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We provide a Neotropical synopsis of the genus Sclerodermus Latreille. The genus is recognized by having the antenna with 11 flagellomeres, the head globoid or nearly so, the eyes present and flat, and the clypeal median lobe strongly angled and deeply separated from the lateral lobes. The strong polymorphism of having wings is an intra- and intergeneric feature and the macropterous specimens are diagnosed by having forewings with the pterostigma slender and only the R cell closed. In this synopsis we recognized seven previously known species: S. formicarius Kieffer, S. galapagensis Brues, S. iridomyrmicicola Bruch, S. macrogaster (Ashmead), S. soror Westwood, S. spilonotum Evans, and S. wilsoni Evans. The type-species, S. domesticus Latreille is also included, but their occurrence in the Neotropical Region is in doubt. Additionally, we discovered one more species, S. chicomendesi n. sp., which is described and illustrated, based on both sexes with molecular support. This species was found attacking a woman in her office in Porto Alegre, Brazil, where there was wood furniture with holes bored by beetles of the Ptinidae genus Tricorynus Waterhouse. We also provide a key to the Neotropical species of this genus and a discussion about species attacking human beings.

Here we describe the flat wasp genus Glutodon gen. nov., and its single species G. mikeaensis sp. nov. from Madagascar. The males of this genus are easily recognized among the other genera of Pristocerinae by having the metasoma with a conical flap expansion on the sternum VIII and the hypopygium with the anterolateral apodeme very thick along its length with a very gibbous tip, both conditions unique in Bethylidae. Glutodon gen. nov. is the sixth genus of flat wasps endemic of Madagascar, and the 30th of Pristocerinae.

Genus Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905: 117. TYPE SPECIES. — Trissepyris ruficeps Kieffer, 1905. DIAGNOSIS OF FEMALE. — Colour. Head rufous castaneous; mesosoma and metasoma black; clypeus castaneous with margin black; mandible castaneous with margins of teeth nearly black; antenna and palpi castaneous; eye and ocelli black; legs rufous castaneous, coxae slightly darker; tegula dark castaneous. Head. Head subtriangular in lateral view. Mandible robust apically. Clypeus with rounded median lobe, longer than lateral ones, anterior margin angled in anterior view. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, first flagellomere never ring-shaped. Eye glabrous. Occipital carina incomplete ventrally. Ocellar triangle very compact, far from vertex. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area ecarinate. Prosternum small. Mesoscuto-scutellar suture with foveae not connected by sulcus, elliptical, distant from each other by at least 5.0× total size of fovea. Metapectal-propodeal disc with transverse anterior, transverse posterior carinae. Propodeal spiracle long, dorsal, elliptical. Mesopleuron with mesopleural pit small, displaced posterior-dorsally. Wings. Forewing with distinct 2r-rs&Rs vein, about 2× as long as pterostigma. Hind wing with more than five hamuli., Published as part of Colombo, Wesley D. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2023, Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species, pp. 129-135 in Zoosystema 45 (4) on page 130, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7681311, {"references":["KIEFFER J. J. 1905. - Description de nouveaux Proctotrypides exotiques avec une planche et une figure dans le texte. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 29: 95 - 142."]}

Trissepyris akan n. sp. (Fig. 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 86CF4F45-E68D-418F-83D8-F01F6407D6EC MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Ivory Coast • ♀; Divi; E. d’Aboisso; VIII.1961; J. Decelle leg.; MRAC; BE_RMCA_INS. Hym.047924. ETYMOLOGY. — The epithet akan refers to the Akan, the major cultural group of the Ivory Coast. DISTRIBUTION. — Ivory Coast. DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE Body length 13.2 mm. Head Head subtrapezoidal in lateral view, subquadrate in dorsal view. Malar space shorter than proximal mandibular width.Mandible robust, with five distal teeth.Clypeus trilobate, with subtrapezoidal median lobe, as long as lateral ones, lobe delimitation distinct, anterior margin angled in anterior view; median carina high, straight in profile; apical margin thick. