste acts an important role concerning the circular economy, and it can be an advantageous approach. Therefore, e-waste could be considered as an opportunity for recycling or recovery of valuable metals (e.g., copper, gold, silver, and palladium), given their significant content in precious metals than in mineral ores., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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37. Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity elicited lipid peroxidation in hemocytes of Bombyx mori larva infested with dipteran parasitoid, Exorista bombycis.

Author

Pooja M, Pradeep ANR, Hungund SP, Sagar C, Ponnuvel KM, Awasthi AK, and Trivedy K

Subjects
Animals, Apoptosis, DNA Fragmentation, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hydrogen Peroxide, Larva parasitology, Nitrous Oxide, Bombyx parasitology, Diptera physiology, Hemocytes metabolism, Lipid Peroxidation physiology, Oxidative Stress physiology
Abstract

Parasitization of silkworm, Bombyx mori by invasive larva of dipteran parasitoid Exorista bombycis caused upto 20% revenue loss in sericulture. The parasitism was successful by suppressing host immune system however mechanism of immune suppression induced by E. bombycis is unknown which is unravelled here. The infestation induced cytotoxic symptoms in host hemocytes, such as vacuolated cytoplasm, porous plasma membrane, indented nuclei with condensed chromatin and dilated RER. One of the markers of necrosis is cell permeabilization, which can be measured as released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LDH level showed significantly (P<0.01) high release into extracellular medium in vitro after exposure of hemocytes to parasitoid larval tissue protein compared with control revealing membrane permeability and loss of cell integrity. At five minutes after exposure, cytotoxicity was 43% and was increased to 99% at 3h. The cytotoxicity is signalled by increased content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) causing lipid peroxidation followed by porosity in plasma membrane. A test for lipid peroxidation by measurement of lipid peroxidation breakdown product, malondialdehyde (MDA) revealed significant increase in peroxidation from one to 24 h post-invasion, with maximum at 12 h (P<0.008). Level of reactive oxygen species measured as H2O2 production increased from 6 to 12 h post-invasion and continued to increase significantly (P<0.03) reaching maximum at 48 h. These observations reveal that dipteran endoparasitoid invasion induced H2O2 production in the hemocytes causing cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and membrane porosity that suppressed both humoral- and cell-mediated immune responses of hemocytes in B. mori.

Published
2017
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38. Injectable, Self-Healing Chimeric Catechol-Fe(III) Hydrogel for Localized Combination Cancer Therapy.

Author

Yavvari PS, Pal S, Kumar S, Kar A, Awasthi AK, Naaz A, Srivastava A, and Bajaj A

Abstract

Conventional intravenous or oral administration of a combination of chemotherapeutics displays poor bioavailability and induces undesirable systemic toxicity. Therefore, localized delivery of such chemotherapeutic combinations using polymeric hydrogels is expected to help in enhancing drug efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity. In this manuscript, we have utilized a chitosan-catechol based hydrogel (CAT-Gel) assembled through catechol-Fe(III) coordinative interactions for localized combination therapy in murine lung and breast cancer models. CAT-Gel offers a unique blend of material properties such as injectability and self-healing along with useful biological attributes like their noncytotoxic and nonhemolytic nature. The amphipathic nature of this hydrogel enabled us to incorporate a recipe of hydrophilic doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and hydrophobic docetaxel (DTX) anticancer drugs. Rheology studies confirmed the self-healing nature of this chimeric hydrogel even after drug loading. CAT-Gel was retained for more than 40 days in mice upon subcutaneous injection. The sequential and sustained release of the entrapped DOX and DTX from the hydrogel resulted in synergistic therapeutic effect with increased median survival against murine lung and breast cancer models. Therefore, CAT-Gel provides a new coordinatively assembled biocompatible scaffold for localized delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Published
2017
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39. Environmentally Benign and Facile Process for the Synthesis of Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate: Phase Transformation of Pantoprazole Sodium Heterosolvate to Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate.

