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The present study aimed to elucidate the experience of social support in the a​ftermath of a traumatic loss, during which the bereavement ceremony was prohibited. The study was conducted using a research method that combined social constructivism and grounded theory. Participants included all Iranian youth (over 18) in 2022 who experienced a traumatic loss and encountered restrictions in organizing memorials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 individuals, who were selected through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Charmez’s three-step coding method was implemented to analyze the data. The data was analyzed to extract four primary themes: the challenge in seeking social support, ways of seeking social support, alternative methods of social support, and the most effective social support along with 9 sub-categories. Additionally, nine subcategories were identified. The results indicate that the process of grief was further complicated by the communication limitations during emergencies. However, the redefinition of social support in such situations has the potential to develop novel coping methods for traumatized mourners. Therefore, it is advised that the results of this study be applied to the development of intervention protocols to expedite the bereavement process in the aftermath of such losses in emergency situations.

Working with chronically ill children can overwhelm for professionals. It is necessary to study the factors related to compassion fatigue and satisfaction in order to effectively deal with it. Using a narrative review and inclusion criteria, we searched online databases for related studies from 2000 to 2023. Twelve articles were included in the final review. Understanding compassion fatigue/satisfaction will help to solve personal and professional problems and increase productivity, leading to positive outcomes for the patient, family, and the organization. This study identifies several factors that contribute to compassion fatigue (CF) in pediatric healthcare providers. These factors include workload, patient connections, lack of support, exposure to trauma, personal trauma, job dissatisfaction, and neglecting self-care. It is crucial to address these factors through targeted interventions and organizational support. Implementing evidence-based interventions shows promise in reducing the impact of CF, fostering a resilient healthcare workforce, and improving patient care.

This study’s objective was to evaluate the efficacy of emotion-oriented couple therapy on cognitive emotion regulation and marital adjustment in parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In this study, a single-case A-B-A design was utilized. In 2020, couples in Isfahan with children aged 7 to 11 years old and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder comprised the statistical population of this investigation. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Revised Marital Adjustment Scale (RDAS), and the fourth edition of the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Scale (Parent Form) (SNAP-IV) were utilized in this study. Three couples were selected using purposive sampling and participated in eight sessions of emotion-focused couple therapy. The effect of the treatment was determined by calculating the percentage of non-overlapping data (POD) and the percentage of overlapping data (PND) using visual analysis and SPSS-20 statistical software. The results showed that emotion-oriented couple therapy had a positive and statistically significant effect on cognitive regulation of emotion and marital adjustment of parents with children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (PND= 66/67% to 100%), and that the treatment’s effects persisted during follow-up. Based on the findings of the current study, emotion-focused couple therapy can be used as an effective intervention to improve adjustment and emotion regulation in couples with children who have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to compare the effect of tele-hope-based coaching and counseling on post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients with COVID-19 in quarantine conditions in Isfahan province (18 years and older). Methods and Materials: This research is a quasi-experimental study in which the convenience sampling method with random assignment is used. For this purpose, 43 patients with COVID-19 were randomly assigned in three groups of hope-based coaching (14 people), hope-based counseling (14 people) and control group (15 people). All participants completed questionnaires related to happiness, life satisfaction and post-traumatic growth in the pre-test phase, and then the experimental group members participated in hope-based coaching or counseling (8 sessions for 60 minutes). At the end of the intervention, the post-test was completed and the results were analyzed using MANCOVA test and post hoc tests. Findings: The findings showed that both tele-interventions had a significant effect on post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients with COVID-19 compared to the control group. However, there was no significant differences between the research variables in the two intervention groups and both interventions were equally effective (P

