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The primary goal of this research was to investigate relationship between teachers and students and its impact upon students' academic success. As students spend significant amount of time with their teachers, collaborative and close relationship between them has a critical and meaningful effect on students. This study aimed to answer two key questions: How do students perceive their relationships with their teachers? And how does relationship amid teachers and students affect academic achievement? To address these questions, the study employed a positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach. The survey method was used to collect data, and a structured questionnaire was used as instrument. The study population comprised all public and private universities in Lahore, and a convenient sampling technique was used to select eight universities, four public and four private. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS-V-27, & descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw conclusions. The study findings revealed that strong relationship between teachers and students existed, and it had a significant impact upon students' academic achievement. The study also found that students' perceptions of their relationships with their teachers were positive and had positive effect on their grades & academic achievements.

The study aims to develop critical thinking skills among prospective teachers. The study was experimental in nature; quasi experimental approach was used to conduct the study. The population of the study was prospective teachers studying at master level. Sample of the study was 73 prospective teachers enrolled in the educational research course in two groups. The first was labeled as the control group, while one was labeled as the experimental group. To assess the critical thinking skills of prospective teachers test was developed by the research using guidelines of Watson and Glaser test. Test was consisted of five dimensions i.e. analyzing, assumptions, deduction, and inference and interpreting information. Cronbach's alpha determined the test's reliability to be 0.80. Intervention was consisted of 10 lessons related to educational research course. The prospective teachers performed well in analyzing, Assumptions, deduction and overall CTS in post-test as compare to pre-test. There was statistically noteworthy the variation between the or before as well as post-test grades of Inference and interpreting. The critical thinking skills are essential element to compete 21st century challenges. Prospective teachers have to face many educational challenges to improve students learning, it is necessary that they should be prepared with CTS either to infuse through separate curriculum or embed with existing curriculum.

A new class of palladium complexes bearing bidentate 2-hydroxypyridine based ligands have been prepared and fully characterized. The applications of these new complexes towards ketone alkylation reactions with alcohols through a metal-ligand cooperative borrowing-hydrogen (BH) process were demonstrated.

The study intention was to find the impact of critical thinking skills (CTS) on prospective teachers’ academic achievement. The method of the study was quantitative with correlation research design. The sample of the study was 113 prospective teachers using convenience sampling from three departments of teacher education institutions. To assess the Critical Thinking skills of prospective teachers, test was developed by the research comprised of five dimensions i.e. analyzing, assumption, deduction, inferences and interpreting information. Eight statements for each dimension required 40 minute to solve. Psychometric properties i.e. Reliability and validity of test was insured by applying Cronbach alpha which was 0.72. The study results reflect that level of critical thinking skills in prospective teachers were not up to mark (Mean=55.59%), the association amongst CTS and academic achievement was significant and moderate (r=0.365). It is recommended that administrators of teacher education programs should provide opportunities to educators to promote CT skills in prospective teachers.

The success of schools in the current era demands ever-increasing efforts from their principals. Professional development is an essential ingredient that enables them to work in diverse scenarios and deal with competing, complex, and unprecedented challenges and issues. The present study intends to explore principals’ professional development and its relationship with their roles and the challenges they face. Quantitative approach was employed to conduct this study. One hundred principals were selected based on the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected on a five-point rating scale from the principals of higher secondary schools in Lahore through a physically administered survey method. The questionnaire measured the participants' perceptions on three dimensions: professional development, roles, and challenges. Data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The impact of the professional development on the role participants’ play and the challenges they face in schools' leadership were calculated using the regression analysis technique. The study found that professional development was a significant predictor in school efficiency/improvement, and school success depends heavily upon the professional development and the role of schools’ principals. It also shows a need to reprioritize the roles that principals play in leading their schools. The challenges about students show that further professional development is required for principals to improve their efficiency in school improvement. The challenges due to financial resources also indicate the need for financial management. The study concluded that professional development should be monitored and kept updated to improve schools' leadership.

An enormous number of specific case studies have been reported that deal with the removal methodologies customarily employed for the reduction of common aqua-soluble pollutants [particularly nitrophenols (NPs) and nitroaniline (NAs)]. However, reviews that not only organize the literature in some presentable form but also work as a guideline for new scholars looking to exploit the field of nanocatalysis are surprisingly non-existent. Here in, an attempt has been made to comprehensively summarize the basic issues along with an insight to specific contributions devoted to NAs and NPs removal by utilizing the nanomaterial of silver. Furthermore, keeping in mind the significance of the surface functionalization of nanomaterial in catalysis, advantages/disadvantages of several entrapment mediums generally adopted for preventing the aggregation of nanomaterial are also summarized. A generalized overview of the various commonly employed removal practices along with its comparison to the catalytic reductive technique is also presented in the study. Finally, remaining unaddressed problems associated with this field and future directions for engineering cost-efficient and effective nanocatalyst assemblies are discussed in the end.

