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1. A newly revised estimation of bulk densities and examination of the shape of individual Ryugu grains

Author

Akiko Miyazaki, Toru Yada, Kasumi Yogata, Kentaro Hatakeda, Aiko Nakato, Masahiro Nishimura, Kana Nagashima, Kazuya Kumagai, Yuya Hitomi, Hiromichi Soejima, Rui Tahara, Rei Kanemaru, Arisa Nakano, Miwa Yoshitake, Ayako Iwamae, Shizuho Furuya, Akira Tsuchiyama, Shogo Tachibana, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Tatsuaki Okada, Masanao Abe, and Tomohiro Usui

Subjects
Hayabusa2, Curation, Ryugu grains, Bulk density, 3D shapes, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Geodesy, QB275-343, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract The bulk density of grains from a celestial body is a fundamental property related to its composition and structure, contributing to the understanding of its evolutionary history. In this study, we provide the bulk density of 637 grains returned from the C-type near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu. This is the largest number of grains to date for the curation activity, corresponding to 38 wt.% of the total returned samples (approximately 5.4 g). Although several densities of the Ryugu grains were reported, the volume estimation of some samples showed uncertainties. Therefore, we applied a new volume estimation model calibrated by X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT) to the Ryugu grains to more accurately estimate their bulk density. The obtained average bulk density of 637 Ryugu grains was 1.79 ± 0.31 g/cm3 (1σ variation) for weights of 0.5‒100 mg (sub-mm ‒to 10 mm) irrespective of their 3D shapes characterized by three axial length ratios, considered to be a representative of the returned samples. The bulk density distributions of the grains in Chambers A and C were statistically distinguishable, with mean values of 1.81 ± 0.30 and 1.76 ± 0.33 g/cm3 (1σ variations), respectively. Despite the small difference, bulk density may have differed by sampling site. The obtained average bulk density value of A + C samples was almost the same as that of 16 Ryugu grains estimated based on CT scanned data, and was consistent with the densities of CI chondrites (1.57–1.91 g/cm3). The axial ratios of the grains in Chambers A and C were similar and those of the 724 returned samples and the flying particles ejected during the sampling operations were also similar, suggesting that relatively small Ryugu materials (mm‒cm in size) are similar in shape. The minor difference between the Rygu grains and flying particles could be attributed to events such as scraping during sampling operations and transportation. Graphical Abstract

Published
2023
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2. Ryugu Sample Database System (RS-DBS) on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) by the JAXA curation

Author

Masahiro Nishimura, Aiko Nakato, Masanao Abe, Kana Nagashima, Hiromichi Soejima, Toru Yada, Kasumi Yogata, Akiko Miyazaki, Kentaro Hatakeda, Miwa Yoshitake, Ayako Iwamae, Cedric Pilorget, Rosario Brunetto, Damien Loizeau, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Lucie Riu, Koki Yumoto, Yuichiro Cho, Yuna Yabe, Seiji Sugita, Motoo Ito, Tatsuaki Okada, Shogo Tachibana, and Tomohiro Usui

Subjects
Hayabusa2, Ryugu returned samples, Initial description, Curation, Database, Data archive, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Geodesy, QB275-343, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract The JAXA Astromaterials Science Research Group developed a web-based database system for the Hayabusa2-returned samples from C-type asteroid Ryugu. The Ryugu Sample Database System database (RS-DBS) is designed as an online catalog for users of wide scientific communities to choose their preferred samples and propose the sample loan through the JAXA Ryugu Sample Announcement of Opportunity. Ryugu samples can be sorted and given identification numbers as individual particles larger than 1 mm and aggregate samples consisting of less than 1 mm particle through the Phase1 curation (i.e., the initial description). The RS-DBS lists all samples with analytical data such as a microscopy image, size, mass, spectroscopic data, and shape model obtained by the initial description at the JAXA curation facility. The list also includes research results conducted by previous projects (i.e., the Hayabusa2 initial analysis team and Phase2 curation teams). The RS-DBS, built with open-source technologies, archives the data securely and long-term on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) at ISAS/JAXA. Graphical Abstract