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, subfiliform-filiform; pedicel chalice-shaped, as long as flagellomere I. Eye glabrous, oval, not touching mandibular base. Frons coriaceous, with very sparse punctures. Frontal line shorter than scape, conspicuous. Ocellar triangle compact, as wide as individual ocellus diameter; anterior ocellus posterior to supraocular line; posterior ocelli very distant from vertex. Palpal formula apparently 6:3. Hypostomal carina emarginate, rounded medially. Occipital carina present. Mesosoma Pronotal flange conspicuous; dorsal pronotal area ecarinate, slightly depressed forward, weakly coriaceous, weakly punctate. Prosternum small. Notaulus complete, well impressed, slightly wider posterad. Parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscuto-scutellar foveae not connected by conspicuous sulcus, oval, inclined anteriorly, deep. Metapectal-propodeal disc with transverse anterior, metapostnotal median, transverse posterior, paraspiracular and lateral carinae; lateral margins straight, subparallel. Metapectal-propodeal declivity with median carina complete. Propodeal spiracle dorsal, elliptical, wide. Mesopleuron with mesopleural pit small, displaced posterior-dorsally.Wings hyaline, veins dark castaneous. Forewing with anterior margin straight, R cell longer than 1Cu cell. Pterostigma wide, oval; 2r-rs&Rs vein tubular, angled, straight posteriorly. Hind wing with six hamuli equally spaced. Metasoma Metasomal tergum I polished; other terga weakly coriaceous. Metasomal apical segments oriented downward. REMARKS This species is morphologically similar to Trissepyris ruficeps by having the colour of head rufous castaneous, the ocellar triangle very compact, the occipital carina ventrally incomplete, the mesoscuto-scutellar suture with elliptical foveae, the propodeal spiracle long, elliptical, and dorsally placed, and the hind wings with more than five distal hamuli. However, T. akan n. sp. has the mandible with five teeth, the distance between the ocelli is as wide as individual ocellus diameter, the notauli are weakly widened posteriorly, the mesopleuron has the mesopleural pit small, but distinct from the punctures and, the hind wings have six distal hamuli; whereas T. ruficeps has the mandible with three teeth, the distance between the ocelli less than the individual ocellus diameter, the notauli strongly widened posteriorly, the mesopleuron with the mesopleural pit very small, undistinguished from the punctures, and the hind wings with nine distal hamuli., Published as part of Colombo, Wesley D. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2023, Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species, pp. 129-135 in Zoosystema 45 (4) on page 132, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7681311

Trissepyris ruficeps Kieffer, 1905 (Fig. 1) Trissepyris ruficeps Kieffer, 1905: 117 (description), plate I, figs 5, 14; 1908: 20 (list), plate I (figs 13 and 16), plate II (fig. 10); 1914: 420 (description) fig. 157. — Medler 1980: 470 (list). — Gordh & Móczár 1990: 170 (catalog). — Azevedo & Alencar 2010: 1 (redescription and synonymisation with Epyris). — Colombo et al. 2022: 21 (genus revalidation and redescription), fig. 6F, 8I. DIAGNOSIS OF FEMALE. — Body length c. 15.0 mm. Head subtrapezoidal in lateral view, subquadrate in dorsal view. Malar space shorter than proximal mandibular width. Mandible robust, with three distal teeth. Clypeus trilobate, with subtrapezoidal median lobe, as long as lateral ones, lobe delimitation distinct, anterior margin angled in anterior view; median carina high, straight in profile; apical margin thick. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, subfiliform-filiform; pedicel chalice-shaped, longer than flagellomere I. Eye glabrous, oval, not touching mandibular base. Frons coriaceous, with very sparse punctures. Frontal line shorter than scape, conspicuous. Ocellar triangle very compact, less than individual ocellus diameter; anterior ocellus almost crossing to supraocular line; posterior ocelli very distant from vertex. Palpal formula apparently 6:3. Hypostomal carina emarginate, rounded medially. Occipital carina present. Mesosoma. Pronotal flange conspicuous; dorsal pronotal area ecarinate, slightly depressed forward, weakly coriaceous, strongly punctate. Prosternum small. Notaulus complete, well impressed, progressively wider posterad. Parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscuto-scutellar foveae not connected by conspicuous sulcus, oval, parallel, deep. Metapectal-propodeal disc with transverse anterior, metapostnotal median, transverse posterior, paraspiracular and lateral carinae; lateral margins straight, subparallel. Metapectal-propodeal declivity with median carina complete. Propodeal spiracle dorsal, elliptical, wide. Mesopleuron with mesopleural pit very small, displaced posteriordorsally. Wings amber, veins dark castaneous. Forewing with anterior margin straight, R cell longer than 1Cu cell. Pterostigma wide, oval; 2r-rs&Rs vein tubular, curved, straight posteriorly. Hind wing with nine hamuli equally spaced. Metasomal tergum I polished; other terga weakly coriaceous. Metasomal apical segments oriented downward. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Democratic Republic of Congo • ♀; 21, 113, Dapitan Mindanao Baker; Collection Ernest André, 1914; MNHN-EY-EY1689. DISTRIBUTION. — DR Congo. REMARKS Described from a single female.This single specimen is currently pinned with several labels (Fig. 1G), two of them are related to the locality, “ Congo ” and “Dapitan Mindanao”. Considering that Dapitan is a famous locality of Mindanao in the Philippines, we have to assume that one of them was misattached to the specimen. In the original description, Kieffer (1905: 118) stated only Congo as its locality, and posteriorly Azevedo & Alencar (2010) also stated only Congo. Furthermore, the label of Congo is the first pinned label that comes below the specimen. Thus, it is more reasonable to assume that this is an Afrotropical species rather than an Oriental one. Furthermore, the new species here described was collected in Ivory Coast, a locality very close to Congo, which supports our conclusion., Published as part of Colombo, Wesley D. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2023, Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species, pp. 129-135 in Zoosystema 45 (4) on pages 130-132, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7681311, {"references":["KIEFFER J. J. 1905. - Description de nouveaux Proctotrypides exotiques avec une planche et une figure dans le texte. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 29: 95 - 142.","MEDLER J. T. 1980. - Insects of Nigeria - check list and bibliography. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 30: 1 - 919.","GORDH G. & MOCZAR L. 1990. - A catalog of the world Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 46: 1 - 364.","AZEVEDO C. O. & ALENCAR I. D. C. C. 2010. - Rediscovery of the Afrotropical genus Trissepyris Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a new synonym of Epyris Westwood. Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 6: 3 - 7.","COLOMBO W. D., TRIBULL C. M., WAICHERT C. & AZEVEDO C. O. 2022. - Integrative taxonomy solves taxonomic impasses: a case study from Epyrinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Systematic Entomology 47 (3): 504 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12544"]}

Species of four chrysidoid families, Bethylidae, Dryinidae, Embolemidae, and Sclerogibbidae that occurred in Iran are reviewed. A total of 54 species within 27 genera from Iran are listed. The family Bethylidae with 34 species belonging to 16 genera was the largest group followed by Dryinidae with 17 species belonging to eight genera. The known Bethylidae species from Iran certainly represent a very small piece of the world fauna, distributed mainly in the Palaearctic region. Of the seventeen species of Dryinidae, the known distribution of ten species is known yet limited to the Palaearctic region, but five species are distributed in the north of the Afrotropical region (Arabian peninsula). The families, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae each represented by two and a single species in Iran, respectively.Embolemus huberiOlmi is here recorded from Kirghizstan, Turkey and Turkmenistan for the first time. Until now, no species of the families Plumariidae and Scolebythidae have been recorded from Iran. Despite the importance and diversity of both bethylids and dryinids, it seems that the least attempts have been done to study their fauna in Iran.