ObjectiveThis study investigated and compared the attitudes of healthy Iranian individuals (n = 302) in forms of two groups of caregivers and non-caregivers of cancer patients about the communication with cancer patients, and their personal wish to know the diagnosis if they ever had cancer. In addition, this study aimed to identify how many participants in the caregivers’ group had spoken with their family member affected by cancer about their illness.MethodsCaregivers (50.7%) and non-caregivers (49.3%) responded to two questionnaires regarding their general attitudes about communicating with cancer patients, and their willingness to know about their illness if they had cancer.ResultsThe majority of participants (92.8%), especially in the caregiver group, agreed with the right of patients to know the diagnosis and prognosis, and also wished to know if they ever had cancer. However, around 64% of caregivers never talked about cancer with the affected patients.ConclusionParticipants generally believed that patients have the right to know the diagnosis and prognosis, and they also wished to know if they ever had cancer. However, in reality many cancer patients are not included in communication sessions in Iran. Health professionals should focus on how to create a balance between medical bioethics with cultural influences on communication with patients.

ObjectiveSuicide ideation and suicide attempts are prevalent in Farsi speaking populations. The present study aimed at validating the Farsi version of the Suicide Ideation and Behavior Scale (SIBS).MethodsReliability and validity of the Farsi version of the SIBS were established in a highly burdened Afghan student sample (N = 279). Internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity were investigated, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted.ResultsThe Farsi version of the SIBS was shown to have a unidimensional structure with excellent internal consistency, as well as good convergent and divergent validity.DiscussionThe results suggest that the SIBS is a brief, reliable, and valid measure of current suicidal ideation and behavior that can be used in Farsi speaking populations.

BACKGROUND: One way of delivering psychological services is tele-psychotherapy, which has attracted significant attention as a viable approach. This study aimed to identify important variables in the application of tele-counseling and psychotherapy for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in Isfahan, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research employed an exploratory qualitative methodology. The participants of this study consisted of all the clients with OCD and all the psychotherapists in the city of Isfahan. Purposive sampling was employed, and following a series of semi-structured interviews with 35 individuals with OCD and 11 counselors in this area, the sample size reached a saturation point. The data was analyzed by Braun and Clark’s thematic analysis method. RESULTS: Based on the findings of Braun and Clark’s analysis, three primary themes emerged concerning tele-counseling: opportunities, requirements, and challenges. CONCLUSION: According to the feedback received from therapists and clients, remote services could offer promising prospects to both groups by providing accessible locations and flexible time management. However, to get the full benefits of teletherapy, therapists should consider certain factors to enhance the therapeutic alliance. Moreover, there are challenges that need to be addressed.

Introduction: The first years of life are a critical period for a child due to the development of basic functions such as behavior, emotions, and motivation. The child needs an environment conducive to growth and development. This environment is built through effective parental care. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting compassion or shame in mother-child interaction. Methods: The study was an applied one in terms of its objectives and qualitative as a grounded theory method was used for data collection. The participants were 12 mothers with 2 to 7-year-old children selected via theoretical sampling. The data were collected using in-depth and exploratory interviews with the participants. The collected data were recorded, coded, and placed into main categories. Afterward, the initial codes were identified and the categories addressing the mother-child interaction based on compassion and shame were identified using axial coding. Results: Analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the mother-child interaction includes categories such as “parenting styles, induction of compassion, induction of shame, fear of compassion, receiving compassion from others, self-compassion, and coping styles”. Conclusion: The findings of the present study can contribute to developing training programs for promoting compassion-based mother-child interaction, preventing the induction of shame by the mother, and improving the mother-child relationship. Counselors, psychologists, nurses, and midwives can also use the insights from this study to develop training programs for mothers.

Introduction: This study aimed to use the thematic synthesis method to review qualitative research about the psychological experiences of healthcare staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Out of 218 English articles that are found in PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar databases from 2019 to 2021, 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. The process of thematic synthesis was performed based on Thomas and Harden's analysis method in three stages open coding, organizing codes into common categories, and finally creating the main themes. Results: After analyzing the results, five main themes were extracted including compassion fatigue, factors affecting compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, factors affecting compassion satisfaction, and strategic recommendations. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that the healthcare staff experienced both compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compassion fatigue and satisfaction can affect the psychological state of the healthcare staff as well as the quality of care they provide. The underlying factors of both concepts are discussed and some recommendations are provided.