Published
2023
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3. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in near-infrared FTIR spectra of Ryugu returned samples

Author

Kentaro Hatakeda, Toru Yada, Masanao Abe, Tatsuaki Okada, Aiko Nakato, Kasumi Yogata, Akiko Miyazaki, Kazuya Kumagai, Masahiro Nishimura, Yuya Hitomi, Hiromichi Soejima, Kana Nagashima, Miwa Yoshitake, Ayako Iwamae, Shizuho Furuya, Tomohiro Usui, and Kohei Kitazato

Subjects
Hayabusa2, Ryugu returned samples, FTIR, Initial description, Curation, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Geodesy, QB275-343, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract Surface and subsurface materials of C-type near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu were collected and successfully returned to the Earth in the Hayabusa2 mission. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been conducted to characterize these returned samples as one of the initial descriptions in a non-destructive manner under a purified nitrogen condition without terrestrial contamination. We selected the individual grains and aggregate samples that were not severely influenced by the reflection of incident beam at the sapphire dish and analyzed their reflectance spectra using the primary component analysis (PCA). The result indicates that Ryugu returned samples are highly homogeneous with only a little heterogeneity. The average spectrum of the main PCA group is represented by four absorption bands at 2.7, 3.05, 3.4, and 3.95 μm. The spectral feature is consistent with that obtained from bulk FTIR measurements, indicating potential presence of hydroxyl, organics, and carbonates. Rarely observed types of grains with unique spectra are categorized into three groups: significantly high reflectance, carbonates, and hydroxyl compounds with broad OH absorption. Graphical Abstract

Published
2023
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4. A pristine record of outer Solar System materials from asteroid Ryugu’s returned sample

Author

Motoo Ito, Naotaka Tomioka, Masayuki Uesugi, Akira Yamaguchi, Naoki Shirai, Takuji Ohigashi, Ming-Chang Liu, Richard C. Greenwood, Makoto Kimura, Naoya Imae, Kentaro Uesugi, Aiko Nakato, Kasumi Yogata, Hayato Yuzawa, Yu Kodama, Akira Tsuchiyama, Masahiro Yasutake, Ross Findlay, Ian A. Franchi, James A. Malley, Kaitlyn A. McCain, Nozomi Matsuda, Kevin D. McKeegan, Kaori Hirahara, Akihisa Takeuchi, Shun Sekimoto, Ikuya Sakurai, Ikuo Okada, Yuzuru Karouji, Masahiko Arakawa, Atsushi Fujii, Masaki Fujimoto, Masahiko Hayakawa, Naoyuki Hirata, Naru Hirata, Rie Honda, Chikatoshi Honda, Satoshi Hosoda, Yu-ichi Iijima, Hitoshi Ikeda, Masateru Ishiguro, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Takahiro Iwata, Kosuke Kawahara, Shota Kikuchi, Kohei Kitazato, Koji Matsumoto, Moe Matsuoka, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Yuya Mimasu, Akira Miura, Osamu Mori, Tomokatsu Morota, Satoru Nakazawa, Noriyuki Namiki, Hirotomo Noda, Rina Noguchi, Naoko Ogawa, Kazunori Ogawa, Tatsuaki Okada, Chisato Okamoto, Go Ono, Masanobu Ozaki, Takanao Saiki, Naoya Sakatani, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroki Senshu, Yuri Shimaki, Kei Shirai, Seiji Sugita, Yuto Takei, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Satoshi Tanaka, Eri Tatsumi, Fuyuto Terui, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Koji Wada, Manabu Yamada, Tetsuya Yamada, Yukio Yamamoto, Hajime Yano, Yasuhiro Yokota, Keisuke Yoshihara, Makoto Yoshikawa, Kent Yoshikawa, Ryota Fukai, Shizuho Furuya, Kentaro Hatakeda, Tasuku Hayashi, Yuya Hitomi, Kazuya Kumagai, Akiko Miyazaki, Masahiro Nishimura, Hiromichi Soejima, Ayako Iwamae, Daiki Yamamoto, Miwa Yoshitake, Toru Yada, Masanao Abe, Tomohiro Usui, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, and Yuichi Tsuda

