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5. Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

Author

Lai, Calvin K, Skinner, Allison L, Cooley, Erin, Murrar, Sohad, Brauer, Markus, Devos, Thierry, Calanchini, Jimmy, Xiao, Y Jenny, Pedram, Christina, Marshburn, Christopher K, Simon, Stefanie, Blanchar, John C, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A, Conway, John, Redford, Liz, Klein, Rick A, Roussos, Gina, Schellhaas, Fabian MH, Burns, Mason, Hu, Xiaoqing, McLean, Meghan C, Axt, Jordan R, Asgari, Shaki, Schmidt, Kathleen, Rubinstein, Rachel, Marini, Maddalena, Rubichi, Sandro, Shin, Jiyun-Elizabeth L, and Nosek, Brian A

Subjects
Clinical and Health Psychology, Psychology, Clinical Research, Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Prejudice, Racial Groups, Stereotyping, Young Adult, attitudes, Implicit Association Test, implicit social cognition, malleability, racial prejudice, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology
Abstract

Implicit preferences are malleable, but does that change last? We tested 9 interventions (8 real and 1 sham) to reduce implicit racial preferences over time. In 2 studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all 9 interventions immediately reduced implicit preferences. However, none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial preferences and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit preferences does not necessarily lead to long-term change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit preferences. (PsycINFO Database Record

Published
2016

6. What Underlies the Opposition to Trans-Inclusive Policies? The Role of Concerns About Male Violence Versus Attitudes Toward Trans People.

Author

Morgenroth, Thekla, Axt, Jordan R., and Westgate, Erin C.

Abstract

Transgender women's access to women-only spaces is controversial. Arguments against trans-inclusive policies often focus on cisgender women's safety from male violence, despite little evidence to suggest that such policies put cisgender women at risk. Across seven studies using U.S. and U.K. participants (N = 3,864), we investigate whether concerns about male violence versus attitudes toward trans people are a better predictor of support for trans-inclusive policies and whether these factors align with the reasons given by opponents and supporters regarding their policy views. We find that opponents of these policies do not accurately report their reasons for opposition: Specifically, while opponents claim that concerns about male violence are the primary reason driving their opposition, attitudes toward transgender people more strongly predicted policy views. These results highlight the limitations of focusing on overt discourse and emphasize the importance of investigating psychological mechanisms underlying policy support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. An Unintentional Pro-Black Bias in Judgement among Educators

Author

Axt, Jordan R.

Abstract

Background: Previous work indicates widespread preference for White over Black people in attitudes and behaviour. However, there are instances where Black people receive preferential treatment over White people. Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether a sample of education professionals would favour Black or White applicants to an academic honour society, and the extent to which any biases were related to conscious intentions. Sample: Participants were education professionals (N = 618; 75.5% White) who completed an online study. Methods: Participants completed a hypothetical admissions task where they evaluated more and less qualified applicants for an academic honour society, and applicants were either White or Black. Participants also completed measures of implicit and explicit racial attitudes. Results: Educational professionals at all levels showed a pro-Black bias in judgement, adopting a lower acceptance criterion for Black compared to White applicants, replicating previous work using online and undergraduate samples. The bias was present among participants reporting they did not want to be biased or believed they were unbiased, suggesting that bias arose without conscious awareness or intention. Bias was also weakly but reliably related to racial attitudes. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the notion that educators automatically hold lower standards for Black versus White applicants. While education professionals likely have experience evaluating students from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, these professionals were, nevertheless, unable to eliminate the impact of race in their decision-making.

Published
2017
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16. Misplaced Intuitions in Interventions to Reduce Attractiveness-Based Discrimination.