Sclerodermus galapagensis Brues, 1919 Fig. 1B Diagnosis, female. Body 2.88 mm long. Castaneous, metasoma darker. Mandible with two apical teeth. Clypeus very short and truncate, apical margin strongly curved upward medially in frontal view. Antenna thick, pedicel long, first four antennomeres in ratio of about 18:7:2:2, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye with sparse setae. Ocelli absent. Frons weakly coriaceous, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.21 WH, WF 0.55 WH, WF 1.82 HE. Vertex slightly outcurved. Sides of head slightly outcurved. VOL 2.09 HE. Mesoscutum 1.32 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without median and posterior carinae. Micropterous, wings much shorter than tegula. Profemur 2.0 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.6 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI conspicuously bi-emarginated. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, ECUADOR, Galapagos, James Island, 2000 feet, 22.XII.1905, F. X. Williams col. (CASC, #462)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940

Sclerodermus wilsoni Evans, 1964 Fig. 1G Diagnosis, female. Body 2.44 mm long. Castaneous, metasoma darker. Mandible with two apical teeth, narrow apically. Clypeus very short and slightly concave, apical margin curved upward medially in frontal view. Antenna thick, pedicel long, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye with sparse short setae. Frons weakly coriaceous, nearly polished, punctures sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.15 WH, WF 0.52 WH, WF 1.47 HE. Vertex barely outcurved. Sides of head subparallel. VOL 1.28 HE. Mesoscutum 1.1 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without median and posterior carinae. Micropterous, wings much shorter than tegula. Profemur 1.6 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.56 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI conspicuously bi-emarginated. Material examined. Holotype ♀, CUBA, Pinar de Rio, Las Acostas, 16.VI.[19]53, E. O. Wilson col. (MCZH, #30813)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132, 1 - 222."]}

Sclerodermus chicomendesi Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 1H, 3–4 Differential Diagnosis. This species is similar to S. spilonotum in having the head elongate with outcurved sides, and the metapectal-propodeal disc slightly constricted anteriorly. However, this species has the mandibles with three apical teeth and the clypeus with median lobe trapezoidal, whereas S. spilonotum has the mandibles with two apical teeth and the clypeus with the median lobe short and with its apical margin subangulate. Besides the characters highlighted in the key, the pattern of colour is significantly different, this species has the head and mesosoma varying from light castaneous to castaneous, with the metasoma contrastingly darker, whereas S. spilonotum is mostly dark castaneous. Description, female. Measurements. Body 2.32 mm long. Head 0.34 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. Frons 0.17 mm wide. Eye 0.11 mm long. Wings 0.08 mm. Colour. Head castaneous, mesosoma light castaneous to castaneous, metasoma dark castaneous, clypeus castaneous, antenna and palpi light castaneous, mandible castaneous with dark apex, legs light castaneous to castaneous. Wings hyaline. Head. Mandible progressively narrowing apicad, with three sharpened apical teeth in oblique series. Median clypeal lobe short and trapezoidal, median area elevated and carinate, carina straight in profile, anterior margin upcurved medially. Malar space broad, without sulcus. Pedicel longer than flagellomeres I–II together. Flagellomeres I–X wider than long. Antennal pubescence appressed, very short and dense, velvet-like, with some suberect or erect setae outstanding progressively shorter distad. Ocelli absent. Frons very weakly coriaceous, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.1 WH, WF 0.55 WH, WF 1.61 HE. Vertex slightly outcurved. Sides of head slightly outcurved, head wider posteriorly eye. VOL 2.29 HE. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area subquadrate in dorsal view, slightly longer than wide, with anterior humeral angle rounded. Mesoscutellum equilaterally triangled. Metapectal-propodeal disc as long as wide, without metapostnotal median and posterior carinae, surface of disc progressively depressing posterad. Propodeal declivity subvertical, ecarinate. Mesopleuron without pits and foveae. Tegula very small as scale. Micropterous, wing slightly longer than tegula, veins absent. Profemur 2.1 as long as wide. Mesotibia spinose. Metasoma. Stout, longer than head and mesosoma together, 0.57 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI bi-emarginated, surface of last sterna somewhat flat. Description, male. Measurements. Body 1.85 mm long. Head 0.26 mm long and 0.22 mm wide. Frons 0.13 mm wide. Eye 0.11 mm long. Forewing 1.46 mm long. Hind wing 1.23 mm long. Colour. Head, clypeus, antenna, mandible, mesosoma, metasoma, coxae, trochanters, pro- and