Subjects
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

Volatile and organic-rich C-type asteroids may have been one of the main sources of Earth’s water. Our best insight into their chemistry is currently provided by carbonaceous chondritic meteorites, but the meteorite record is biased: only the strongest types survive atmospheric entry and are then modified by interaction with the terrestrial environment. Here we present the results of a detailed bulk and microanalytical study of pristine Ryugu particles, brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. Ryugu particles display a close compositional match with the chemically unfractionated, but aqueously altered, CI (Ivuna-type) chondrites, which are widely used as a proxy for the bulk Solar System composition. The sample shows an intricate spatial relationship between aliphatic-rich organics and phyllosilicates and indicates maximum temperatures of ~30 °C during aqueous alteration. We find that heavy hydrogen and nitrogen abundances are consistent with an outer Solar System origin. Ryugu particles are the most uncontaminated and unfractionated extraterrestrial materials studied so far, and provide the best available match to the bulk Solar System composition.

Published
2022
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5. Macromolecular organic matter in samples of the asteroid (162173) Ryugu

Author

Hikaru Yabuta, George D. Cody, Cécile Engrand, Yoko Kebukawa, Bradley De Gregorio, Lydie Bonal, Laurent Remusat, Rhonda Stroud, Eric Quirico, Larry Nittler, Minako Hashiguchi, Mutsumi Komatsu, Taiga Okumura, Jérémie Mathurin, Emmanuel Dartois, Jean Duprat, Yoshio Takahashi, Yasuo Takeichi, David Kilcoyne, Shohei Yamashita, Alexandre Dazzi, Ariane Deniset-Besseau, Scott Sandford, Zita Martins, Yusuke Tamenori, Takuji Ohigashi, Hiroki Suga, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Maximilien Verdier-Paoletti, Smail Mostefaoui, Gilles Montagnac, Jens Barosch, Kanami Kamide, Miho Shigenaka, Laure Bejach, Megumi Matsumoto, Yuma Enokido, Takaaki Noguchi, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Tomoki Nakamura, Ryuji Okazaki, Hiroshi Naraoka, Kanako Sakamoto, Harold C. Connolly, Dante S. Lauretta, Masanao Abe, Tatsuaki Okada, Toru Yada, Masahiro Nishimura, Kasumi Yogata, Aiko Nakato, Miwa Yoshitake, Ayako Iwamae, Shizuho Furuya, Kentaro Hatakeda, Akiko Miyazaki, Hiromichi Soejima, Yuya Hitomi, Kazuya Kumagai, Tomohiro Usui, Tasuku Hayashi, Daiki Yamamoto, Ryota Fukai, Seiji Sugita, Kohei Kitazato, Naru Hirata, Rie Honda, Tomokatsu Morota, Eri Tatsumi, Naoya Sakatani, Noriyuki Namiki, Koji Matsumoto, Rina Noguchi, Koji Wada, Hiroki Senshu, Kazunori Ogawa, Yasuhiro Yokota, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Yuri Shimaki, Manabu Yamada, Chikatoshi Honda, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Moe Matsuoka, Naoyuki Hirata, Masahiko Arakawa, Chisato Okamoto, Masateru Ishiguro, Ralf Jaumann, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Matthias Grott, Stefan Schröder, Katharina Otto, Cedric Pilorget, Nicole Schmitz, Jens Biele, Tra-Mi Ho, Aurélie Moussi-Soffys, Akira Miura, Hirotomo Noda, Tetsuya Yamada, Keisuke Yoshihara, Kosuke Kawahara, Hitoshi Ikeda, Yukio Yamamoto, Kei Shirai, Shota Kikuchi, Naoko Ogawa, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Go Ono, Yuya Mimasu, Kent Yoshikawa, Yuto Takei, Atsushi Fujii, Yu-ichi Iijima, Satoru Nakazawa, Satoshi Hosoda, Takahiro Iwata, Masahiko Hayakawa, Hirotaka Sawada, Hajime Yano, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Masanobu Ozaki, Fuyuto Terui, Satoshi Tanaka, Masaki Fujimoto, Makoto Yoshikawa, Takanao Saiki, Shogo Tachibana, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, Yuichi Tsuda, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-CE31-0011,COMETOR,Origine de la poussière cométaire(2018), and European Project: 819587,HYDROMA