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Yang, Juanyu, and Deshpande, Harshadaa

Abstract

Individuals and organizations are increasing efforts to address discrimination. Nonexperts may lack awareness of, or are resistant to, scientifically informed strategies for reducing discrimination, instead relying on intuition. Five studies investigated the accuracy of nonexperts' intuitions about reducing discrimination concerning physical attractiveness. In Studies 1a to 1c (N = 902), participants predicted the effectiveness of six interventions to reduce attractiveness-based favoritism on a judgment task. Studies 2a and 2b (N = 6,292) investigated the effectiveness of these interventions. Although two interventions reduced discrimination, intuitions were poorly aligned with actual results; fewer than 1% of participants identified the combination of interventions that did, versus did not, impact judgment, and responses were more likely to be below than above chance when predicting each intervention's effectiveness. Although follow-up work should investigate the accuracy of intuition in other forms of discrimination, these results further stress the need for greater development and adoption of evidence-based strategies for combating discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506221127493 – Supplemental material for Asian Men and Black Women Hold Weaker Race–Gender Associations: Evidence From the United States and China

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Atwood, S., Talhelm, Thomas, and Hehman, Eric

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506221127493 for Asian Men and Black Women Hold Weaker Race–Gender Associations: Evidence From the United States and China by Jordan R. Axt, S. Atwood, Thomas Talhelm and Eric Hehman in Social Psychological and Personality Science

Published
2022
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18. sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_01461672221074748 ��� Supplemental material for Misplaced Intuitions in Interventions to Reduce Attractiveness-Based Discrimination

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Yang, Juanyu, and Deshpande, Harshadaa

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_01461672221074748 for Misplaced Intuitions in Interventions to Reduce Attractiveness-Based Discrimination by Jordan R. Axt, Juanyu Yang and Harshadaa Deshpande in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Published
2022
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19. sj-pdf-1-psp-10.1177_01461672221137201 – Supplemental material for What Underlies the Opposition to Trans-Inclusive Policies? The Role of Concerns About Male Violence Versus Attitudes Toward Trans People

Author

Morgenroth, Thekla, Axt, Jordan R., and Westgate, Erin C.

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-psp-10.1177_01461672221137201 for What Underlies the Opposition to Trans-Inclusive Policies? The Role of Concerns About Male Violence Versus Attitudes Toward Trans People by Thekla Morgenroth, Jordan R. Axt and Erin C. Westgate in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Published
2022
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21. Supplemental Material, Axt_Online_Appendix - Implicit Transgender Attitudes Independently Predict Beliefs About Gender and Transgender People

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Conway, Morgan A., Westgate, Erin C., and Buttrick, Nicholas R.

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental Material, Axt_Online_Appendix for Implicit Transgender Attitudes Independently Predict Beliefs About Gender and Transgender People by Jordan R. Axt, Morgan A. Conway, Erin C. Westgate and Nicholas R. Buttrick in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Published
2020
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22. Axt_OpenPracticesDisclosure_rev – Supplemental material for The Psychological Appeal of Fake-News Attributions

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Landau, Mark J., and Kay, Aaron C.

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy), 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Neuroscience
Abstract

Supplemental material, Axt_OpenPracticesDisclosure_rev for The Psychological Appeal of Fake-News Attributions by Jordan R. Axt, Mark J. Landau and Aaron C. Kay in Psychological Science

Published
2020
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26. An examination of ingroup preferences among people with multiple socially stigmatized identities.

Author

Jiang, Congjiao, Vitiello, Christine, Axt, Jordan R., Campbell, Jessica T., and Ratliff, Kate A.

Subjects
BLACK men, BLACK people, WHITE women, IMPLICIT attitudes, DISABILITIES
Abstract

The current study uses large datasets from the Project Implicit website to better understand the role of belonging to multiple stigmatized groups on ingroup attitudes. Participants from stigmatized groups completed explicit and implicit measures of attitudes in three domains – race, sexuality, and disability. Our investigation focused on whether occupying multiple stigmatized identities (compared to a single stigmatized identity) is associated with the magnitude of ingroup preferences on a single dimension. The results showed that: (1) there is considerable variation in the strength of ingroup favoritism across members of stigmatized groups, (2) Black people (particularly Black men) showed the weakest levels of ingroup preference, and (3) White women in particular showed the greatest degree of ingroup preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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27. Supplemental Material, SPPS799067_suppl_mat - Group Status Modulates the Associative Strength Between Status Quo Supporting Beliefs and Anti-Black Attitudes

Author

Chadly Stern and Axt, Jordan R.

