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Purpose: To describe topographic characteristics of optic discs clinically suspected of large cupping., Materials and Methods: This is retrospective study conducted from the January 2 to December 31 on the OCT registry and data base of a private ophthalmologic center in Lomé (Togo). We included records of patients with large cupping - CDR (cup-to-disc ratio) ≥ 0.4 -clinically observed and having undergone OCT-optic disc analysis., Results: Three hundred and thirty-five patients (619 eyes) were studied, with a mean age of 41.87 years±17.51 years [6 years and 80 years] and a sex-ratio of 1.01 with a slight female predominance. The mean clinical CDR was 0.51±0.126 [0.4 and 0.9] (95 % CI [0.503 to 0.531]). The clinical CDR was ≥ 0.7 in 7.75 % of cases. The mean neuroretinal rim area was 1.63±0.43 mm 2 [0.34 and 2.85 mm 2 ]. The mean cup area was 1.43±0.54 mm 2 [0.13 and 4.29 mm 2 ], and the mean cup volume 0.47±0.28 mm 3 [0.01 and 1.72 mm 3 ]. The mean global CDR on OCT was 0.46±0.13 [0.21 and 0.87], of which 30.85 % (191 cases) had CDR <0.4. The CDR on OCT was >0.7 in 40 (6.46 %) eyes vs. 48 (7.75 %) eyes on clinical examination., Conclusion: On the average, optics discs exhibit large size and large cup volume. Topographic evaluation of the optic disc by the means of OCT offers important data and gives way to etiological research of large cupping in the black African., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

To describe the epidemiology of uveitis in northern Bénin. This retrospective study carried out from records describing 10 years of uveitis care in 2 eye clinics in northern Bénin. The sample of 623 eyes with uveitis in 489 patients accounted for 1.0% of all consultations. A male predominance was observed with a sex-ratio of 1.5 (297 m/192 F). The patients' mean age was 35.7 ± 16.1 years, and the age range most often affected was 20-39 years. The uveitis was anterior in 32.3 %, posterior in 29.0 %, intermediate in 28.1% and total (panuveitis) in 10.6%. The cause was undetermined in 85.7 % of cases and identified in 14.3%, including toxoplasmosis in 47 cases (7.5%) and herpes zoster in 20 cases (3.2%). Outpatients accounted for all cases, and all received topical corticosteroids. Some complications were observed. Uveitis has a prevalence rate of 1% in northern Bénin. It caused blindness in 9.8% of affected eyes and impaired vision in 49.3%.

Introduction: Destructive surgery of the eyeball comprises radical procedures - evisceration, enucleation, and exenteration - with various indications. The purpose of this study was to determine the features of these procedures in Lomé., Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study reviewing records for all patients undergoing these procedures in 3 ophthalmic centers in Lomé in the decade from 2002 through 2011., Results: Of 6240 eye operations, 76 involved one of these three procedures, for a frequency of 1.2%. Patients' mean age was 40.1 ± 26.9 years (range: 1 day to 91 years). The sex ratio (of men to women) was 1.2. The principal indications were staphyloma (38%), ocular and orbital tumors (30%), and phthisis bulbi (24%). Retinoblastoma was the leading type of ocular/orbital tumor (52%). Local anesthesia was performed in 64% of cases, and general anesthesia in 36%. Evisceration was practiced in 67% of cases, enucleation in 24%, and exenteration in 9%. An ocular prosthesis was placed in 46%., Conclusion: Staphyloma was the leading indication for destructive surgery. Given the damage of this type of procedure, primary prevention is important, including early and adequate management of ocular conditions.