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Macromolecular organic carbonaceous samples asteroid Ryugu Hayabusa2 MASCOT
Abstract

International audience; INTRODUCTION: Organic compounds in asteroids and comets contain information about the early history of the Solar System. They could also have delivered organic material to early Earth. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft visited the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu and collected samples of its surface materials, which were brought to Earth in December 2020. RATIONALE: We investigated the macromolecular organic matter in the Ryugu samples, measuring its elemental, isotopic, and functional group compositions along with its small-scale structures and morphologies. Analytical methods used included spectro-microscopies, electron microscopy, and isotopic microscopy. We examined intact Ryugu grains and insoluble carbonaceous residues isolated by acid treatment of the Ryugu samples. RESULTS: Organic matter is abundant in the Ryugu grains, distributed as submicrometersized organic grains and as organic matter dispersed in matrix. The Ryugu organic matter consists of aromatic carbons, aliphatic carbons, ketones, and carboxyls. The functional group

Published
2023
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6. Preliminary analysis of the Hayabusa2 samples returned from C-type asteroid Ryugu

Author

Toru Yada, Masanao Abe, Tatsuaki Okada, Aiko Nakato, Kasumi Yogata, Akiko Miyazaki, Kentaro Hatakeda, Kazuya Kumagai, Masahiro Nishimura, Yuya Hitomi, Hiromichi Soejima, Miwa Yoshitake, Ayako Iwamae, Shizuho Furuya, Masayuki Uesugi, Yuzuru Karouji, Tomohiro Usui, Tasuku Hayashi, Daiki Yamamoto, Ryota Fukai, Seiji Sugita, Yuichiro Cho, Koki Yumoto, Yuna Yabe, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Cedric Pilorget, Vincent Hamm, Rosario Brunetto, Lucie Riu, Lionel Lourit, Damien Loizeau, Guillaume Lequertier, Aurelie Moussi-Soffys, Shogo Tachibana, Hirotaka Sawada, Ryuji Okazaki, Yoshinori Takano, Kanako Sakamoto, Yayoi N. Miura, Hajime Yano, Trevor R. Ireland, Tetsuya Yamada, Masaki Fujimoto, Kohei Kitazato, Noriyuki Namiki, Masahiko Arakawa, Naru Hirata, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Tomoki Nakamura, Takaaki Noguchi, Hikaru Yabuta, Hiroshi Naraoka, Motoo Ito, Eizo Nakamura, Kentaro Uesugi, Katsura Kobayashi, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Hiroshi Kikuchi, Naoyuki Hirata, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Koji Matsumoto, Hirotomo Noda, Rina Noguchi, Yuri Shimaki, Kei Shirai, Kazunori Ogawa, Koji Wada, Hiroki Senshu, Yukio Yamamoto, Tomokatsu Morota, Rie Honda, Chikatoshi Honda, Yasuhiro Yokota, Moe Matsuoka, Naoya Sakatani, Eri Tatsumi, Akira Miura, Manabu Yamada, Atsushi Fujii, Chikako Hirose, Satoshi Hosoda, Hitoshi Ikeda, Takahiro Iwata, Shota Kikuchi, Yuya Mimasu, Osamu Mori, Naoko Ogawa, Go Ono, Takanobu Shimada, Stefania Soldini, Tadateru Takahashi, Yuto Takei, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Kent Yoshikawa, Fuyuto Terui, Satoru Nakazawa, Satoshi Tanaka, Takanao Saiki, Makoto Yoshikawa, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, and Yuichi Tsuda