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental Material, SPPS799067_suppl_mat for Group Status Modulates the Associative Strength Between Status Quo Supporting Beliefs and Anti-Black Attitudes by Chadly Stern, and Jordan R. Axt in Social Psychological and Personality Science

Published
2018
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28. Klein_Open_Practices_Disclosure – Supplemental material for Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Mayowa T. Babalola, Štěpán Bahník, Rishtee Batra, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Evans Dami Binan, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Huajian Cai, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Jen-Ho Chang, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Winnee Cheong, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Fiery Cushman, Zubairu K. Dagona, Ilker Dalgar, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Davis, William E., Bruijn, Maaike De, Schutter, Leander De, Devos, Thierry, Vries, Marieke De, Canay Doğulu, Nerisa Dozo, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Yarrow Dunham, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Miguel-Ángel Freyre, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Tanuka Ghoshal, Giessner, Steffen R., Tripat Gill, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G. T., Kakul Hai, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, IJzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-Ker, Åse H., Jiménez-Leal, William, Melissa-Sue John, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Nikolette P. Lipsey, Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Winfrida Malingumu, Mallett, Robyn K., Satia A. Marotta, Međedović, Janko, Mena-Pacheco, Fernando, Taciano L. Milfont, Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Nichols, Austin Lee, Ocampo, Aaron, O’Donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Malgorzata Osowiecka, Packard, Grant, Pérez-Sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M. H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-Castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C. H. J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Manini Srivastava, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N. H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C. W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Aert, Robbie C. M. Van, Assen, Marcel A. L. M. Van, Hulst, Marije Van Der, Lange, Paul A. M. Van, Anna Elisabeth Van ’T Veer, Echeverría, Alejandro Vásquez, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, and Nosek, Brian A.

