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Children's screen time is increasing and has devastating effects on various aspects of their development and health. This systematic review study was conducted to investigate the role of family and shortcomings in interventions to reduce children's use of digital media. PsycNet, ScienceDirect, Medline, Pub-Med, Scopus, Web of Science, ISC, SID and IranDoc were searched from 2000 to 2019. All research studies that were RCT with children under age 12 and aimed to reduce ST in children were eligible to study. 18 of them were eligible and were included in the review. Most of the strategies used were behavioral and cognitive, and family factors, including communication between family members and child-parent relationship as an important and influential factors in managing child behavior were largely neglected across the articles reviewed. Awareness of parents about the negative consequences of children's over- use of digital devices and training them to perform alternative and joint activities as two main elements can make interventions be more effective than when they focus only on teaching skills to children. In addition, involving parents in interventions is more effective when other influential factors such as child and parent characteristics, quality of parent-child interaction, patterns of parenting behaviors, parenting styles and influencing factors in home environment should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal symptoms and discomfort. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of brief core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT) psychoanalytic psychotherapy on changing gastrointestinal symptoms, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms in patients with FD. In a randomized controlled trial study, 49 patients with FD were randomly assigned to medical treatment with brief psychodynamic therapy (24 subjects) or medical treatment alone (25 subjects). Gastrointestinal symptoms, defense mechanisms, and alexithymia were assessed before the trial, after treatment, and at 1- and 12-month follow-ups. The results showed that brief psychodynamic therapy improved all of the gastrointestinal symptoms, including heartburn, nausea, fullness, bloating, upper abdominal pain, and lower abdominal pain, after treatment and at two follow-ups. The CCRT therapy significantly improved many psychological symptoms, including mature defenses, neurotic defenses, immature defenses, difficulties in identifying feelings, difficulties in describing feelings, and total alexithymia score. In conclusion, brief psychodynamic therapy is a reliable method to improve gastrointestinal symptoms, mature defenses, and alexithymia scores in patients with functional dyspepsia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Given the Playful feature of modern media, which makes them qualitatively different from older narrative media, the question arises whether the identity of the youth who are familiar with the modern media is different from that of the youth who did not experience them. Method: The statistical population comprised of boys from 18 to 28 years old from Tehran. Of these people, two groups of heavy gamers and those with little or no computer game experience were selected based on their experience with computer games, the time spent playing and their familiarity with and application of computer games. Convenience snowball sampling was used. Heavy gamers comprised of 43 people who completed the questionnaires and 18 people who attended an interview. The control group comprised of 36 people who completed the questionnaires and 14 people who attended an interview. This study used qualitative method (interview) and quantitative method (Identity Status Scale (EOM-EIS-2) and Identity Formation Scale) to collect the data. Interview analysis and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results revealed that although both groups have similar affection and behavioral commitment to their identities, the heavy gamers' commitment is conditional and temporal. Conclusion: In general, results stress the impact of computer games on construction ofyouth's identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present research examined the predictors of childhood anxiety based on early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) of children and the parenting styles of their mothers among 9-13-year-old students. Method: Participants were 152 children who were selected using cluster random sampling from elementary and middle schools in Tehran. Instruments included Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), Schema Inventory for Children (SIC), and Baumrind Parenting Styles Inventory. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods. Results: Results suggest that EMSs of children play a more significant role in prediction of childhood anxiety than parenting styles of mothers. Meanwhile, regression analysis identified the EMSs of failure, vulnerability, loneliness, and submission as the ones that explain most of the variance in total anxiety. Conclusion: Children's anxiety can be influenced by their schemas to a large extent; therefore, training logical beliefs to children is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to compare meta cognition components and cognitive failures based on extraversion and neuroticism personality dimensions. Method: The sample included 395 female students of Tarbiat Modares University completed Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, then according to extreme scores in extraversion and neuroticism dimensions, 4 groups including extravert, introvert, neurotic, and emotionally stable (30 subjects in each group) were selected. The data were collected by meta cognition Questionnaire and Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and were analyzed using variance analysis. Results: The results indicated that neurotics had a higher score than extraverts in total score of meta cognition. Also, extraverts, neurotics, and introverts had higher scores than emotionally stable group. In cognitive failures, neurotics had the highest score among all groups. Conclusion: Individuals with different personality dimensions differ in meta cognition components and cognitive failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Premenstrual disorders usually refer to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This study was designed to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a sample of Iranian adolescents with premenstrual disorders. Methods This was a cross sectional study. A sample of adolescent schoolgirls aged between 14 and 19 years were included in the study. Premenstrual disorders were indicated according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The data were analyzed in a descriptive fashion and were compared among subgroups of the study sample. Results In all 602 female students were studied. All students reported at least one premenstrual symptom. Of these, 224 (37.2%) met the diagnostic criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Comparing the SF-36 scores between female students with and without PMDD, it was found that there were significant differences between these two groups in all measures (P < 0.001) except for physical functioning (P = 0.274). These differences were more evident on role emotional, role physical, social functioning and bodily pain. Conclusion The study findings affirm the fact that adolescents with premenstrual disorders suffer from poor health-related quality of life. In order to improve quality of life in female adolescents appropriate support should be provided for this population especially for those who suffer from more severe premenstrual disorders.