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

C-type asteroids1 are considered to be primitive small Solar System bodies enriched in water and organics, providing clues to the origin and evolution of the Solar System and the building blocks of life. C-type asteroid 162173 Ryugu has been characterized by remote sensing2–7 and on-asteroid measurements8,9 with Hayabusa2 (ref. 10). However, the ground truth provided by laboratory analysis of returned samples is invaluable to determine the fine properties of asteroids and other planetary bodies. We report preliminary results of analyses on returned samples from Ryugu of the particle size distribution, density and porosity, spectral properties and textural properties, and the results of a search for Ca–Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules. The bulk sample mainly consists of rugged and smooth particles of millimetre to submillimetre size, confirming that the physical and chemical properties were not altered during the return from the asteroid. The power index of its size distribution is shallower than that of the surface boulder observed on Ryugu11, indicating differences in the returned Ryugu samples. The average of the estimated bulk densities of Ryugu sample particles is 1,282 ± 231 kg m−3, which is lower than that of meteorites12, suggesting a high microporosity down to the millimetre scale, extending centimetre-scale estimates from thermal measurements5,9. The extremely dark optical to near-infrared reflectance and spectral profile with weak absorptions at 2.7 and 3.4 μm imply a carbonaceous composition with indigenous aqueous alteration, matching the global average of Ryugu3,4 and confirming that the sample is representative of the asteroid. Together with the absence of submillimetre CAIs and chondrules, these features indicate that Ryugu is most similar to CI chondrites but has lower albedo, higher porosity and more fragile characteristics.

Published
2021
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7. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in Near-Infrared FTIR spectra of Ryugu returned samples

Author

Kentaro Hatakeda, Toru Yada, Masanao Abe, Tatsuaki Okada, Aiko Nakato, Kasumi Yogata, Akiko Miyazaki, Masahiro Nishimura, Yuya Hitomi, Hiromichi Soejima, Miwa Yoshitake, Ayako Iwamae, Shizuho Furuya, Tomohiro Usui, and Kohei Kitazato

Abstract

Surface and subsurface materials of C-type near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu were collected and successfully returned to the Earth in the Hayabusa2 mission. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been conducted to characterize these returned samples as one of the initial description in a non-destructive manner under a purified nitrogen condition without terrestrial contamination. We selected the individual grains and aggregate samples that were not severely influenced by the reflection of incident beam at the sapphire dish and analyzed their reflectance spectra using the primary component analysis (PCA). The result indicates that Ryugu returned samples are highly homogeneous with only a little heterogeneity. The average spectrum of the main PCA group is represented by four absorption bands at 2.7, 3.05, 3.4, and 3.95 µm. The spectral feature is consistent with that obtained from bulk FTIR measurements as reported in Yada et al. (2022), indicating potential presence of hydroxyl, organics and carbonates. Rarely observed types of grains with unique spectra are categorized into three groups: significantly high reflectance, carbonates, and hydroxyl compounds.