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy)
Abstract

Supplemental material, Klein_Open_Practices_Disclosure for Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings by Richard A. Klein, Michelangelo Vianello, Fred Hasselman, Byron G. Adams, Reginald B. Adams, Sinan Alper, Mark Aveyard, Jordan R. Axt, Mayowa T. Babalola, Štěpán Bahník, Rishtee Batra, Mihály Berkics, Michael J. Bernstein, Daniel R. Berry, Olga Bialobrzeska, Evans Dami Binan, Konrad Bocian, Mark J. Brandt, Robert Busching, Anna Cabak Rédei, Huajian Cai, Fanny Cambier, Katarzyna Cantarero, Cheryl L. Carmichael, Francisco Ceric, Jesse Chandler, Jen-Ho Chang, Armand Chatard, Eva E. Chen, Winnee Cheong, David C. Cicero, Sharon Coen, Jennifer A. Coleman, Brian Collisson, Morgan A. Conway, Katherine S. Corker, Paul G. Curran, Fiery Cushman, Zubairu K. Dagona, Ilker Dalgar, Anna Dalla Rosa, William E. Davis, Maaike de Bruijn, Leander De Schutter, Thierry Devos, Marieke de Vries, Canay Doğulu, Nerisa Dozo, Kristin Nicole Dukes, Yarrow Dunham, Kevin Durrheim, Charles R. Ebersole, John E. Edlund, Anja Eller, Alexander Scott English, Carolyn Finck, Natalia Frankowska, Miguel-Ángel Freyre, Mike Friedman, Elisa Maria Galliani, Joshua C. Gandi, Tanuka Ghoshal, Steffen R. Giessner, Tripat Gill, Timo Gnambs, Ángel Gómez, Roberto González, Jesse Graham, Jon E. Grahe, Ivan Grahek, Eva G. T. Green, Kakul Hai, Matthew Haigh, Elizabeth L. Haines, Michael P. Hall, Marie E. Heffernan, Joshua A. Hicks, Petr Houdek, Jeffrey R. Huntsinger, Ho Phi Huynh, Hans IJzerman, Yoel Inbar, Åse H. Innes-Ker, William Jiménez-Leal, Melissa-Sue John, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Roza G. Kamiloğlu, Heather Barry Kappes, Serdar Karabati, Haruna Karick, Victor N. Keller, Anna Kende, Nicolas Kervyn, Goran Knežević, Carrie Kovacs, Lacy E. Krueger, German Kurapov, Jamie Kurtz, Daniël Lakens, Ljiljana B. Lazarević, Carmel A. Levitan, Neil A. Lewis, Samuel Lins, Nikolette P. Lipsey, Joy E. Losee, Esther Maassen, Angela T. Maitner, Winfrida Malingumu, Robyn K. Mallett, Satia A. Marotta, Janko Međedović, Fernando Mena-Pacheco, Taciano L. Milfont, Wendy L. Morris, Sean C. Murphy, Andriy Myachykov, Nick Neave, Koen Neijenhuijs, Anthony J. Nelson, Félix Neto, Austin Lee Nichols, Aaron Ocampo, Susan L. O’Donnell, Haruka Oikawa, Masanori Oikawa, Elsie Ong, Gábor Orosz, Malgorzata Osowiecka, Grant Packard, Rolando Pérez-Sánchez, Boban Petrović, Ronaldo Pilati, Brad Pinter, Lysandra Podesta, Gabrielle Pogge, Monique M. H. Pollmann, Abraham M. Rutchick, Patricio Saavedra, Alexander K. Saeri, Erika Salomon, Kathleen Schmidt, Felix D. Schönbrodt, Maciej B. Sekerdej, David Sirlopú, Jeanine L. M. Skorinko, Michael A. Smith, Vanessa Smith-Castro, Karin C. H. J. Smolders, Agata Sobkow, Walter Sowden, Philipp Spachtholz, Manini Srivastava, Troy G. Steiner, Jeroen Stouten, Chris N. H. Street, Oskar K. Sundfelt, Stephanie Szeto, Ewa Szumowska, Andrew C. W. Tang, Norbert Tanzer, Morgan J. Tear, Jordan Theriault, Manuela Thomae, David Torres, Jakub Traczyk, Joshua M. Tybur, Adrienn Ujhelyi, Robbie C. M. van Aert, Marcel A. L. M. van Assen, Marije van der Hulst, Paul A. M. van Lange, Anna Elisabeth van ’t Veer, Alejandro Vásquez- Echeverría, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Alexandra Vázquez, Luis Diego Vega, Catherine Verniers, Mark Verschoor, Ingrid P. J. Voermans, Marek A. Vranka, Cheryl Welch, Aaron L. Wichman, Lisa A. Williams, Michael Wood, Julie A. Woodzicka, Marta K. Wronska, Liane Young, John M. Zelenski, Zeng Zhijia and Brian A. Nosek in Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science