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to assess the validity and reliability of Form A of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales in Iran. Health locus of control is one of the most widely measured parameters of health belief for the planning of health education programs. Methods 496 university students participated in this study. The reliability coefficients were calculated in three different methods: test-retest, parallel forms and Cronbach alpha. In order to survey validity of the scale we used three methods including content validity, concurrent validity and construct validity. Results We established the content validity of the Persian translation by translating (and then back-translating) each item from the English version into the Persian version. The concurrent validity of the questionnaire, as measured by Levenson's IPC scale was .57 (P < .001), .49 (P < .01) and .53 (P < .001) for IPC, respectively. Exploratory principal components analysis supported a three-factor structure that items loading adequately on each factor. Moreover, the approximate orthogonal of the dimensions were obtained through correlation analyses. In addition, the reliability results were acceptable, too. Conclusion The results showed that the reliability and validity of Persian Form A of MHLC was acceptable and respectable and is suggested as an applicable criterion for similar studies in Iran.

Introduction: Emotion recognition by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is one of the complex methods because the extraction and recognition of the features hidden in the signal are sophisticated and require a significant number of EEG channels. Presenting a method for feature analysis and an algorithm for reducing the number of EEG channels fulfills the need for research in this field., Methods: Accordingly, this study investigates the possibility of utilizing deep learning to reduce the number of channels while maintaining the quality of the EEG signal. A stacked autoencoder network extracts optimal features for emotion classification in valence and arousal dimensions. Autoencoder networks can extract complex features to provide linear and non- linear features which are a good representative of the signal., Results: The accuracy of a conventional emotion recognition classifier (support vector machine) using features extracted from SAEs was obtained at 75.7% for valence and 74.4% for arousal dimensions, respectively., Conclusion: Further analysis also illustrates that valence dimension detection with reduced EEG channels has a different composition of EEG channels compared to the arousal dimension. In addition, the number of channels is reduced from 32 to 12, which is an excellent development for designing a small-size EEG device by applying these optimal features., (Copyright© 2024 Iranian Neuroscience Society.)

There is evidence that Iranian preschool children are increasingly spending their time in front of screens (screen time: ST; time spent with any screen such as TVs, computers, tablets, smartphones, game consoles, or video games), but few studies have explored the possible causes of such an increase. Given this, the present study aimed to qualitatively explore determinants of excessive ST in Iranian children. To this end, parents of preschool children were interviewed, and their answers were qualitatively clustered to identify additional important factors. Key informant interviews were conducted with parents of preschool children in Tehran (Iran). A semi-structured interview was developed to assess child and family life, daily routine, family rules, family interactions, and home climate as possible contributing factors to ST. Parents' audiotaped statements were transcripted verbatim, coded, and clustered into main themes using thematic analysis with the MaxQda ® software. A total of 20 parents of children aged 2 to 7 were interviewed, and a total of 6 key themes and 28 subthemes were extracted from their interviews. The results of the analysis identified a broad range of both independent and interrelated factors leading to the development and maintenance of ST behaviors among preschool children. Our findings indicate that the central concept is the family. Considering screen-related behaviors, family life encompasses parental health literacy (e.g., parenting pattern, monitoring standards, thoughtful parenting), family psychological atmosphere (e.g., presence of parents, family norms, parent-parent and parent-child interaction, congruency/incongruency of parents with each other) and the digital structure of the home. The child's and parents' actions and characteristics can influence family interactions. A child's and parent's behavior is also influenced by social/cultural factors. Parents' behaviors and attitudes, family communications, and interactions contribute to healthy ST habits in children. It is not possible to examine the child's behavior without considering the family and the dominant environment, since the behavior of family members as a whole affects each family member. Given this, interventions should make parents aware of their role and responsibilities in reducing children's ST and consider the family system as a whole, and interventions also can benefit from considering the parental perceptions of children's behaviors.