Published
2022
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8. Hayabusa2 returned samples: A unique and pristine record of outer Solar System materials from asteroid Ryugu

Author

Motoo Ito, Naotaka Tomioka, Masayuki Uesugi, Akira Yamaguchi, Naoki Shirai, Takuji Ohigashi, Ming-Chang Liu, Richard Greenwood, Makoto Kimura, Naoya Imae, Kentaro Uesugi, Aiko Nakato, Kasumi Yogata, Hayato Yuzawa, Yu Kodama, Akira Tsuchiyama, Masahiro Yasutake, Ross Findlay, Ian Franchi, James Malley, Kaitlyn McCain, Nozomi Matsuda, Kevin McKeegan, Kaori Hirahara, Akihisa Takeuchi, Shun Sekimoto, Ikuya Sakurai, Ikuo Okada, Yuzuru Karouji, Masahiko Arakawa, Atsushi Fujii, Masaki Fujimoto, Masahiko Hayakawa, Naoyuki Hirata, Naru Hirata, Rie Honda, Chikatoshi Honda, Satoshi Hosoda, Yu-ichi Iijima, Hitoshi Ikeda, Masateru Ishiguro, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Takahiro Iwata, Kosuke Kawahara, Shota Kikuchi, Kohei Kitazato, Koji Matsumoto, Moe Matsuoka, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Yuya Mimasu, Akira Miura, Osamu Mori, Tmokatsu Morota, Satoru Nakazawa, Noriyuki Namiki, Hirotomo Noda, Rina Noguchi, Naoko Ogawa, Kazunori Ogawa, Tatsuaki Okada, Chisato Okamoto, Go Ono, Masanobu Ozaki, Takanao Saiki, Naoya Sakatani, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroki Senshu, Yuri Shimaki, Kei Shirai, Seiji Sugita, Yuto Takei, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Satoshi Tanaka, Eri Tatsumi, Fuyuto Terui, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Koji Wada, Manabu Yamada, Tetsuya Yamada, Yukio Yamamoto, Hajime Yano, Yasuhiro Yokota, Keisuke Yoshihara, Makoto Yoshikawa, Kent Yoshikawa, Ryota Fukai, Shizuho Furuya, Kentaro Hatakeda, Tasuku Hayashi, Yuya Hitomi, Kazuya Kumagai, Akiko Miyazaki, Masahiro Nishimura, Hiromichi Soejima, Ayako Iwamae, Daiki Yamamoto, Miwa Yoshitake, Toru Yada, Masanao Abe, Tomohiro Usui, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, and Yuichi Tsuda

Abstract

C-type asteroids likely formed in the outer Solar System and were then scattered inwards during giant planet migration (Walsh et al., 2011). They may have transported volatiles to the inner Solar System and created the conditions suitable for life on Earth(Alexander, 2017). Carbonaceous chondrites are fragments from C-type asteroids and provide evidence that these generally organic-rich (Garvie and Buseck, 2007) bodies experienced extensive aqueous alteration early in Solar System history (Alexander et al., 2014). On 6th December 2020, ~5.4g of material was delivered to Earth from the C-type asteroid 162173 Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft (Yada et al., 2021). Here we present the results of an integrated bulk and micro-analytical study of Ryugu particles, which provides a unique insight into the interrelationship between aliphatic-rich organics and surrounding hydrous minerals at a sub-micrometer scale. This dataset has clear implications for better understanding the origin and early evolution of Solar System organic matter and demonstrates that Ryugu particles are among the most uncontaminated extraterrestrial materials so far studied.

Published
2022
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9. Ryugu: A brand-new planetary sample returned from a C-type asteroid