Nanomedicine and nano drug delivery systems are pretty new but swiftly evolving sciences that use nanoscale materials as diagnostic tools for the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites. Nanotechnology offers many benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases by providing accurate medicines to specific target areas. Recently, nanomedicines (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents, etc.) have found many important uses in the treatment of various diseases. This chapter summarizes the latest developments in nanomedicine and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and describes the discovery and use of nanomaterials to improve the efficacy of new and old drugs (such as natural products) and diagnosis by disease marker molecule. It also discusses the potential and challenges of nanomedicines in delivering medicines from synthetic/natural sources for their clinical applications. Moreover, this chapter also includes the trends and prospects in nanomedicine.

Carboxylate functionalized ligand (LH) was synthesized as a result of reaction between maleic anhydride and 2�aminothiazole. This ligand was further reacted with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Bi(III) ions to yield respective metal complexes. The structural aspects were studied using FTIR, UV�Visible and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Non-electrolytic behavior was revealed by the conductivity measurements. Except Bi(III) being octahedral, all other complexes prepared are tetrahedral in geometry. Ligand (LH) and its metal complexes were also investigated for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the complexes exhibited significant antibacterial activity but non-significant antifungal activity.

Application of pectinases in the commercial sector has been employed for nearly a century and due to the wide range of functions that these enzymes can work for, are making them critically important from industrial point of view. Pectinases are used in the industry on their role in the degradation of pectic substances aiding and enabling in overcoming the problems faced during the processing of purees, coffee and tea fermentation, fruit juices and in other food industry related manufacturing procedures. They break down the pectin content in the plants converting them to simpler molecules of galacturonic acid. The pectinases not only help in the food industry but also have remarkable applications in the textile, including retting, degumming, bio-scouring, maceration of plant tissues, paper making, and also has role in waste water treatment. Some of the roles of these pectinases solely and in conjunction with other enzymes e.g., amylases, xylanases, cellulases etc. have been comprehensively summarized in this review.

3-(thiazol-2-yl carbamoyl) propanoic acid was synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminothiazole and succinic anhydride, which was employed as ligand (LH) for further reaction with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Bi(III) chlorides at ambient conditions to afford respective metal complexes, denoted as Co-L2, Ni-L2, Cu-L2, Zn-L2 and Bi-L3. Both the ligand LH and metal complexes were characterized by techniques FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, powder XRD, TGA and conductometry. FT-IR and NMR studies revealed that ligand (LH) behaved in anisobidentate fashion via carboxylate moiety. The ligand and metal complexes are also screened for their antibacterial and antifungal potential and found non-significant activities by most of the complexes, luminescent studies were also made and found Bi-L3 appreciably luminescent.

Propagation characteristics (propagation regions and cutoffs) of parallel propagating modes (Langmuir, right- and left-handed circularly polarized waves) are studied for relativistic, weakly relativistic and non-relativistic magnetized electron plasma using the kinetic model. The dispersion relation for parallel propagating modes in relativistic electron plasma is investigated by employing the Maxwell–Boltzmann–J üttner distribution function and the final dispersion relation obtained is more general since no approximation is used. As the integrals in the relativistic dispersion relation cannot be done analytically so these integrals have been solved with the numerical quadrature approach. For $\eta \leq 1$ (ratio of rest mass energy to thermal energy), the increase in the effective mass of electrons will result in a change in the mass-dependent quantities (plasma frequency, electron cyclotron frequency, electron sound velocity, etc.) which in turn significantly affect the propagation characteristics of parallel propagating modes. It is observed that the propagation region for these parallel propagating modes decreases and cutoff points are shifted to lower values when we consider a relativistic plasma environment. Moreover, a low-density and high-temperature plasma is more transparent as compared with a high-density and low-temperature plasma for these modes.

The textile industry is mainly concerned with the development, production, and sale of yarns, fabrics, and clothing. Raw materials can be natural or synthesized using industrial chemicals. The textile industry is the largest industry in the world and contributes significantly to gross domestic product (GDP). The textile process uses up to 10,000 dyes with an annual production of approximately 7 × 105 tons, mainly used in the textile, paper, food, and pharmaceutical industries. A large amount of water was used in the cleaning process, which led to the pollution of surface wells and groundwater resources. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of raw water are well known, and scientists are investigating various methods to safely detoxify and discolor fiber dyes in industrial wastewater. This chapter discusses various biological methods for removing fiber dyes from wastewater to reduce pollution and improve fragile ecosystems. This chapter will cover conventional physical and chemical approaches with their merits and demerits, microbial methods using bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses to treat dyes in textile effluent, enzymatic approaches to treat textile effluent for degradation of different dyes and future perspectives of these techniques.