Author

Awasthi AK, Kumar L, Tripathi P, Golla M, Aga MA, Reddy CS, and Kumar P

Abstract

A cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally benign process is herein reported for the synthesis of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate: 5-(difluromethoxy)-2-[{(3,4-dimethoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl}sulfinyl]-1 H -benzimidazole sodium sesquihydrate. At least two of the three main synthetic steps (coupling and oxidation) have been carried out for the first time in water, with no need to isolate and purify the intermediates, affording the corresponding pantoprazole sodium in good yield and purity. Minimum organic solvents, in terms of both the number of solvents and the volume of solvent used, are employed to make this process both economical and environment friendly. Furthermore, in situ transformation of pantoprazole sodium heterosolvate, due to the association between molecules of water and solvent used, to pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate is described., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Published
2017
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40. Municipal solid waste leachate impact on metabolic activity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings.

Author

Awasthi AK, Pandey AK, and Khan J

Subjects
Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll A, Germination, Seedlings, Triticum drug effects, Environmental Pollutants toxicity, Solid Waste, Triticum metabolism
Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) contains contaminants that could possibly leach out and pollute the soil, water sources. In this investigation, the MSW leachate toxicity was evaluated using wheat seedling plant bioassay. The eco-toxicity activities of leachate at several time intervals were explored, and the toxicity of these leachates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (Chl a and Chl b) levels were determined. The findings showed that leachate can affect the metabolic activity of the wheat plant. Therefore, in order to protect the environment, the polluted leachate should be treated.

Published
2017
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41. Evaluating waste printed circuit boards recycling: Opportunities and challenges, a mini review.

Author

Awasthi AK, Zlamparet GI, Zeng X, and Li J

Subjects
Metals isolation & purification, Electronic Waste, Recycling methods
Abstract

Rapid generation of waste printed circuit boards has become a very serious issue worldwide. Numerous techniques have been developed in the last decade to resolve the pollution from waste printed circuit boards, and also recover valuable metals from the waste printed circuit boards stream on a large-scale. However, these techniques have their own certain specific drawbacks that need to be rectified properly. In this review article, these recycling technologies are evaluated based on a strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Furthermore, it is warranted that, the substantial research is required to improve the current technologies for waste printed circuit boards recycling in the outlook of large-scale applications.

Published
2017
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42. A preliminary report of indigenous fungal isolates from contaminated municipal solid waste site in India.

Author

Awasthi AK, Pandey AK, and Khan J

Subjects
Ascomycota drug effects, Aspergillus drug effects, Biodegradation, Environmental, Cadmium analysis, Cadmium pharmacology, Chromium analysis, Chromium pharmacology, Drug Tolerance, Fusarium drug effects, India, Soil chemistry, Soil Pollutants pharmacology, Ascomycota isolation & purification, Aspergillus isolation & purification, Fusarium isolation & purification, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants analysis, Solid Waste analysis, Waste Disposal Facilities
Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) containing harmful substances is a major concern in waste management and can cause adverse effects on diversity of fungi in soil. The main objective was to evaluate the fungal diversity inhabiting in the soil nearby MSW disposal site. The fungal strains were isolated in potato dextrose agar (PDA), media at temperatures 28 ± 1 °C by using standard serial dilution pour plate method, and appeared fungal colonies identified based on morphological characteristics. The overall most fungal diversity was found in soil sample collected from S5, followed by S4, S3, S1, and least in S2 site. A total of 24 fungal isolates recovered from the different MSW sites and Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Curvularia sp. genus has isolated from all the samples. In addition, the metal tolerance index performed because it needs to classify the fungus for their best use as potential agent for environmental protection. The metal tolerance outcomes revealed that both metals (cadmium and chromium) has appeared as the highest growth inhibitor for most strains and even fungal colonies did not propagate very well on the surface of media. Therefore, these findings suggest that the pre-adapted indigenous fungal isolates have proven remarkable tolerance ability to both metals. Furthermore, these highly metal-tolerant fungal strains are recommended for detail research or can use in pilot-scale bioremediation application to treat contaminated site.

Published
2017
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44. Integrated bioleaching of copper metal from waste printed circuit board-a comprehensive review of approaches and challenges.