Author

Akiko Miyazaki, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroshi Naraoka, Lionel Lourit, M. Nishimura, Koki Yumoto, Kentaro Hatakeda, Hajime Yano, Fuyuto Terui, Miwa Yoshitake, Takaaki Noguchi, Shizuho Furuya, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Masahiko Arakawa, Kasumi Yogata, Tatsuaki Okada, Hitoshi Ikeda, Ayako Iwamae, Yuzuru Karouji, Naoyuki Hirata, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Yuri Shimaki, Yayoi N. Miura, Takanao Saiki, Motoo Ito, Aurelie Moussi-Soffys, Koji Matsumoto, Kent Yoshikawa, Hiroki Senshu, Naoko Ogawa, Moe Matsuoka, Yuto Takei, Chikatoshi Honda, Naoya Sakatani, Rosario Brunetto, Hiroshi Kikuchi, Naru Hirata, Yuichiro Cho, Tasuku Hayashi, Kohei Kitazato, Kazuya Kumagai, Yuichi Tsuda, Satoru Nakazawa, Cedric Pilorget, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Koji Wada, Hirotomo Noda, Satoshi Tanaka, Eizo Nakamura, Shota Kikuchi, Daiki Yamamoto, Hiromichi Soejima, Yuya Hitomi, Tetsuya Yamada, Rina Noguchi, Vincent Hamm, Lucie Riu, Takanobu Shimada, Seiji Sugita, Eri Tatsumi, Shogo Tachibana, Ryota Fukai, Manabu Yamada, Toru Yada, Masanao Abe, Makoto Yoshikawa, Trevor Ireland, Takahiro Iwata, T. Takahashi, Kazunori Ogawa, Damien Loizeau, Noriyuki Namiki, Akira Miura, Aiko Nakato, Katsura Kobayashi, Masaki Fujimoto, Atsushi Fujii, Kei Shirai, Rie Honda, Tomoki Nakamura, Chikako Hirose, Tomohiro Usui, Osamu Mori, Ryuji Okazaki, Yuya Mimasu, Kanako Sakamoto, Yasuhiro Yokota, Yoshinori Takano, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, Yuna Yabe, Go Ono, Guillaume Lequertier, Hikaru Yabuta, Tomokatsu Morota, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Masayuki Uesugi, Stefania Soldini, Satoshi Hosoda, Kentaro Uesugi, and Yukio Yamamoto

Subjects
Asteroid, Sample (graphics), Geology, Astrobiology
Abstract

C-type asteroids are considered to be primitive small Solar-System bodies enriched in water and organics, providing clues for understanding the origin and evolution of the Solar System and the building blocks of life. C-type asteroid 162173 Ryugu has been characterized by remote sensing and on-asteroid measurements with Hayabusa2, but further studies are expected by direct analyses of returned samples. Here we describe the bulk sample mainly consisting of rugged and smooth particles of millimeter to submillimeter size, preserving physical and chemical properties as they were on the asteroid. The particle size distribution is found steeper than that of surface boulders11. Estimated grain densities of the samples have a peak around 1350 kg m-3, which is lower than that of meteorites suggests a high micro-porosity down to millimeter-scale, as estimated at centimeter-scale by thermal measurements. The extremely dark optical to near-infrared reflectance and the spectral profile with weak absorptions at 2.7 and 3.4 microns implying carbonaceous composition with indigenous aqueous alteration, respectively, match the global average of Ryugu, confirming the sample’s representativeness. Together with the absence of chondrule and Ca-Al-rich inclusion of larger than sub-mm, these features indicate Ryugu is most similar to CI chondrites but with darker, more porous and fragile characteristics.

Published
2021
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10. First asteroid gas sample delivered by the Hayabusa2 mission: A treasure box from Ryugu

