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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the parental attitude and self-efficacy of kindergarten children. The research is conducted with 60 children aged 3-4, studying at two kindergarten schools in Istanbul, and their parents. While sociodemographic information is evaluated with Personal Information Form, self-efficacy of the children is interpreted with Purdue Self Concept Scale. In addition to this, parental attitudes are tested with Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). According to the research, self-efficacy score of boys are higher than girls. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that there is a positive correlation between the PARI democracy and equality subscale and their self-efficacy. However, there is a negative correlation between the overprotection, marital conflict, rejection of the role of house wife, strictness and authoritarianism with the self-efficacy. It is concluded that the concept of self-efficacy is different between genders in early childhood, which is known to be a critical stage in the development of the individual, and that parental attitudes influence the concept of self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education / Hasan Ali Yücel Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi (HAYEF) is the property of Istanbul University, Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Energy is a crucial input in the process of economic growth. Sustainable economic growth necessitates the sufficient and continuous availability of energy. Pakistan is confronting energy insecurity which is seriously hindering the economic development and this study is an attempt to investigate the relationship between energy security and economic growth. The major concern of energy security is associated with the availability of suitable energy supply in cheap and consistent way to fulfill energy demand in the future. In this study, the demand and supply gap of energy is used as a proxy variable for energy security. The data source is the Energy Information Administration (EIA) where data is available at disaggregate level for different sources of energy (i.e., oil, gas, coal and electricity) for the period of 1980 to 2012. Therefore, aggregate variables are generated by converting data into unified unit of measurement. The Error Correction Model (ECM) is used to analyze the short-run and long-run causality between energy gap and the economic growth. The results show that unidirectional causality runs from energy demand and supply gap to economic growth in short-run as well as in the long-run. This relationship is negative and statistically significant in both the short- run and the long run which indicates that low energy security (i.e., increasing energy gap) halts the economic growth of Pakistan. Consequently, the study concludes that government should focus on better management of energy demand and energy supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors associated with unintentional injury in children newly diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One thousand four hundred and thirty children between the ages of 6 and 18 who were diagnosed with ADHD for the first time in child psychiatry outpatient clinics were included in the present study. The socio-demographic information of the children, their developmental histories, chronic physical health conditions, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and information obtained via the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Disorders Screening and Rating Scale were examined retrospectively. It was determined that 12.8% of the children (n D 183) experienced unintentional injury. It was established that age, male gender, disruptive behavioural problems, and low education levels among mothers were predictive of unintentional injuries. The results of the present study suggest that behavioural problems accompanying ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders are important in terms of unintentional injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Social interactions in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are inappropriate and such social problems may originate from a failure to attend to the appropriate cues of affect. The present study aimed to determine the factors predictive of social reciprocity in ADHD and their relationship to sociodemographics. Materials and Methods: Participants were required to interpret emotional cues depicted in pictures of facial expressions with a test that was adopted from the Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Diagnoses were established based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). Moreover, a detailed sociodemographic form, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Social Reciprocity Scale (SRS) were used for assessment. Results: This study included 133 children; 64 in the ADHD group and 69 in the control group. There wasn't a significant difference in mean age between the ADHD group (13.22 ± 1.28 years) and control group (12.97 ± 1.27 years). In all, 50% of the ADHD group and 49.3% of the control group were male. The mean RMET score was significantly lower in the ADHD group than in the control group (ADHD group: 20.52 ± 3.95; control group: 23.70 ± 3.55) and the mean SRS score was significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group (ADHD group: 65.84 ± 18.83; control group: 36.04 ± 16.32). In the ADHD group attention problems and lower level of ability to interpret emotional facial expressions were predictive of impaired social reciprocity. Conclusion: The findings show that both the ability to decode facial expressions and social reciprocity were impaired in the ADHD group. These findings highlight the difficulty children with ADHD have with social functioning and interpretation of emotions based on facial expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and sexual abuse of children keep on being major mental health problems. Abuse and its complications are the important part of child and adolescent psychiatry services. Abused children are at risk of serious behavioral and emotional disorders. In many locations nationwide, multidisciplinary teams have been created to evaluate concerns of child abuse. In this paper, it is aimed to discuss risk factors for