Purpose: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological features of ocular tumors in Togo., Methods: We have a retrospective and descriptive study of the ocular specimens registered in the pathology laboratory from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2010. The frequency of ocular tumors, the patients' age and sex, the department from which the specimen came, the sampling procedure, and the histopathological patterns were analyzed., Results: During the study period, 80 ocular specimens were recorded among a total of 6000, for a frequency of 1.33%. Histopathological results were available for 45 cases in our sample. The mean age was 30.9 ± 15.1 years, and the sex ratio 0.88 (21M/24F). The two teaching hospitals in Lomé furnished 73.4% of the ocular specimens. The most common site was the conjunctiva, accounting for 75.5% of the cases. Benign tumors represented 69.9% of the histological diagnoses. Papilloma was the histopathological diagnosis in 33.3% of cases., Conclusion: Ocular tumors are relatively common, occur at any age, and are located most often in the conjunctiva. Close collaboration between the pathologist and the ophthalmologist is essential for the best management of these tumors.

Aims: To determine the features of severe ametropia (refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism) in children in general practice in Lomé., Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study based on records of patients aged 5-16 years seen in a private clinic in Lomé from 1 January, 2001, to 31 December, 2010. We analyzed subjective refraction after automated refraction or retinoscopy., Results: Among 1303 cases of ametropia in children, 58 cases were severe, for a frequency of 4.5%. The mean age of these patients was 12.7 years. The sex ratio (M/F) was 0.7. Among these severe cases, astigmatism was most frequent, accounting for 46.6%, followed by myopia (27.6%) and hyperopia (25.6%). Among children with hyperopia, 80% were assessed at +3.50 D to +6.50 D and 20% from +6.75 D to +9.50 D; among those with myopia, 75% were assessed at -6D to -9.50 D and 25% from -10 D to -14 D. Bilateral amblyopia was found in 9 cases for a frequency of 0.45%. The amblyopia was caused by astigmatism in 1 case, hyperopia in 4 cases, and by myopia in 4 cases., Conclusion: The relative frequency of severe ametropia underlines the importance of a routine ophthalmology examination for children starting school.

In childhood, benign tumors are uncommon causes of exophtalmos. We report a case of intraorbital lipofibroma in an 11-year-old girl who presented with painless, progressive proptosis of the right eye over the preceding 6 months. Ultrasound had shown an extraconal intraorbital mass. Complete excision and pathologic examination were performed, revealing a lipofibroma with no signs of malignancy This case report is notable due to the rarity of the condition., (Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Aim: The purpose of this study is to screen the neonatal conjunctivitis in order to evaluate its incidence and especially to seek for the causative germs., Patients and Methods: We have realized cross-sectional study in three health centers of the prefecture of Kozah from March 24 to May 12, 2009. All the newborns followed in these centers are examined in the search of signs of conjunctivitis. A biological diagnosis of conjunctival secretions was carried out at the suspect newborns., Results: During the study period, 348 newborns were examined including 185 boys and 163 girls corresponding to a sex-ratio (M/F) of 1.1. The middle age was 3.7 days. Twenty-eight newborns presented conjunctivitis, that is to say a rate of incidence of 8%. The cases of conjunctivitis were observed the first four days of life in 39.3% of cases. Eighteen of the newborns presenting conjunctivitis were vaginal deliveries (64.3%) against ten (35.7%) by caesarian. All the mothers of the ill newborns had a syndrome of sexually transmissible infection (STI) during the third quarters of pregnancy. After biological diagnosis, Staphylococcus aureus was found in 25% of the cases., Conclusion: Despite the common herd of neonatal conjunctivitis prophylaxis by Crede's method, its remains in the prefecture of Kozah. In hope for neonatal conjunctivitis eradication, treatment of STI on pregnant women associated to education and communication on the prevention of the infection in neonatal health care centers and at home by hygiene rule application are necessary., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To point out the importance of the early diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) (Horton's disease)., Materials and Methods: a case report of a sudden bilateral blindness that had revealed GCA., Case Report: A 68-year old female patient with a history of elevated blood pressure and diabetes mellitus type 2, was examined in emergency for a right painful headache developed one week previously. In ophthalmological examination, her BCVA was 0.9 and P2 in both eyes. Diagnosis of Horton's disease was not initially done in spite of elevated erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) at 30 mm, protein C reactive (CRP) at 19 mg/l. The patient consulted seven weeks later in emergency for a sudden bilateral blindness associated with severe headache, recent asthenia, and limping of the lower jaw. At that time, visual acuity was reduced to light perception in both eyes whereas ophthalmoscopy revealed a bilateral central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). ESR was 74 mm and CRP 233 mg/I. Temporal artery biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of GCA. The patient was treated with systemic steroids without visual recovery., Conclusion: This case outlines the importance of the early diagnosis of GCA in order to make possible to start treatment before the occurrence of irreversible complications.