Abstract Background Positive mental health (PMH) is a factor of far-reaching salutogenetic importance. The present study aimed at validating the Persian version of the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-Scale). Methods Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the PMH-Scale were established in an Iranian student sample (N = 573). Internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity were investigated, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Furthermore, it was assessed how PMH scores moderate the association between depressive symptoms and suicide ideation/behavior. Results The Persian version of the PMH-Scale was shown to have a unidimensional structure with excellent internal consistency, as well as good convergent and divergent validity. PMH differentiated between participants with higher vs. lower suicide risk. Furthermore, PMH proved to moderate the association between depressive symptoms and suicide ideation/behavior. Conclusions The results suggest that the PMH-Scale is a brief, reliable, and valid measure of subjective and psychological well-being that can be used in Iranian student samples and research settings.

The purpose of this study was to answer the question of what were the experiences of counselors and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in tele-counseling and to analyze the experiences related to establishing and maintaining therapeutic alliance in tele-counseling. Thematic analysis was used to answer the research questions. The main data collection method was a semi-structured interview and the interview guide was designed using literature as well as expert opinions. From the analysis of interviews with 12 clients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 7 obsessive-compulsive therapists with experience in tele-counseling, three main themes have been obtained including the formation of the therapeutic alliance, barriers to the therapeutic alliance and factors involved in the enhancement of therapeutic alliance. The results showed that creating and maintaining a therapeutic alliance in tele-counseling is possible. Although there may be obstacles, if the counselor can identify the existing barriers and adapt the counseling techniques and skills to the conditions of cyberspace, creating and marinating a therapeutic alliance will be possible. Due to the increasing opportunities to have tele-counseling, increasing client demands, as well as the possibility of recurrence of conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic that forced the use of tele-counseling, it seems that more attention should be paid to identifying barriers and sources of therapeutic alliance in tele-counseling, and more studies are needed in this area.

Abstract Identifying the possible factors of psychiatric symptoms among children can reduce the risk of adverse psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. We designed a classification tool to examine the association between modifiable risk factors and psychiatric symptoms, defined based on the Persian version of the WHO-GSHS questionnaire in a developing country. Ten thousand three hundred fifty students, aged 6–18 years from all Iran provinces, participated in this study. We used feature discretization and encoding, stability selection, and regularized group method of data handling (GMDH) to classify the a priori specific factors (e.g., demographic, sleeping-time, life satisfaction, and birth-weight) to psychiatric symptoms. Self-rated health was the most critical feature. The selected modifiable factors were eating breakfast, screentime, salty snack for depression symptom, physical activity, salty snack for worriedness symptom, (abdominal) obesity, sweetened beverage, and sleep-hour for mild-to-moderate emotional symptoms. The area under the ROC curve of the GMDH was 0.75 (CI 95% 0.73–0.76) for the analyzed psychiatric symptoms using threefold cross-validation. It significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art (adjusted p

Background: Careful study of self-concept and function together and in different societies can lead to a deeper understanding of these concepts and how they change, However, so far the study of self-concept and function in the society of married women has been neglected in optimism, confusion, realism and devastation states. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the self-concept and function of married women in optimism, confusion, realism and devastation states. Method: This study was conducted with qualitative approach and phenomenological method. The study population of the present study included all married women in 2019 in Isfahan, 60 of whom were selected in four groups by purposive sampling from among those who had the highest score in the four states of the researcher-made illusion and disillusion questionnaire. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed by thematic analysis. Results: Findings included 8 main themes in self-concept and 8 main themes in function analysis which generally showed positive self-concept and optimal function in the spouse role in optimism state, negative self-concept and adverse function in devastation state, instability self-concept and dysfunction in confusion state, self-concept matched successes and failures, and function which consistent with motivation and goals in realism mode. Conclusions: The results showed that being in each of the four states has a decisive role in self-concept and function of married women.