Published
2018
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35. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., primary, Vianello, Michelangelo, additional, Hasselman, Fred, additional, Adams, Byron G., additional, Adams, Reginald B., additional, Alper, Sinan, additional, Aveyard, Mark, additional, Axt, Jordan R., additional, Babalola, Mayowa T., additional, Bahník, Štěpán, additional, Batra, Rishtee, additional, Berkics, Mihály, additional, Bernstein, Michael J., additional, Berry, Daniel R., additional, Bialobrzeska, Olga, additional, Binan, Evans Dami, additional, Bocian, Konrad, additional, Brandt, Mark J., additional, Busching, Robert, additional, Rédei, Anna Cabak, additional, Cai, Huajian, additional, Cambier, Fanny, additional, Cantarero, Katarzyna, additional, Carmichael, Cheryl L., additional, Ceric, Francisco, additional, Chandler, Jesse, additional, Chang, Jen-Ho, additional, Chatard, Armand, additional, Chen, Eva E., additional, Cheong, Winnee, additional, Cicero, David C., additional, Coen, Sharon, additional, Coleman, Jennifer A., additional, Collisson, Brian, additional, Conway, Morgan A., additional, Corker, Katherine S., additional, Curran, Paul G., additional, Cushman, Fiery, additional, Dagona, Zubairu K., additional, Dalgar, Ilker, additional, Dalla Rosa, Anna, additional, Davis, William E., additional, de Bruijn, Maaike, additional, De Schutter, Leander, additional, Devos, Thierry, additional, de Vries, Marieke, additional, Doğulu, Canay, additional, Dozo, Nerisa, additional, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, additional, Dunham, Yarrow, additional, Durrheim, Kevin, additional, Ebersole, Charles R., additional, Edlund, John E., additional, Eller, Anja, additional, English, Alexander Scott, additional, Finck, Carolyn, additional, Frankowska, Natalia, additional, Freyre, Miguel-Ángel, additional, Friedman, Mike, additional, Galliani, Elisa Maria, additional, Gandi, Joshua C., additional, Ghoshal, Tanuka, additional, Giessner, Steffen R., additional, Gill, Tripat, additional, Gnambs, Timo, additional, Gómez, Ángel, additional, González, Roberto, additional, Graham, Jesse, additional, Grahe, Jon E., additional, Grahek, Ivan, additional, Green, Eva G. T., additional, Hai, Kakul, additional, Haigh, Matthew, additional, Haines, Elizabeth L., additional, Hall, Michael P., additional, Heffernan, Marie E., additional, Hicks, Joshua A., additional, Houdek, Petr, additional, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., additional, Huynh, Ho Phi, additional, IJzerman, Hans, additional, Inbar, Yoel, additional, Innes-Ker, Åse H., additional, Jiménez-Leal, William, additional, John, Melissa-Sue, additional, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., additional, Kamiloğlu, Roza G., additional, Kappes, Heather Barry, additional, Karabati, Serdar, additional, Karick, Haruna, additional, Keller, Victor N., additional, Kende, Anna, additional, Kervyn, Nicolas, additional, Knežević, Goran, additional, Kovacs, Carrie, additional, Krueger, Lacy E., additional, Kurapov, German, additional, Kurtz, Jamie, additional, Lakens, Daniël, additional, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., additional, Levitan, Carmel A., additional, Lewis, Neil A., additional, Lins, Samuel, additional, Lipsey, Nikolette P., additional, Losee, Joy E., additional, Maassen, Esther, additional, Maitner, Angela T., additional, Malingumu, Winfrida, additional, Mallett, Robyn K., additional, Marotta, Satia A., additional, Međedović, Janko, additional, Mena-Pacheco, Fernando, additional, Milfont, Taciano L., additional, Morris, Wendy L., additional, Murphy, Sean C., additional, Myachykov, Andriy, additional, Neave, Nick, additional, Neijenhuijs, Koen, additional, Nelson, Anthony J., additional, Neto, Félix, additional, Lee Nichols, Austin, additional, Ocampo, Aaron, additional, O’Donnell, Susan L., additional, Oikawa, Haruka, additional, Oikawa, Masanori, additional, Ong, Elsie, additional, Orosz, Gábor, additional, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, additional, Packard, Grant, additional, Pérez-Sánchez, Rolando, additional, Petrović, Boban, additional, Pilati, Ronaldo, additional, Pinter, Brad, additional, Podesta, Lysandra, additional, Pogge, Gabrielle, additional, Pollmann, Monique M. H., additional, Rutchick, Abraham M., additional, Saavedra, Patricio, additional, Saeri, Alexander K., additional, Salomon, Erika, additional, Schmidt, Kathleen, additional, Schönbrodt, Felix D., additional, Sekerdej, Maciej B., additional, Sirlopú, David, additional, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., additional, Smith, Michael A., additional, Smith-Castro, Vanessa, additional, Smolders, Karin C. H. J., additional, Sobkow, Agata, additional, Sowden, Walter, additional, Spachtholz, Philipp, additional, Srivastava, Manini, additional, Steiner, Troy G., additional, Stouten, Jeroen, additional, Street, Chris N. H., additional, Sundfelt, Oskar K., additional, Szeto, Stephanie, additional, Szumowska, Ewa, additional, Tang, Andrew C. W., additional, Tanzer, Norbert, additional, Tear, Morgan J., additional, Theriault, Jordan, additional, Thomae, Manuela, additional, Torres, David, additional, Traczyk, Jakub, additional, Tybur, Joshua M., additional, Ujhelyi, Adrienn, additional, van Aert, Robbie C. M., additional, van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., additional, van der Hulst, Marije, additional, van Lange, Paul A. M., additional, van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, additional, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, additional, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, additional, Vázquez, Alexandra, additional, Vega, Luis Diego, additional, Verniers, Catherine, additional, Verschoor, Mark, additional, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., additional, Vranka, Marek A., additional, Welch, Cheryl, additional, Wichman, Aaron L., additional, Williams, Lisa A., additional, Wood, Michael, additional, Woodzicka, Julie A., additional, Wronska, Marta K., additional, Young, Liane, additional, Zelenski, John M., additional, Zhijia, Zeng, additional, and Nosek, Brian A., additional