Author

Ryuji Okazaki, Yayoi N. Miura, Yoshinori Takano, Hirotaka Sawada, Kanako Sakamoto, Toru Yada, Keita Yamada, Shinsuke Kawagucci, Yohei Matsui, Ko Hashizume, Akizumi Ishida, Michael W. Broadley, Bernard Marty, David Byrne, Evelyn Füri, Alex Meshik, Olga Pravdivtseva, Henner Busemann, My E.I. Riebe, Jamie Gilmour, Jisun Park, Ken-ichi Bajo, Kevin Righter, Saburo Sakai, Shun Sekimoto, Fumio Kitajima, Sarah A. Crowther, Naoyoshi Iwata, Naoki Shirai, Mitsuru Ebihara, Reika Yokochi, Kunihiko Nishiizumi, Keisuke Nagao, Jong Ik Lee, Patricia Clay, Akihiro Kano, Marc W. Caffee, Ryu Uemura, Makoto Inagaki, Daniela Krietsch, Colin Maden, Mizuki Yamamoto, Lydia Fawcett, Thomas Lawton, Tomoki Nakamura, Hiroshi Naraoka, Takaaki Noguchi, Hikaru Yabuta, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Yuichi Tsuda, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, Masanao Abe, Masahiko Arakawa, Atsushi Fujii, Masahiko Hayakawa, Naoyuki Hirata, Naru Hirata, Rie Honda, Chikatoshi Honda, Satoshi Hosoda, Yu-ichi Iijima, Hitoshi Ikeda, Masateru Ishiguro, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Takahiro Iwata, Kosuke Kawahara, Shota Kikuchi, Kohei Kitazato, Koji Matsumoto, Moe Matsuoka, Tatsuhiro Michikami, Yuya Mimasu, Akira Miura, Tomokatsu Morota, Satoru Nakazawa, Noriyuki Namiki, Hirotomo Noda, Rina Noguchi, Naoko Ogawa, Kazunori Ogawa, Tatsuaki Okada, Chisato Okamoto, Go Ono, Masanobu Ozaki, Takanao Saiki, Naoya Sakatani, Hiroki Senshu, Yuri Shimaki, Kei Shirai, Seiji Sugita, Yuto Takei, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Satoshi Tanaka, Eri Tatsumi, Fuyuto Terui, Ryudo Tsukizaki, Koji Wada, Manabu Yamada, Tetsuya Yamada, Yukio Yamamoto, Hajime Yano, Yasuhiro Yokota, Keisuke Yoshihara, Makoto Yoshikawa, Kent Yoshikawa, Shizuho Furuya, Kentaro Hatakeda, Tasuku Hayashi, Yuya Hitomi, Kazuya Kumagai, Akiko Miyazaki, Aiko Nakato, Masahiro Nishimura, Hiromichi Soejima, Ayako Iwamae, Daiki Yamamoto, Kasumi Yogata, Miwa Yoshitake, Ryota Fukai, Tomohiro Usui, Trevor Ireland, Harold C. Connolly, Dante S. Lauretta, Shogo Tachibana, Kyushu University, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Ibaraki University, Tohoku University [Sendai], Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Manchester [Manchester], City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], NASA, Kyoto University, Yamagata University, Tokyo Metropolitan University [Tokyo] (TMU), Kanagawa University, University of Chicago, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Purdue University [West Lafayette], Nagoya University, Hiroshima University, Kobe University, University of Aizu [Japan] (UoA), Ehime University [Matsuyama, Japon], Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Chiba Institute of Technology (CIT), National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Graduate University for Advanced Studies [Hayama] (SOKENDAI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kindai University, Niigata University, Rikkyo University [Tokyo], Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Marine Works Japan Ltd., University of Queensland [Brisbane], Rowan University, University of Arizona, European Project: 715028,VOLATILIS, and European Project: 695618

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Manchester Environmental Research Institute, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/MERI
Abstract

The Hayabusa2 spacecraft returned to Earth from the asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 6 December 2020. One day after the recovery, the gas species retained in the sample container were extracted and measured on-site and stored in gas collection bottles. The container gas consists of helium and neon with an extraterrestrial ³He/⁴He and ²⁰Ne/²²Ne ratios, along with some contaminant terrestrial atmospheric gases. A mixture of solar and Earth’s atmospheric gas is the best explanation for the container gas composition. Fragmentation of Ryugu grains within the sample container is discussed on the basis of the estimated amount of indigenous He and the size distribution of the recovered Ryugu grains. This is the first successful return of gas species from a near-Earth asteroid., 「はやぶさ2」ミッションによる世界初の小惑星からのガスサンプル：リュウグウからのたまて箱. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-10-21.

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