Introduction: Education in school is considered to be the most important part of every adolescent's life, and exposure to a traumatic experience in this disturbing period can greatly affect it. However, trauma does not only lead to negative consequences and psychological trauma, as sometimes it also induces positive changes called “post-traumatic growth”. The main objective of this study was to explore the students' lived experience of academic factors affecting their post-traumatic growth Methods: This qualitative study employed a descriptive phenomenological method. The participants were 15 male and female adolescent students sponsored by an NGO supporting orphans in Isfahan and were selected based on purposive sampling. The data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews, and analyzed by Colaizzi’s 7-step method in MAXQDA software. Results: After data analysis, 296 primary codes were extracted and classified into 11 categories. Then, 4 main themes including the school support network, teacher's role, school attachment, and academic well-being appeared in the participants' experiences. Conclusion: It can be concluded that post-traumatic growth after the father’s sudden death among adolescents is affected by several academic factors such as the school support network, teacher's role, school attachment, and academic well-being. Therefore, schools can provide a suitable context for students to reach this growth by developing and implementing appropriate counseling and intervention programs.

Sexuality is one of the basic needs that is often ignored in the context of disability, and this is more challenging for girls with a physical disability. This study aims to explore the perspective of girls with a physical disability concerning sexuality. To reach this aim, a thematic analysis approach was utilized and in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 girls over the age of 18 with a physical disability in Isfahan. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling and data were analyzed using the Braun and Clarke (2006) thematic analysis method. Findings showed that women experienced five types of challenges including, disability and sex, yes or never?, the meaning of sex, the obstacles, the consequences of lack of having sex, and constructive suggestions. Based on the results, girls with a physical disability faced unmet sexual needs and it is necessary to create rehabilitation interventions as well as culturally-based education.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the perceived challenges of girls with disabilities about love.Materials and Methods: The study was a qualitative study and the target population included single girls with physical disabilities aged 18 years and older in Isfahan, Iran. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 16 girls with physical disabilities who were selected through purposive sampling from among the girls referring to two service centers for people with physical disabilities. Data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi’s method.Results: The challenges of girls with physical disabilities about love were generally divided into two categories of challenges related to the inside and outside world. Internal challenges included personal experiences, fears, beliefs, and psychological defenses, and external challenges included law, culture, suggestions, and advocacy.Conclusion: People with physical disabilities face challenges related to themselves and society when dealing with love. Paying attention to these challenges can help empower these people to deal with them appropriately.

Introduction Family caregivers around the world care for the patients alongside the professionals with a difference that they do not get paid. Since the role of caregiving often happens suddenly and without prediction, the family might not have a predetermined plan and the available resources cannot be matched to their needs. This creates a pressure for caregivers and currently has affected many people around the world. According to the Global burden of disease study, it is estimated that around 15 percent of the world population suffer from some type of disabilities. It is also estimated that around 93 million children are living with severe or moderate disability (cited in WHO, 2011). In the majority of the cases, mothers are the primary caregivers. The aim of this research was to study the experiences of mothers of children with disability and the main question was whether and how mothers experience compassion fatigue and/or compassion satisfaction. Materials and Methods Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis approach was employed to analyze two sets of data. The first set of data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 mothers with at least one child with a disability and the second set of data came from memories of 8 mothers with a child with disability that was published online in a NGO supporting families of children with special needs. The interviewees were mothers between 35 and 67 years old, the majority had one child with a severe disability, one participant cared for two and one participant cared for three children with severe disability. The children were between 10 and 48 and mothers were the primary caregivers the whole time. Participants were selected through snowball sampling. The other set of data were interviews published online with mothers who were caregivers of a child with disability. The interviews were analyzed until reaching to the saturation point. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke (2006) six stages of thematic analysis. Three main themes including pathway from motherhood identity to caregiver identity, perceived social support, and the blessing of caregiving were drawn from the data. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results were categorized into three themes: pathway from motherhood identity to caregiver identity, perceived social support, and the blessing of caregiving. According to the findings, mothers will experience a sudden transition from mothering to caregiver role and will face grief over losing their wishes for their children future. The majority of participants talked about their shock and disbelief after hearing the bad news. They felt they were suddenly thrown out of their calm life to a situation without readiness. Mothers suddenly faced with news that, apart from their motherhood role, had to take a new role of caregiving. Women mentioned that they had little perceived social support from families, friends, relatives or even their husband. It is observed that emotional problems and compassion fatigue that women were experiencing were mostly drawn from social stigma and social isolation rather than the caregiving itself. Somatization and pain were the common effects of caregiving that women complained about but all women believed that caregiving were a blessing for them. In fact, after accepting the new situation, women actively looked for coping strategies and available services. However, they were not passive and they were actively looking for a way to cope with the transition from motherhood to caregiver and experience compassion satisfaction. Taking a break, traveling, making herself busy, advocacy, and spirituality were some of the coping strategies women mentioned. Employing coping strategies and looking at the caregiving role as a blessing, leads to compassion satisfaction for participants. The result of this study can be helpful in creating interventions to facilitate adjusting with deep changes in the mother caregivers and empowering women toward a successful transition.