Published
2018
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36. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen-Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel-ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G.T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, Ijzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-ker, Åse H., Jiménez-leal, William, John, Melissa-sue, Joy-gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Lee Nichols, Austin, Ocampo, Aaron, O’donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M. H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C.H.J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N.H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C.W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., Van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Lange, Paul A. M., Van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, Nosek, Brian A., Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen-Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel-ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G.T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, Ijzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-ker, Åse H., Jiménez-leal, William, John, Melissa-sue, Joy-gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Lee Nichols, Austin, Ocampo, Aaron, O’donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M. H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C.H.J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N.H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C.W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., Van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Lange, Paul A. M., Van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, and Nosek, Brian A.

Abstract

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relati

Published
2018

37. Many labs 2:Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel Ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G.T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, Ijzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-Ker, Åse H., Jiménez-Leal, William, John, Melissa Sue, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-Pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Nichols, Austin Lee, Ocampo, Aaron, O’donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-Sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M.H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L.M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-Castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C.H.J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N.H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C.W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, van Aert, Robbie C.M., van Assen, Marcel A.L.M., van der Hulst, Marije, van Lange, Paul A.M., van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez-Echeverría, Alejandro, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P.J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, Nosek, Brian A., Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel Ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G.T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, Ijzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-Ker, Åse H., Jiménez-Leal, William, John, Melissa Sue, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-Pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Nichols, Austin Lee, Ocampo, Aaron, O’donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-Sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M.H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L.M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-Castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C.H.J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N.H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C.W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, van Aert, Robbie C.M., van Assen, Marcel A.L.M., van der Hulst, Marije, van Lange, Paul A.M., van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez-Echeverría, Alejandro, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P.J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, and Nosek, Brian A.

Abstract

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p <.05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p <.0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely highpowered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than.20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above.10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relative

Published
2018

38. Implicit Transgender Attitudes Independently Predict Beliefs About Gender and Transgender People.

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Conway, Morgan A., Westgate, Erin C., and Buttrick, Nicholas R.

Abstract

Surprisingly little is known about transgender attitudes, partly due to a need for improved measures of beliefs about transgender people. Four studies introduce a novel Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing implicit attitudes toward transgender people. Study 1 (N = 294) found significant implicit and explicit preferences for cisgender over transgender people, both of which correlated with transphobia and transgender-related policy support. Study 2 (N = 1,094) found that implicit transgender attitudes predicted similar outcomes among participants reporting no explicit preference for cisgender versus transgender people. Across Study 3a (N = 5,647) and Study 3b (N = 2,276), implicit transgender attitudes predicted multiple outcomes, including gender essentialism, contact with transgender people, and support for transgender-related policies, over and above explicit attitudes. This work introduces a reliable means of measuring implicit transgender attitudes and illustrates how these attitudes independently predict meaningful beliefs and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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42. The Relation Between Evaluation and Racial Categorization of Emotional Faces

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Bar-Anan, Yoav, and Vianello, Michelangelo

Abstract

Prior research has found that indirectly measured preference for White people over Black people is positively related to categorizing angry racially ambiguous faces as Black. This past work found no evidence that directly measured racial preferences predict this racial categorization bias (RCB), suggesting that the RCB could be a unique and easily administered tool for investigating automatic evaluation and validating automatic evaluation measures. In two studies (total N> 7,000), using structural equation models that account for error variance, multiple indirect evaluation measures were uniquely related to the RCB, thus bolstering their predictive validity. However, the RCB also correlated with self-reported evaluation, leaving psychologists without a robust, replicable outcome uniquely related to automatic evaluation. The lack of such an outcome hinders theoretical and practical progress in research on implicit social cognition.