Aim: To describe the characteristics of cup/disc ratio in a young population belonging to a homogenous ethnic group in northern Togo., Patients and Methods: The study population comprising 1010 persons (550 men and 460 women aged 20-40 years) was selected in 12 villages in the Doufelgou area. Eye assessment was conducted in the local health center facilities using a visual acuity chart, an ophthalmoscope, and light magnification for exploration of the anterior segment., Results: The mean age of the participants was 30.4 years. The mean cup/disc ratio was 0.36 (range, 0.3-0.9). The most frequently found cup/disc ratio was 0.3, in both eyes, and was predominant in the 20- to 24-year age group: 56.6% of the right eyes and 58.7% of the left eyes. Cup/disc ratios over 0.5 were found in 14.4% of the right eyes and 12.4% of the left eyes; a cut-off point over 0.7 gave an abnormal cup/disc ratio prevalence of 3.2% in the right eye and 3.5% in the left eye. In 75% of the cases, the cupping appeared round and was elliptic in 25% of the patients. The cupping position was central in 63%, temporal in 18.3%, and nasal in 18.7% of the cases. In 7.8%, cupping was asymmetric., Conclusion: More than 3% of the young population of northern Togo has a 0.7 or higher cup/disc ratio, which shows a high prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma if cup/disc ratio is considered a criterion for definition.

Aim: The twofold purpose of this study in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV/AIDS) and undergoing highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) was to determine the prevalence of ocular manifestations and its correlation with CD4 T-cell count., Patients and Methods: All patients who attended 2 NGO care centers that manage PLHIV/AIDS in Lomé, Togo between August and October 2005 were recruited. CD4 T-cell counts and use of antiretroviral treatment was noted. A thorough eye examination was performed in all cases., Results: A total of 422 PLHIV/SIDA were recruited including 281 who were undergoing HAART. The sex-ratio was 2 female/1 male. Mean age was 34 +/- 2294 years. Involvement of the anterior segment was observed in 36.3% of patients and involvement of the posterior segment in 54.1%. The second most common ocular manifestation was ophthalmic herpes zoster of the anterior segment (19.6%) secondary to conjunctivitis (57.8%). One case of palpebral and conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma was noted. The most common type of posterior segment involvement was cotton-wool nodules (35.5%). Five cases of CMV retinitis were observed., Conclusion: A longitudinal study in PLHIV/AIDS will be needed to better evaluate the correlation between ocular manifestations and CD4 T-cell count.

Purpose: To describe the distribution of the trachoma in the infantile population of Kara region., Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional investigation has been achieved in 6 sanitary districts of Kara's region in November 2009. In each of the 2 villages of the sanitary area of every peripheral health unit (PHU), 15 schoolchildren aged of 6 to 9 years then 35 children of the community aged of 1 to 5 years have been examined to search signs of trachoma with the help of a lamp wipes coupled of a binocular loupe (2.5X magnification)., Results: To the total 10,100 children have been examined in 202 villages of the sanitary areas of 101 PHU. Among the 7070 children aged of 1-5 years, 289 presented trachomatous inflammation follicular (TF) and 131 trachomatous inflammation intense (TI), corresponding to a prevalence rate of 5.94%. Among the 3030 schoolchildren, 68 presented TF and 62 TI corresponding to 4.29% prevalence rate. The prevalence rate of the active trachoma was of 5.44% in the infantile population of this region., Conclusion: This investigation could confirm that active trachoma still exists in this region. Another investigation will be carried out to determine the prevalence of trachoma among the adult subjects in order to have a more complete data base in view of further action for trachoma elimination in this region.