The rapid growth of nanotechnology towards the development of nanomedicines has improved cancer treatment. Nanomedicine provides the opportunity to implement complex and targeted multifunctional strategies. Today, nanoparticles (NPs) have many uses in a number of scientific fields. In recent years, it has been repeatedly reported that NPs hold a significant place in the regulation of modern medicine by implementing a varying number of clinical approaches like drug carrying substances, genetic material delivery to tumors, as well as in radiography as a contrast media agent. Various nanomaterials based on organic, inorganic, lipid or glycan compounds, and synthetic polymers have been used to develop and improve new cancer treatments. In this chapter, the authors discussed the role of NPs in cancer treatment among various anticancer drug delivery methods.

Human mortality due to drug-resistant infections is becoming more prevalent in our society. Antibiotics are impotent due to abuse and/or misuse, leading to new, more expensive, and more effective medicines and treatments. Therefore, it causes many short-term and long-term side effects in the patient. On the other hand, nanoparticles have exhibited antibacterial activity against various pathogens due to their small size and ability to destroy cells by various mechanisms. Unlike antibiotics for the treatment of patients' diseases and infections, nanomaterials provide an exciting way to limit the growth of microorganisms due to infections in humans. This has led to the development of a number of nanoparticles as active antibacterial agents. Therefore, the authors have carefully reviewed the recent developments in the use of nanomaterials for antibacterial applications and the mechanisms that make them an effective alternate antibacterial agent.

In this work, removal of fluorescein and eosin dyes using common agrowaste, i.e., peels of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) (WMP), has been studied in the batch mode. The sorbent material (WMP) was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. The sorbent was chemically modified by subjecting it to 0.1 N HNO3 and 0.1 N NaOH solutions. Different parameters such as sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and agitation speed were optimized to investigate the sorbent efficiency for fluorescein and eosin dyes. Among three forms (raw, base-treated, and acid-treated), the base-treated form exhibited higher removal efficiency, followed by acid-treated and then the raw form. Generally, range for the removal of fluorescein and eosin was found to be 48.06–88.08% and 48.47–79.31%, respectively. Mathematical modeling of sorption data by Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms and thermodynamic investigations were carried out to check the suitability of these agrowaste materials on bulk scale. The promising results concluded that peel of water melon (common agrowaste) can be potentially utilized for the removal of toxins.

Present study is aimed at assessment of groundwater quality of Gadap Town for drinking purpose using water quality index (WQI) technique. Gadap is located in the outskirt of Karachi city and mainly influenced by the agriculture activities. Groundwater samples (n = 22) were collected mainly from boring wells and a few through tube wells from variable depths (100-600 feet). The analytical results of water reveal occurrence of very high TDS (range: 466-3810; mean: 1402) and hardness contents (range: 250-2800 mg/L). On the other hand, pH varies (range: 6.9-8.1; mean: 7.5) within WHO guidelines (6.5-8.5) with a few samples showing turbidity. About one third of total collected samples (n = 8) were analyzed for qualitative determination of microbial contamination which are found positive, except one sample, indicating the sewage mixing. Major chemistry of groundwater is also found disturbed in terms of high content of Na (mean: 219 mg/L), K (mean: 15 mg/L), Ca (mean: 144 mg/L) and Mg (mean: mg/L 137). Similarly, anions varied in the order of Cl > HCO3 > SO4 > NO3. Although some parameters show the bad quality of water but Water quality index (WQI) value (16.18) indicates that the groundwater quality is suitable for drinking purpose. It is inferred from the present study that water quality is partly polluted due to anthropogenic activities mainly by sewage infiltration.

The COVID-19 outbreak is creating severe impressions on all facets of the global community. Despite strong measures worldwide to try and re-achieve normalcy, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to survive sturdy ecological settings may contribute to its rapid spread. Scientists from different aspects of life are working together to develop effective treatment strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Apart from using clinical devices for patient recovery, the key focus is on developing antiviral drugs and vaccines. Given the physical size of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and with the vaccine delivery platform currently undergoing clinical trials, the link between nanotechnology is clear, and previous antiviral research using nanomaterials confirms this link. Nanotechnology based products can effectively suppress various pathogens, including viruses, regardless of drug resistance, biological structure, or physiology. Thus, nanotechnology is opening up new dimensions for developing new strategies for diagnosing, preventing, treating COVID-19 and other viral ailments. This article describes the application of nanotechnology against the COVID-19 virus in terms of therapeutic purposes and vaccine development through the invention of nanomaterial based substances such as sanitizers (handwashing agents and surface disinfectants), masks and gowns, amongst other personal protective equipment, diagnostic tools, and nanocarrier systems, as well as the drawbacks and challenges of nanotechnology that need to be addressed.