Author

Awasthi AK, Zeng X, and Li J

Subjects
Recycling, Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry, Copper analysis, Electronic Waste analysis
Abstract

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) is the most rapidly growing waste stream in the world, and the majority of the residues are openly disposed of in developing countries. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) make up the major portion of e-waste, and their informal recycling can cause environmental pollution and health risks. Furthermore, the conventional disposal and recycling techniques-mechanical treatments used to recover valuable metals, including copper-are not sustainable in the long term. Chemical leaching is rapid and efficient but causes secondary pollution. Bioleaching is a promising approach, eco-friendly and economically feasible, but it is slower process. This review considers the recycling potential of microbes and suggests an integrated bioleaching approach for Cu extraction and recovery from WPCBs. The proposed recycling system should be more effective, efficient and both technically and economically feasible.

Published
2016
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45. Waste electrical and electronic equipment management and Basel Convention compliance in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations.

Author

Ghosh SK, Debnath B, Baidya R, De D, Li J, Ghosh SK, Zheng L, Awasthi AK, Liubarskaia MA, Ogola JS, and Tavares AN

Subjects
Brazil, China, India, Recycling, Russia, South Africa, Electronics, Waste Management
Abstract

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations account for one-quarter of the world's land area, having more than 40% of the world's population, and only one-quarter of the world gross national income. Hence the study and review of waste electrical and electronic equipment management systems in BRICS nations is of relevance. It has been observed from the literature that there are studies available comparing two or three country's waste electrical and electronic equipment status, while the study encompassing the BRICS nations considering in a single framework is scant. The purpose of this study is to analyse the existing waste electrical and electronic equipment management systems and status of compliance to Basel convention in the BRICS nations, noting possible lessons from matured systems, such as those in the European Union EU) and USA. The study introduced a novel framework for a waste electrical and electronic equipment management system that may be adopted in BRICS nations and revealed that BRICS countries have many similar types of challenges. The study also identified some significant gaps with respect to the management systems and trans-boundary movement of waste electrical and electronic equipment, which may attract researchers for further research., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

Published
2016
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46. Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review.

Author

Awasthi AK, Zeng X, and Li J

Subjects
Environmental Monitoring, Humans, India, Refuse Disposal, Risk Assessment, Electronic Waste analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Recycling
Abstract

Informal recycling of waste (including e-waste) is an emerging source of environmental pollution in India. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and heavy metals, among other substances, are a major health concern for workers engaged in waste disposal and processing, and for residents living near these facilities, and are also a detriment to the natural environment. The main objective of this review article was to evaluate the status of these impacts. The review found that, huge quantity of e-waste/waste generated, only a small amount is treated formally; the remainder is processed through the informal sector. We also evaluated the exposure pathways, both direct and indirect, and the human body load markers (e.g., serum, blood, breast milk, urine, and hair), and assessed the evidence for the association between these markers and e-waste exposure. Our results indicated that the open dumping and informal e-waste recycling systems should be replaced by the best available technology and environmental practices, with proper monitoring and regular awareness programs for workers and residents. Further and more detailed investigation in this area is also recommended.

Published
2016
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47. Environmental pollution of electronic waste recycling in India: A critical review.

Author

Awasthi AK, Zeng X, and Li J

Subjects
Dioxins, Electronics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers analysis, Humans, India, Metals, Heavy, Plants, Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis, Soil, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution statistics & numerical data, Recycling
Abstract

The rapid growth of the production of electrical and electronic products has meant an equally rapid growth in the amount of electronic waste (e-waste), much of which is illegally imported to India, for disposal presenting a serious environmental challenge. The environmental impact during e-waste recycling was investigated and metal as well as other pollutants [e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] were found in excessive levels in soil, water and other habitats. The most e-waste is dealt with as general or crudely often by open burning, acid baths, with recovery of only a few materials of value. As resulted of these process; dioxins, furans, and heavy metals are released and harmful to the surrounding environment, engaged workers, and also residents inhabiting near the sites. The informal e-waste sectors are growing rapidly in the developing countries over than in the developed countries because of cheapest labor cost and week legislations systems. It has been confirmed that contaminates are moving through the food chain via root plant translocation system, to the human body thereby threatening human health. We have suggested some possible solution toward in which plants and microbes combine to remediate highly contaminated sites., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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48. Genome-wide identification, characterization of sugar transporter genes in the silkworm Bombyx mori and role in Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection.