abuse, diagnosis and therapy of mental disorders, and multidisciplinary approach in a case who seriously exposed to physical and sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very general and robust multicomponent-reaction protocol involving an Ugi condensation between ethyl glyoxylate, isonitriles, N-Boc-α-amino acids, and mono-N-Boc-protected diamines followed by a series of acid-promoted cyclization steps in a one-pot fashion is reported. This process allows for the assembly of complex polycyclic structures by means of just two simple synthetic operations and a single chromatographic purification in high overall yields. Of note, the first scaffolds derived from a highly selective sequence of ring-closing events involving three internal amino nucleophiles is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to assess the behavioral problems, psychiatric disorders and neurocognitive evaluation focused on frontal lobe functions in children with rolandic epilepsy (RE) and compare them with a control group. Methods: 31 children with RE, aged 8-13,5 years were compared with a control group matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Behavioral problems were assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and psychiatric diagnoses were established by using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version. Both groups of children were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Results: RE group presented more psychiatric disorders than the control group. Verbal and total IQ scores in RE group were lower than in the control group. Although the groups did not differ from each other in WCST scores, children with RE displayed lower performance in SCWT. The RE group had higher externalizing and total scores in CBCL. Conclusion: It was considered that RE does not affect basic frontal lobe functions significantly, has negative effects on attention and IQ performance, and increases behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to assess the behavioral problems, psychiatric disorders and neurocognitive evaluation focused on frontal lobe functions in children with rolandic epilepsy (RE) and compare them with a control group. Methods: 31 children with RE, aged 8-13,5 years were compared with a control group matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Behavioral problems were assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and psychiatric diagnoses were established by using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version. Both groups of children were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Results: RE group presented more psychiatric disorders than the control group. Verbal and total IQ scores in RE group were lower than in the control group. Although the groups did not differ from each other in WCST scores, children with RE displayed lower performance in SCWT. The RE group had higher externalizing and total scores in CBCL. Conclusion: It was considered that RE does not affect basic frontal lobe functions significantly, has negative effects on attention and IQ performance, and increases behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the early marriage has decreased worldwide, considerable proportions of girls continue to marry as children. The aim of this study was to examine sociodemografic characteristics, and diagnosis of mental disorders of girls who married younger than 15 years and referred for criminal evaluation. Methods: Forty-eight girls who reported marriage prior to age 15 years, and at the time of evaluation prior to age 18 years were evaluated. Case files, and social observation reports were examined retrospectively by the researchers. The diagnoses of mental disorders were determined with clinical interview based on DSM-IV. Results: It was determined that 45.8% of cases had at least one mental disorder diagnosis and the most frequent diagnoses were major depressive disorder, and adjustment disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder was detected in 8.2% of cases. 22.9% of cases were married without their consent. 14.6% of cases exposed to physical abuse, and 27.1% of cases had emotional violence by the person they married. 29.2% of cases reported suicidal ideation and 20.8% of cases had suicide attempts. When cases were categorized according to sociodemographic characteristics, a higher rate of mental disorder was found in the cases including marriages of those who did not want to marry, who did not know the person they married before the marriage, who lived in extended families after marriage, who married with people without jobs (unemployed, in prison, at military service), and those exposed to physical and emotional violence by the person they married. Discussion: Although the sample of our study comprises only cases were referred for criminal evaluation, our findings revealed that girls who were married at younger ages were at risk for mental disorders. Our results suggest that essential steps should be taken to protect mental health, and prevent early marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry / Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of mental disorders in institutionalized children between the ages of 3-5 years, investigate the factors associated with the mental disorders and compare these findings with the data of a community sample composed of children who were raised by their own families. Method: Thirty-four children raised in three institutions in Kocaeli were compared with an age- and sex-matched community sample. Children were assessed according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The Socio-demographic information form, and Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4) parent scale were used for data collection. Results: Children that were reared in institutions had evidence of higher rates of mental disorders. In institution-reared children, symptom severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reactive attachment disorder, oppositional deficient disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder were higher than the community subjects. Age, time spent with father, duration of institutionalization, number of siblings, number of hospital admissions because of physical symptoms and presence of abuse before institutional care were determined to be predictive factors for psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: These findings revealed that institutionalized children are at risk for mental disorders and protective measures are as important as intuitional care for these children. Our results suggest that essential steps should be taken to protect the mental health of children in institutional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Somatoform disorders in adolescents is a little studied topic. It is hypothesized that maternal attachment style and the family system was associated with the somatic symptoms in children and adolescents. In this study, it's aimed to examine the anxiety level of adolescents with the diagnosis of somatoform disorders, anxiety level and attachment style of their mothers and their family functioning. Method: 33 adolescents with the diagnosis of somatoform disorders were compared with 28 age matched adolescents without any diagnosis of mental disorders. Adult Attachment Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Family Assessment Device, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders was used to obtain data from the participants. Results: In our study, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender. In Adult Attachment Scale, maternal avoidant attachment scores of adolescents diagnosed as somatoform disorders was higher than the control group. While maternal reports of Family Assessment Device indicated that the index group had higher scores in roles, affective responsiveness, behavior control, and affective involvement subscales, child reports implied no difference between the groups. Anxiety levels of adolescents and maternal anxiety levels was higher in the index group. Conclusion: It's known that adolescents diagnosed with somatoform disorders have poor skills in coping with stress and inconvenient responses to life events. Being anxious and having anxious mothers, deterioration in family functioning and maternal avoidant attachment style may contribute to the formation of somatoform disorders by effecting the responses of the adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the diagnosis of mental disorders and sociodemografic variables of children and adolescents who referred to child psychiatry outpatient department with the request of criminal report. Method: Children and adolescents aged 6-18 years who referred to Sakarya Training and Research Hospital Child Psychiatry Outpatient Department for criminal reports were examined retrospectively in terms of diagnosis of mental diseases, intelligence levels and sociodemographic characteristics. The study was carried out on the basis of delinquent children (n=51), cases of abuse (n=100), and cases of early marriage (n=26) that make up the vast majority of criminal cases. Results: Mental disorders were detected in 71% of cases of abuse, 56.7% of delinquent children, and 11.5% of adolescents with request of early marriage. The most common mental disorders were posttraumatic stress disorder among abuse cases, conduct disorder among cases of delinquency, and major depressive disorder among cases of early marriage. Conclusion: Our study revealed that high rates of mental disorders were diagnosed in cases of abuse and delinquent children. Our results highlighted the importance of training for different requirements of criminal cases in the field of forensic child psychiatry and taking necessary precautions for children and adolescents that were subjected to forensic events. Mental health services that provide comprehensive screening, assessment and treatment of mental disorders for these children and adolescents should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of six Saudi Arabian dishes based on cereals and/or legumes were investigated. On a fresh weight basis, the dishes contained 54.0–78.5 % moisture, 2.6–7.5% protein (N × 6.25), 0.5–4.9% fat, 0.1–1.8% crude fiber, 0.3–1.8% ash, 12.6–38.7% carbohydrates (by difference) and 386–811 KJ (92–193 Cals) per 100 g dish. The essential amino acids most deficient in the dishes were either tryptophan (in four dishes), or lysine (one dish) or total sulphur amino acids (methionine + cystine, in one dish). The chemical scores ranged between 26–67 (FAO/WHO, 1973). The in‐vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and calculated protein efficiency ratio (C‐PER) values ranged between 77.9–88.9 % and 0.45–2.01, respectively. Under identical conditions, the Animal Nutrition Research Council casein showed IVPD and C‐PER values of 90.0 % and 2.50, respectively. The significance of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents. Unintentional injuries are common in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aims to explore frequency and risk factors for serious unintentional injuries in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Method: The present study consists of 1430 children and adolescents between the ages of 6-18 that were referred to Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, and Izmit Pediatrics Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department outpatient clinics and diagnosed to have ADHD for the first time. Children who were diagnosed with mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorders, psychosis, bipolar disorder, and drug abuse or drug addiction were excluded from the study. Information on sociodemografic characteristics, developmental steps, chronic physical illness, comorbid mental disorders, scores of Turgay DSM-IV based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (parents form) at the time of diagnosis were assessed retrospectively. The study group includes 187 children and adolescents with serious unintentional injury history, and the control group consisted of 1247 children and adolescents without serious unintentional injury. Results: The study group had higher rates of at least one comorbid mental disorder (p<0.001), conduct disorder (p<0.001), and oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis (p<0.001) than the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of other comorbid mental disorders. The group with an unintentional injury had all higher scores of Turgay DSM-IV based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale subscale than the group without unintentional injury: inattention (p=0.007), hyperactivity/impulsivity (p<0.001), opposition-defiance (p<0.001), and conduct disorder (p<0.001). Males had more unintentional injuries than the females (p<0.001). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was higher in the study group than the control group (p=0.002). The maternal education was lower in the study group (p=0,042). There were no significant differences between the groups in term of marital status of parents, paternal education, developmental steps, and chronic physical illness. Conclusion: Comorbid conduct disorder, comorbid oppositional defiant disorder, and symptom severity of ADHD are related to serious unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD. The results of the present study underline the importance of early diagnosis, intervention, and treatment of comorbid mental disorders in the prevention of unintentional injuries in ADHD. Injury prevention strategies should be planned in the treatment of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In our study, it was aimed to evaluate the traumatic symptoms and related factors that are seen in the friends of a student who lost his life by an electric shock accident in the class. Method: A detailed form for sociodemografic characteristics, Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index, Childhood Depression Inventory, and Adverse Life Events List were used for assessment of adolescents. Results: 219 adolescents between 15-19 years (mean 16.92±0.74) were participated in our study. Of the 219 adolescents we found that 32.7% had mild, 18.8% had moderate, 7.9% had severe, and 3% had very severe symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, and that 10.9% had probable post traumatic stress disorder, and 9.3% had probable depression diagnoses. The fre-quency and severity of re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptoms were considerably high on Child Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index. Adolescents had 2.49±2.74 (min-max: 0-17) adverse life events and the severity of traumatic symptoms were predicted by Adverse Life Events List and Childhood Depression Inventory total scores. Conclusion: Accidents have trau-matic effects on adolescents. In our study, it's deter-mined that traumatic symptoms which were seen after the accident were related to the adverse events experi-enced by adolescents, and the severity of depressive symptoms of the adolescents. Focusing on adverse life events and assessment of depressive symptoms in trau-matized young people can prevent the development of traumatic symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Starting school is an important milestone for young children, their families and educators. This study is aimed to examine parent's socio-demographic characteristics and views about their children's readiness of primary school and to determine children's early developmental characteristics, levels of emotional and behavioral problems with the change in compulsory school age in child and adolescent psychiatry clinic. Method: File informations of 204 cases that were referred to Tekirdag State Hospital, child psychiatry clinic between July 2012 and October 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Socio-demographic data were obtained with a semi-structured questionnaire and the level of emotional and behavioral problems of children was rated with Conner's Parent Rating Scale. Results: The mean age of the children participating in the study was 5.48±0.45. 38.8% of mothers (n=74) were primary school graduates. 52% of families had an average monthly income of 1000-3000 TL. Eighty eight percent of children were found not to receive kindergarten education. 64% of parents (n = 127) couldn't report a specific reason for their children's readiness for school. According to them, their children were not ready in general meaning. Conner's Parent Rating Scale mean total score was 30.21 ± 20:53. 35% of girls and 42% of boys had a behavioral problem score over 30 points (p=0.47). Scale scores of children with psychiatric and chronic physical disease were significantly higher than healthy group (p<0.05). Conclusion: School starting age was strongly correlated with attainment. Children who were older in the year group attained higher scores in both mathematics and reading attainment. In a study, children of mothers with low level of education demonstrated a consistent pattern of lower scores on academic readiness and achievement tests at 6 and 7 years than those of highly educated mothers. A recent study has shown that approaches to learning are negatively related to children's problem behavior and positively related to their positive social skills. Detailed examination of related personal, familial and environmental factors determining the status of children's readiness of school is important. Preschool education programs and opportunities about learning at home should be increased to support school readiness adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the "level of misinterpretations and stigmatization on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism" (stigma) in elementary school teachers and parents of children who admitted to child psychiatry out-patient clinics. Method: This study was carried out in the child and adolescent psychiatry clinics of seven university hospitals from each geographical regions of Turkey. Parents (n:666) and teachers (n:453) were given the questionnaires on ADHD and autism, which were developed by the authors to assess the STIGMA. Results: The level of stigmatization on ADHD was significantly correlated with the level of stigmatization on autism (r: .37, p<0.001) and with the level of misinterpretation on ADHD (r:.25, p<0.001) among teachers and parents. STIGMA was significantly higher among teachers, in eastern provinces and in parents with lower education level. More than half of the teachers denoted that the medication used for ADHD would have serious side effects and even with treatment ADHD would not sufficiently improve, and the children diagnosed with ADHD or autism should be trained at separate classes. Conclusion: The results suggest that the misinterpretations and stigmatization on ADHD and autism are more prevalent as the source, components and the level of information are not reliable. The parents and teachers may benefit from structured educative programs in order to get rid of wrong assumptions and stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]