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Background: Carica Papaya L. is widely cultivated for food and traditional medicine throughout the World due to its rich source of bioactive compounds in its fruit, leaves, latex and stem. Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the physicochemical properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of oils extracted from papaya seeds, fruit pulp and rind using the solvent extraction method. objective: The aim of this work was to assess the physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of oils extracted from papaya seeds, fruit pulp and rind using solvent extraction method. Methods: Hexane mediated extraction of oil was made. Then, physicochemical properties of the oil extracts were based on the determination of oil yield, specific gravity, acid value, free fatty acid and peroxide value, while the antioxidant activities were conducted based on ascorbic acid content, DPPH and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activities. The antimicrobial experiment was conducted based on disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Results: The result of physicochemical properties of papaya seeds, pulp and rind oil extracts demonstrated significantly the highest oil yield (42.50%) and specific gravity (0.85) obtained for seed oil. Significantly the highest DPPH (19.35%), and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities (32.45%) were recorded for seed oil extract. The strongest antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (18.50mm), minimum inhibitory concentration MIC (0.03µg/ml) and minimum bactericidal concentration MBC (0.05 µg/ml) for seed oil extract against S. pyogenes were recorded. However, the strongest antifungal activity with maximum zone of inhibition (16.75mm), MIC (0.05µg/ml) and MFC (0.10µg/ml) against C. albicans was recorded for rind oil extract against C. albicans. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the result of this study that seed oil was found to have antioxidant and antibacterial potential but fruit rind oil extract was the most effective antifungal in papaya. conclusion: It can be concluded from the result of this study that seed oil was found to be the best for antioxidant and antibacterial potential but fruit rind oil extract was the most effective antifungal in papaya.

BACKGROUND: Achieving World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for postnatal care (PNC) within the first few weeks of life is vital to eliminating early mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) and improving infant health. Almost half of the annual global deaths among children under five occur during the first six weeks of life. This study aims to identify uptake of three PNC visits within the first six weeks of life as recommended by WHO among South African mother-infant pairs, and factors associated with uptake. METHODS: We analyzed data from three facility-based, nationally representative surveys (2010, 2011/12 and 2012/13) primarily designed to determine the effectiveness of the South African program to prevent MTCT. This analysis describes the proportion of infants achieving the WHO recommendation of at least 3 PNC visits. Interviews from 27?699 HIV-negative and HIV-positive mothers of infants aged 4-8 weeks receiving their six week immunization were included in analysis. Data were analyzed using STATA 13.0 and weighted for sample ascertainment and South African live births. We fitted a multivariable logistic regression model to estimate factors associated with early PNC uptake. RESULTS: Over half (59.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI)?=?59.0-60.3) of mother-infant pairs received the recommended three PNC visits during the first 6 weeks; uptake was 63.1% (95% CI?=?61.9-64.3) amongst HIV exposed infants and 58.1% (95% CI?=?57.3-58.9) amongst HIV unexposed infants. Uptake of early PNC improved significantly with each survey, but varied significantly by province. Multivariable analysis of the pooled data, controlling for survey year, demonstrated that number of antenatal visits (4+ vs 12 weeks, aOR?=?1.13, 95% CI?=?1.04-1.23), place of delivery (clinic vs hospital aOR?=?1.5, 1.3-1.6), and infant HIV exposure (exposed vs unexposed aOR?=?1.2, 95% CI?=?1.1-1.2) were the key factors associated with receiving recommended PNC visits. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 40% of neonates did not receive three or more postnatal care visits in the first 6 weeks of life from 2010-2013. To improve uptake of early PNC, early antenatal booking, more frequent antenatal care attendance, and attention to HIV negative women is needed.