Objective Rapid naming is the ability of an individual to understand a visual symbol and retrieve it rapidly and accurately. When a person is naming, he/she may make a mistake or correct her/his mistake. Rapid naming tasks are the best tools for screening, assessment and early prevention of issues in this area. The rapid naming is important in reading skills, and there is a lack of basic information about rapid naming in Persian speaking children; thus, this study investigated the relationship between this skill, and age and gender, and compared the number of errors and self-correction in the 7- and 8-year-old age groups. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional and causal-comparative study was conducted on 203 normal male and female students in Autumn 2015 for 4 months. The study participants were selected using a multistage sampling method from 5 geographic regions (north, south, east, west, center) of Tehran City, Iran. The students had no hearing impairment, intelligence, learning, and visual deficiency. They enjoyed the natural growth of language and verbal fluency. Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Rapid Alternating Stimulus (RAS) tasks were performed. The children's voices were recorded during the test implementation; when we were listening to the recorded voices, the naming time of each task was separately measured and recorded using a stopwatch. In addition to naming time, the number of errors and self-correction were counted. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to investigate the relationship between naming speed and age. This test was also used to determine the relationship between naming speed and gender. The relationship between the number of errors and self-correction and age were analyzed by the Chi-squared test. Results The MANOVA results revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of the naming time between the two age groups (f(6, 196)=9.395, P0.05). The Chi-squared test results suggested no significant difference between the frequency of a number of errors in the two age groups (x2=16.564, df=13, P>0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the frequency of numbers of self-correction in the two age groups (x2=11.186, df=13, P>0.05). Conclusion With increasing age, the time of naming was reduced. However, gender has no effect on speed naming. Moreover, age has no effects on the number of errors and self-corrections. The significant difference in naming speed between the two age groups with narrow age interval indicates that this skill is very much affected by age. Thus, it is necessary to present the normative data of this skill in groups with narrow age intervals.

The perception of spouse has changed with respect to the level of illusion and disillusion, and according to these changes, four states included of optimistic, confusion, realism and devastation are achieved. The aim of this phenomenology research was to identify dynamics of Interaction with spouse in married women in four states. 65 women were selected through purposeful sampling from those who gain the highest score in each of the quadruple states in the researcher-made questionnaire of illusion and disillusion, and in the form of 4 groups participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and with thematic analysis findings were analyzed. Findings of four groups included 41 sub themes which were classified into three main themes of cognitive, emotional and behavioral dynamics according to similarities, differences and comparing the contents of themes in four study groups. The results of the research showed that identifying each of the four states and the injuries of each state in Marriage, according to the cognition, excitement and behavior of couples and providing preventive and therapeutic strategies tailored to each injury can help the stability of couple's relationship, increase the marital satisfaction and promoting community health. Keywords: Dynamics, Optimism, Confusion, Realism, Devastation