The accurate detection of emotions has significant implications in healthcare, psychology, and human-computer interaction. Integrating personality information into emotion recognition can enhance its utility in various applications. The present study introduces a novel deep learning approach to emotion recognition, which utilizes electroencephalography (EEG) signals and the Big Five personality traits. The study recruited 60 participants and recorded their EEG data while they viewed unique sequence stimuli designed to effectively capture the dynamic nature of human emotions and personality traits. A pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to extract emotion-related features from the raw EEG data. Additionally, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network was used to extract features related to the Big Five personality traits. The network was able to accurately predict personality traits from EEG data. The extracted features were subsequently used in a novel network to predict emotional states within the arousal and valence dimensions. The experimental results showed that the proposed classifier outperformed common classifiers, with a high accuracy of 93.97%. The findings suggest that incorporating personality traits as features in the designed network, for emotion recognition, leads to higher accuracy, highlighting the significance of examining these traits in the analysis of emotions.

Emotion recognition based on brain signals has increasingly become attractive to evaluate human's internal emotional states. Conventional emotion recognition studies focus on developing machine learning and classifiers. However, most of these methods do not provide information on the involvement of different areas of the brain in emotions. Brain mapping is considered as one of the most distinguishing methods of showing the involvement of different areas of the brain in performing an activity. Most mapping techniques rely on projection and visualization of only one of the electroencephalogram (EEG) subband features onto brain regions. The present study aims to develop a new EEG-based brain mapping, which combines several features to provide more complete and useful information on a single map instead of common maps. In this study, the optimal combination of EEG features for each channel was extracted using a stacked autoencoder (SAE) network and visualizing a topographic map. Based on the research hypothesis, autoencoders can extract optimal features for quantitative EEG (QEEG) brain mapping. The DEAP EEG database was employed to extract topographic maps. The accuracy of image classifiers using the convolutional neural network (CNN) was used as a criterion for evaluating the distinction of the obtained maps from a stacked autoencoder topographic map (SAETM) method for different emotions. The average classification accuracy was obtained 0.8173 and 0.8037 in the valence and arousal dimensions, respectively. The extracted maps were also ranked by a team of experts compared to common maps. The results of quantitative and qualitative evaluation showed that the obtained map by SAETM has more information than conventional maps., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elnaz Vafaei et al.)

Occupational burnout is a common syndrome among physicians, and several individual-directed and organization-directed interventions have been implemented to reduce it. Until now, several review studies have tried to identify and introduce the most appropriate interventions. The aim of this article was to systematically review systematic review studies of interventions for physician burnout to evaluate and summarize their results, and ultimately guide researchers to select appropriate interventions. A search was conducted to find review studies and systematic reviews in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers independently selected and evaluated the studies based on inclusion criteria. Four of seven obtained review studies and systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. These studies have reviewed individual-directed and organization-directed interventions intended to reduce burnout among medical students, interns, physicians, residents, and fellows. Various studies of the effectiveness of individual- and organization-directed interventions have obtained different results. This research has shown that reaching conclusions about effective interventions (individual- or organization-directed) for physician burnout is not easy and that a number of mediating or moderating variables probably influence the effectiveness of these interventions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand approaches and interventions for the prevention or reduction of physician burnout to fill the gaps in research. In addition, review studies are required to be more precise in choosing their criteria to find more accurate results., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: The sexual dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire (SDBQ) is a validated measure for assessing dysfunctional sexual beliefs., Aims: The aim of this study was to translate and validate the SDBQ to Iranian context., Methods: In order to translate the questionnaire from English into Persian, a forward-backward procedure was applied. After linguistic validation, the psychometric properties of the Iranian version were assessed for both men and women. A total of 387 participants (226 women and 161 men) completed the SDBQ., Main Outcome Measures: A principle component analysis with varimax rotation was performed for both the male and female samples. Reliability was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) and test-retest coefficients (intraclass correlation coefficient)., Results: The results from the principle component analysis identified six factors in the female version: sexual conservatism and female sexual passivity, beliefs about masturbation, body image beliefs, sexual desire and pleasure as a sin, age-related beliefs, and denying affection primacy. In the male version six factors were also identified: sex as an abuse of men's power, beliefs related to women's satisfaction, sexual conservatism, female sexual power, "macho" beliefs, and restrictive attitudes toward sex. Findings support the original six-factor solution for the male sample. For the female sample, although a six-factor solution was found, original motherhood-related beliefs were included in the sexual conservatism and female sexual passivity factor, and a new dimension has emerged, related to masturbation beliefs. Additionally, results indicated that the SDBQ had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability in both male and female versions., Conclusion: Current findings support the reliability and validity of the SDBQ in an Iranian sample and suggest its applicability to assess sexual beliefs in both clinical samples and the general population in Iran., (© 2015 International Society for Sexual Medicine.)