Published
2020
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43. Reducing Social Judgment Biases May Require Identifying the Potential Source of Bias.

Author

Axt, Jordan R., Casola, Grace, and Nosek, Brian A.

Abstract

Social judgment is shaped by multiple biases operating simultaneously, but most bias-reduction interventions target only a single social category. In seven preregistered studies (total N > 7,000), we investigated whether asking participants to avoid one social bias affected that and other social biases. Participants selected honor society applicants based on academic credentials. Applicants also differed on social categories irrelevant for selection: attractiveness and ingroup status. Participants asked to avoid potential bias in one social category showed small but reliable reductions in bias for that category (r = .095), but showed near-zero bias reduction on the unmentioned social category (r = .006). Asking participants to avoid many possible social biases or alerting them to bias without specifically identifying a category did not consistently reduce bias. The effectiveness of interventions for reducing social biases may be highly specific, perhaps even contingent on explicitly and narrowly identifying the potential source of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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46. Group Status Modulates the Associative Strength Between Status Quo Supporting Beliefs and Anti-Black Attitudes

Author

Stern, Chadly and Axt, Jordan R.

Abstract

What belief systems are associated with negative attitudes toward lower status groups? Does the relationship differ across higher and lower status groups? We examined the extent to which status quo supporting beliefs (social dominance orientation and conservatism) were associated with negative attitudes toward African Americans and whether the strength of the relationship varied between members of higher and lower status racial groups. On explicit and implicit measures, status quo supporting beliefs were associated with negative attitudes toward African Americans among members of higher (White) and lower status (Black, Hispanic, and Asian) racial groups. The association was stronger among Whites than racial minorities and was stronger among Asians and Latinos than Blacks. Status quo supporting beliefs are associated with negative attitudes toward lower status groups regardless of one’s group status, but the strength of the association is greatest among the societally advantaged.

Published
2019
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48. The Best Way to Measure Explicit Racial Attitudes Is to Ask About Them

Author

Axt, Jordan R.

Abstract

Direct assessments of explicit racial attitudes, such as reporting an overt preference for White versus Black people, may raise social desirability concerns and reduce measurement quality. As a result, researchers have developed more indirect self-report measures of explicit racial attitudes. While such measures dampen social desirability concerns, they may weaken measurement quality by assessing construct-irrelevant attitudes, thereby lowering correspondence between measure and construct. To investigate whether direct or indirect self-report measures better assess explicit racial attitudes, participants (N> 800,000) completed an implicit racial attitude measure and a subset of over 400 items that varied in the degree to which they were indirect or direct assessments of self-reported racial attitudes. More direct assessments of racial preferences were better predictors of implicit racial attitudes and maximized differences between Black and White participants. These results suggest that the best method to measure individuals’ explicit racial attitudes is to ask about them directly.

Published
2018
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49. Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

Author

Sandro Rubichi, Thierry Devos, Gina Roussos, John C. Blanchar, Rachel S. Rubinstein, J. Conway, Maddalena Marini, Richard A. Klein, Calvin K. Lai, Erin Cooley, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Kathleen Schmidt, Fabian M. H. Schellhaas, Christopher K. Marshburn, Meghan C. McLean, Y. Jenny Xiao, Stefanie Simon, Xiaoqing Hu, Jordan Axt, Jimmy Calanchini, Brian A. Nosek, Markus Brauer, Jiyun-Elizabeth L. Shin, Christina Pedram, Mason D. Burns, Shaki Asgari, Allison L. Skinner, Liz Redford, Sohad Murrar, Lai, Calvin K, Skinner, Allison L., Cooley, Erin, Murrar, Sohad, Brauer, Marku, Devos, Thierry, Calanchini, Jimmy, Xiao, Y. Jenny, Pedram, Christina, Marshburn, Christopher K., Simon, Stefanie, Blanchar, John C., Joy Gaba, Jennifer A., Conway, John, Redford, Liz, Klein, Rick A., Roussos, Gina, Schellhaas, Fabian M. H., Burns, Mason, Hu, Xiaoqing, Mclean, Meghan C., Axt, Jordan R., Asgari, Shaki, Schmidt, Kathleen, Rubinstein, Rachel, Marini, Maddalena, Rubichi, Sandro, Shin, Jiyun Elizabeth L., Nosek, Brian A., Department of Economics, Tilburg School of Economics and Management, and Dipartimento di Psicologia