The work presents a comparative analysis of mobile phone use by university students from two universities, a group from Isfahan (Iran) and another from Málaga (Spain). To do this, two groups of young people (90 students from the University of Isfahan and 108 students from the University of Málaga) responded to an online survey translated to Farsi, which analyzed several items. The data indicated that the presence and use of mobile phone is very widespread among the young population. Nine students out of ten keep the mobile on forever. Although differences are observed in the use of applications, times, in the case of the students of Isfahan it seems to be used more frequently in almost all sections (social networks, informal chat, photographs, etc.) than its equals of Spain. The results confirm the strong implantation of the mobile phone in the social life of young people but not so much as an academic or professional resource of the same.

According to global data, intimate partner violence and its corresponding impact threaten the lives of almost 35% of women at some point in their life. The aim of this research was to explore the effects of intimate partner sexual violence on women’s sense of self-efficacy when it comes to speaking out against violence and seeking help. In-depth interviews and a thematic analysis approach were employed to collect and analyze the data. The participants were 10 women with experiences of intimate partner sexual violence. They were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Two main themes were drawn from the data, including Exposure and Empowerment. Exposure refers to the type of violence women have experienced and its physical and emotional effects; and Empowerment refers to factors women considered as giving them the courage to speak out against perpetrators, to seek help from others, or to refrain from doing either. It is concluded that Iranian women are not passive when exposed to intimate partner sexual violence, and social support, mainly from family and friends, was a pathway to feelings of empowerment; without this support, women’s emotional health is put in jeopardy. Due to the importance of social networks in creating a sense of empowerment, it is recommended that professionals involved in cases of intimate partner sexual violence create an alliance with the women’s families and friend and educate them on how to prevent violence or offer help before the violence takes its toll on woman’s emotional and physical wellbeing.

Suicide is one of the most critical public health concerns in the world and the second cause of death among young people in many countries. However, to date, no study can diagnose suicide ideation/behavior among university students in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using a machine learning approach. Therefore, stability feature selection and stacked ensembled decision trees were employed in this classification problem. A total of 573 university students responded to a battery of questionnaires. Three-fold cross-validation with a variety of performance indices was sued. The proposed diagnostic system had excellent balanced diagnosis accuracy (AUC = 0.90 [CI 95%: 0.86–0.93]) with a high correlation between predicted and observed class labels, fair discriminant power, and excellent class labeling agreement rate. Results showed that 23 items out of all items could accurately diagnose suicide ideation/behavior. These items were psychological problems and how to experience trauma, from the demographic variables, nine items from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), two items from Post Traumatic Growth (PTG), two items from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), six items from the Positive Mental Health (PMH) questionnaire, and one item related to social support. Such features could be used as a screening tool to identify young adults who are at risk of suicide ideation/behavior.

Introduction: The aim of this research was to analyze the researcher’s experiences of living with visual impairment through the autoethnography approach. Materials and Methods: The autoethnography approach was employed in the present research. Data were collected through narratives of the second researcher that were audio-recorded through interviews. The first author analyzed the data using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The 64 codes that were identified during analysis were categorized under the two major themes of barriers and sources of resilience. Conclusion: Individuals with visual impairment can show a high level of resilience and achieve academic, occupational, and social success, but they need to overcome the barriers to and enhance their sources of resilience.

Autoethnography is a research method that analyzes the self within a social context. This method, which has beentraditionally used in sociological research, has recently found its place in health research. The aim of this researchwas to introduce autoethnography and its application in health and rehabilitation fields. In the present study, articlesof prominent researchers in autoethnography were reviewed and definitions, procedures, ethical principles, andwriting styles of this method were introduced. Autoethnography is a qualitative research method that connectsindividual experience to popular culture. Using this method, professionals with disability can make the broadercommunity aware of their needs, and thus, become an advocate for suitable rehabilitation programs for the groupthey belong to. Consideration of the first-hand experiences and views of individuals with disability has importantimplications for health and rehabilitation professional.