mesofemora dark castaneous, metafemur, tibiae and tarsi castaneous, palpi light castaneous; forewing subhyaline, veins transparent, progressively lighter posterad. Head. Mandible evenly wide along its length, with three apical teeth, two lower sharpened, upper one rounded. Clypeus with short trapezoidal median lobe, apical margin almost straight, median carina complete, but weak, straight in lateral profile, lateral lobe defined, short. Antenna, pedicel much longer than wide, flagellomere I about as long as wide, remaining flagellomeres distincly longer than wide, flagellomeral pubescence suberect, setae slighlty longer than half flagellomeral diameter. Distance between toruli about 0.5 their own diameters. Eye with few setae. Frons weakly coriaceous, with very few indistinguisable punctures, with weak and short anterior median line. LH 1.18 WH, WF 0.6 WH, WF 1.18 HE. OOL 1.19 WOT; ocellar triangle distant from vertex crest 0.33 DAO, its frontal angle slightly acute. Vertex weakly outcurved, corners broadly rounded, temple almost parallel in frontal view. VOL 1.08 HE. Malar space evident, about one third of mandibular basal width, malar line sulcate and complete, giving rise closed to dorsal mandibular condyle. Occipital carina weak posteriorly and laterally, absent ventrally. Hypostoma evenly curved. Medioccipito-genal carina complete. Mesosoma. Pronotal dorsal area ecarinate, bell-shaped with anterior margin evenly outcurved, surface evenly depressed forward, pronotal flange short and subvertical, almost indistinguisable from pronotal dorsal area. Notaulus very ill-defined, weak and inconspicuous, almost indistinguisable. Parapsidal signum very ill-defined, weak and inconspicuous, almost indistinguisable, present only on posterior half of anteromesoscutum. Mesoscutummesoscutellar sulcus well-defined and deep, anterior margin straight and posterior margin evenly incurved, so that sulcus widens laterally, but not forming lateral pits. Metapectal-propodeal disc weakly coriaceous almost polished, 1.11 as wide as long, side parallel, metapostnotal median, metapostnotal lateral and posterior transverse carinae absent, posterior area smoothly depressed postarad. Propodeal declivity ecarinate, very weakly coriaceous laterally and progressively polished mesad. Propodeal spiracle round placed fully at lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex. Mesopleuron with subalar impression narrow as sulcus, mesepimeral sulcus inconspicuous, mesopleural pit very shallow and very small, posterior obliquus sulcus, anterior and upper mesopleural pit absent, transepisternal line inconspicuous. Prepectus concave and coriaceous. Forewing with costal cell opened by absence of costal vein; radial cell fully closed; Rs&M vein wider than other; M+Cu, cu-a and 2r-rs&Rs veins absent, fringes of anterior and apical margins distinctly longer. Hind wing with three distal hamuli, median hamulus slightly closer to apical one, without any proximal hamuli, fringes of apical and posterior margins distinctly longer. Legs not spinose. Profemur 3.4 as long as wide. Metasoma.Weakly coriaceous, segments II–III about 0.5 metasomal length.Hypopygium somewhat sublogenzeshaped, spiculum conical, not stalk-shaped at all, posterior margin outcurved. Genitalia: harpe divided in two arms, ventral arm longer and much wider than dorsal arm, about evenly wide, apical margin broadly slighlty outcurved with ventral corner rounded and dorsal corner angulate, ventral margin slightly outcurved, dorsal somewhat straight, dorsal arm somewhat logenze-shaped when seen in its in full lateral view, apical margin narrowly rounded, ventral margin outcurved, dorsal margin straight; cuspis rectangular when seen in its full lateral view, wide, apical margin somewhat straight, with small emargination close to ventral corner; aedeagus with of pair of rounded apical lobes. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 5.ix.2016, manually collected in a home office in the urban area (MNRJ). Allotype ♂, paratypes 1♂ and 7♀, same data as holotype (MNRJ). Remarks. This new species is similar to S. spilonotum as aforementioned in the Differential Diagnosis section. The main differences are related to the coloration, number of mandibular teeth and shape of the median clypeal lobe. This can seem limited like morphological information to distinguish any putative new species of Sclerodermus. However, several of the sclerodermine genera and species have reduction of structures and extreme polymorphism (Vargas et al. 2020), which results in additional difficulties in delimiting genera and species, mostly because of the aptery. Such is the scenario for Sclerodermus, where there are few characters to provide confident taxonomic delimitation of species. For instance, the key to the females of the Nearctic species of Sclerodermus by Evans (1978) is based on coloration and shape of median clypeal lobe; and the key for the females of the French species by Berland (1928) is based only on coloration. Bernard & Jacquemin (1948) delimited the Northern African