Author

Govindaraj L, Gupta T, Esvaran VG, Awasthi AK, and Ponnuvel KM

Subjects
Animals, Bombyx virology, Carbohydrates genetics, Chromosomes genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Genome, Insect, Larva, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins genetics, Nucleopolyhedroviruses pathogenicity, Bombyx genetics, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins biosynthesis, Nucleopolyhedroviruses genetics, Phylogeny
Abstract

Sugar transporters play an essential role in controlling carbohydrate transport and are responsible for mediating the movement of sugars into cells. These genes exist as large multigene families within the insect genome. In insects, sugar transporters not only have a role in sugar transport, but may also act as receptors for virus entry. Genome-wide annotation of silkworm Bombyx mori (B. mori) revealed 100 putative sugar transporter (BmST) genes exists as a large multigene family and were classified into 11 sub families, through phylogenetic analysis. Chromosomes 27, 26 and 20 were found to possess the highest number of BmST paralogous genes, harboring 22, 7 and 6 genes, respectively. These genes occurred in clusters exhibiting the phenomenon of tandem gene duplication. The ovary, silk gland, hemocytes, midgut and malphigian tubules were the different tissues/cells enriched with BmST gene expression. The BmST gene BGIBMGA001498 had maximum EST transcripts of 134 and expressed exclusively in the malphigian tubule. The expression of EST transcripts of the BmST clustered genes on chromosome 27 was distributed in various tissues like testis, ovary, silk gland, malphigian tubule, maxillary galea, prothoracic gland, epidermis, fat body and midgut. Three sugar transporter genes (BmST) were constitutively expressed in the susceptible race and were down regulated upon BmNPV infection at 12h post infection (hpi). The expression pattern of these three genes was validated through real-time PCR in the midgut tissues at different time intervals from 0 to 30hpi. In the susceptible B. mori race, expression of sugar transporter genes was constitutively expressed making the host succumb to viral infection., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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49. Cutaneous Vasculitis Caused by Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy: A Case Report.

Author

Shivaji UN, Awasthi AK, and Aherne R

Subjects
Arthritis, Juvenile drug therapy, Crohn Disease drug therapy, Humans, Young Adult, Adalimumab administration & dosage, Adalimumab adverse effects, Immunosuppressive Agents administration & dosage, Immunosuppressive Agents adverse effects, Skin pathology, Vasculitis chemically induced, Vasculitis pathology
Published
2016
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50. Genome wide microarray based expression profiles associated with BmNPV resistance and susceptibility in Indian silkworm races of Bombyx mori.

Author

Lekha G, Gupta T, Awasthi AK, Murthy GN, Trivedy K, and Ponnuvel KM

Subjects
Animals, Bombyx classification, Bombyx virology, Down-Regulation, Gene Ontology, Genes, Insect genetics, Insect Proteins classification, Insect Proteins genetics, Nucleopolyhedroviruses physiology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Species Specificity, Up-Regulation, Bombyx genetics, Disease Resistance genetics, Gene Expression Profiling methods, Genome, Insect genetics, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis methods
Abstract

The molecular mechanism involved in BmNPV resistance was investigated using a genome wide microarray in midgut tissue of Indian silkworm Bombyx mori. In resistant race (Sarupat), 735 genes up-regulated and 589 genes down-regulated at 12 h post BmNPV infection. Similarly, in case of susceptible race (CSR-2), 2183 genes up-regulated and 2115 genes down-regulated. Among these, nine up-regulated and eight down-regulated genes were validated using real-time qPCR analysis. In Sarupat, vacuolar protein sorting associated, Xfin-like protein and carboxypeptidase E-like protein genes significantly up-regulated in infected midgut; prominently down-regulated genes were glutamate receptor ionotropic kainite 2-like, BTB/POZ domain and transferrin. Considerably up-regulated genes in the CSR-2 were peptidoglycan recognition protein S6 precursor and rapamycin while the conspicuous down-regulated genes were facilitated trehalose transporter and zinc transporter ZIP1-like gene. The up-regulation of genes in resistant race after BmNPV infection indicates their possible role in antiviral immune response., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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