Hepatitis A virus is a leading cause of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. The infection is characterized by a self-limiting course, and rarely has there been any occurrence of chronic sequelae or extra-hepatic manifestations. We report a case of unilateral vocal cord paralysis in a patient with acute hepatitis A.

Bilateral objective tinnitus is a rare accompanying manifestation of an underlying palatal tremor (PT). PT can either be secondary to a lesion in the triangle of Guillain and Mollaret, or it can present without a causal organic lesion. In this report, we present an unusual case of a young female with objective tinnitus revealing a PT.

Piroxicam [4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-(pyridyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide] is an effective antiinflammatory analgesic drug. In the present work, piroxicam has been chemically modified into its bismuth complex by reacting it with bismuth nitrate at ambient conditions and optimized stoichiometric ratio. The synthesis of the complex has been monitored by TLC and characterized well by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis, ICP, TGA, XRD and SEM. The luminescent behavior of this complex has also been studied which determined its photoluminescent property.

Background: Computational analyses have shown great potentials for providing tools for the rapid detection and identifi cation of fungi for medical, scientifi c and commercial purposes. Various bioinformatics tools have been developed for fi nding the specifi c regions within the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene complex. Candida is a genus of yeast that includes about 150 different species and is the most common cause of human ocular infections. In the present study, rapid detection method of Candida, based on specifi c regions (18S, 5.8S and 28S) of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of eight (8) species e.g. C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, C. lusitaniae and C. tropicalis has been developed. Rapid diagnosis and early identifi cation of causative agent through computational based methods with high accuracy will result in effective treatment.

The main objective of present study is to evaluate the groundwater quality of Gulistan-e-Johar town for drinking purpose. Groundwater samples (n= 50) were collected from shallow boring wells at various depths (9-15m). The groundwater pH is acidic to basic (range: 6.7-7.8; mean: 7.2) where a large number of samples (80%) are alkaline. Geochemical data revealed that groundwater samples are highly saline (90%) where highly variable TDS content (range: 408-48192ppm; mean: 58192ppm) is reported. Major cation and anion varied in the order of Na (453 mg/l) >Ca (238 mg/l) >Mg (223mg/l) > K (29mg/l) and Cl (1435 mg/l) > SO4 (1086 mg/l) > HCO3 (318 mg/l) > NO3 (17 mg/l) respectively. Na and Ca have more than double the concentration of corresponding WHO guideline values. On the other hand, Mg content is four times higher than its recommended value. Elevated Fe content is also detected about one third in samples (0.1-0.67mg/l). About 60% of collected samples are sewage impacted as indicated by the occurrence of fecal coliforms. Principal component analysis explained five principal components (PCs). PC1 is suggesting rock water interaction and sewage mixing.PC2 shows prevalence ofanoxiaproperties.PC3 indicates strong Fe, Zn and turbidity relation which suggests ion exchange process.PC4 and PC5 have shown strong relation of nitrate with sewage indicating the prevalence of reducing environment. The study has concluded that intense geochemical processes and anthropogenic activities are altering the ground water quality of shallow aquifers in Gulistan-e-Johar area where high salinity and hardness are major menace. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao, The website is http://ijgsw.comze.com/ &nbsp

Introduction: Disorders of hemostasis leading to bleeding are quite common. They can be divided into hereditary and acquired with the acquired defects being more common. All can further be compartmentalized into defects of the vasculature, defects of platelets or defects of the coagulation proteins. Aims and objective: The main objective of the study is to find the autosomal recessive inherited bleeding disorders in Pakistan. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad during 2018. In local set-up, patients are usually diagnosed to have a bleeding disorder at primary and secondary health care centers or general clinics. The confirmatory investigations usually include only the platelets count, bleeding time (BT), Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Such cases are hence labelled as merely the bleeding disorder patients. Results: Average age was 6.13±2.33 years, males were 304 (70%) and females were 131 (30%). Out of these 435 patients 273 (62.8%) had coagulation factor deficiency. There were 2 females among the 153 patients with X linked inheritance (Factors VIII and IX). Of the remaining 120 patients with autosomal inheritance there were 67 males and 53 females. Eighty one (18.6%) had platelet function defects. There were 45 males and 36 females among the patients. Another 81 (18.6%) had vWF deficiency. Conclusion: It is concluded that Coagulation factor deficiencies with factor VIII deficiency being the commonest are the most frequent bleeding disorders. Platelet function defects and vWF deficiency also comprise significant proportion of the bleeding disorders.