Subjects
Male, Psychology (all), malleability, Adolescent, genetic structures, Implicit social cognition, Psychological intervention, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, racial prejudice, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Developmental Neuroscience, Malleability, Social cognition, Clinical Research, Intervention (counseling), Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Psychology, Prejudice (legal term), Stereotyping, Motivation, attitudes, Continental Population Groups, Racial prejudice, Racial Groups, 05 social sciences, Implicit Association Test, Implicit-association test, Flexibility (personality), Experimental Psychology, Attitudes, implicit social cognition, Attitude, Attitude change, Female, Cognitive Sciences, Implicit attitude, Social psychology, Prejudice
Abstract

Implicit prejudice is malleable, but does that change last? We tested nine interventions (eight real and one sham) that have been demonstrated to reduce implicit racial prejudice temporarily to determine whether their effects also persisted over time. In two studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all nine interventions immediately reduced implicit prejudice, but none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial prejudice and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit prejudice does not necessarily lead to longterm change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit attitudes.

Published
2016

50. A contest study to reduce attractiveness-based discrimination in social judgment.

Author

Roy E, Jaeger B, Evans AM, Turetsky KM, O'Shea BA, Petersen MB, Singh B, Correll J, Zheng DY, Brown KW, Kirgios EL, Chang LW, Chang EH, Steele JR, Sebastien J, Sedgewick JR, Hackney A, Cook R, Yang X, Korkmaz A, Sim JJ, Khan N, Primbs MA, Bijlstra G, Faure R, Karremans JC, Santos LA, Voelkel JG, Marini M, Chen JM, Brown T, Yoon H, Morewedge CK, Scopelliti I, Hester N, Shen X, Ma M, Medvedev D, Ritchie EG, Lu C, Chang YP, Kumar A, Banerji R, Gretton JD, Schnabel L, Teachman BA, Kristal AS, Chua KW, Freeman JB, Fath S, Grigoryan L, Weißflog MI, Daryani Y, Pourhosein R, Johnson SK, Chan ET, Stevens SM, Anderson S, Beaty RE, Rubichi S, Cocco VM, Vezzali L, Lai CK, and Axt JR

Abstract

Discrimination in the evaluation of others is a key cause of social inequality around the world. However, relatively little is known about psychological interventions that can be used to prevent biased evaluations. The limited evidence that exists on these strategies is spread across many methods and populations, making it difficult to generate reliable best practices that can be effective across contexts. In the present work, we held a research contest to solicit interventions with the goal of reducing discrimination based on physical attractiveness using a hypothetical admissions task. Thirty interventions were tested across four rounds of data collection (total N > 20,000). Using a signal detection theory approach to evaluate interventions, we identified two interventions that reduced discrimination by lessening both decision noise and decision bias, while two other interventions reduced overall discrimination by only lessening noise or bias. The most effective interventions largely provided concrete strategies that directed participants' attention toward decision-relevant criteria and away from socially biasing information, though the fact that very similar interventions produced differing effects on discrimination suggests certain key characteristics that are needed for manipulations to reliably impact judgment. The effects of these four interventions on decision bias, noise, or both also replicated in a different discrimination domain, political affiliation, and generalized to populations with self-reported hiring experience. Results of the contest for decreasing attractiveness-based favoritism suggest that identifying effective routes for changing discriminatory behavior is a challenge and that greater investment is needed to develop impactful, flexible, and scalable strategies for reducing discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Published
2024
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