species of Sclerodermus based on mandibular teeth and shape of the median clypeal lobe. In summary, the reduction of structures in apterous forms constrains the delimitation of Sclerodermus species to just a few morphological characters. Host. This new species was found attacking a woman in her office in the municipality of Porto Alegre, South Brazil. Her office has wood furniture, which was observed to have many holes bored by Tricorynus Waterhouse, 1849, Ptinidae, Mesocoelopodinae (Fig. 6), from where both Sclerodermus chicomendesi n. sp. and its host Tricorynus beetles were observed leaving the furniture several times. This species of Sclerodermus frequently attacked the woman causing Erythematous papular injury in her skin (Fig. 7). Etymology. This species is named after Chico Mendes, who was one of the greatest Brazilian environmentalists, fighting for the rubber tappers against illegal farmers and land invaders mainly in the Amazonian Rain Forest in Acre, Brazil., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on pages 509-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Vargas R., J. M., Colombo, W. D. & Azevedo, C. O. (2020) Revisited phylogeny of Scleroderminae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) reveals a plastic evolutionary history. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 78, 217 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.26049 / ASP 78 - 2 - 2020 - 02","Evans, H. E. (1978) The Bethylidae of America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 27, 1 - 332.","Berland, L. (1928) Faune de France 19. Hymenopteres vespiformes II. Office Central de Faunistique, Paris, 215 pp.","Bernard, F. & Jacquemin, P. (1948) Effets des piqures de Scleroderma (Hymenopteres Bethylidae), et revision des especes nordafricaines. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 39, 160 - 167."]}

Sclerodermus formicarius Kieffer, 1921 The type series of this species is lost. It was deposited in the private Bruch collection, which was supposed to be incorporated in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” and Museo de la Plata (Lanteri & Martínez 2012). However, the first author was not able to find any material in his visit to the former, and the curator of the latter neither. The original description of this species by Kieffer (1921) was mostly based on colouration and did not provide enough reliable taxonomic information to get a precise identification. The main characters that are possible to extract from the original description are: head quadrate, slightly longer than wide, and wider than thorax; eye subcircular, very close to mandible, and length less than 0.5 × distance to vertex crest; dorsal pronotal area long, metapectal-propodeal disc longer than mesoscutellum; wings absent; metasoma slightly longer than the rest of body, and as wide as head. Evans (1968) tentatively identified five Brazilian specimens. Nevertheless, this act lacks confidence. Given the scenario aforementioned, we have not keyed this species in order to avoid any future unprecise identification, since it is unidentifiable in the present time., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on pages 505-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1921) Proctotrypides hotes des fourmis en Argentine. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 91, 36 - 41.","Lanteri, A. A. & Martinez, A. (2012) Carlos Bruch: pionero de los estudios entomologicos en la Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad de Entomologia de Argentina, 71 (3 - 4), 179 - 185.","Evans, H. E. (1968) The genus Scleroderma in South America (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 22, 103 - 106."]}

Key to Neotropical species 1. Macropterous forms, usually males (Fig. 4A)............................................................... 2 - Apterous or micropterous forms, usually females (Fig. 1)...................................................... 4 2. Forewing with Cu vein mostly tubular (Fig. 2B)............................................ S. domesticus Latreille - Forewing with Cu vein fully weakly spectral (Fig. 4E)........................................................ 3 3. Forewing with basal half of A vein tubular (as much as Fig. 118, Evans 1964, pg. 175)........... S. macrogaster Ashmead - Forewing with A vein wholly spectral (Fig. 4E)............................................ S. chicomendesi n. sp. 4. Apterous (Fig. 1E)..................................................................... S. soror Westwood - Micropterous (Fig. 1F)................................................................................ 5 5. Latero-posterior corner of metapectal-propodeal disc angled (Fig. 1A).......................... S. domesticus Latreille - Latero-posterior corner of metapectal-propodeal disc rounded (Fig. 1D).......................................... 6 6. Lateral board of metapectal-propodeal disc straight (Fig. 1C)................................................... 7 - Lateral board of metapectal-propodeal disc constricted anteriorly (Fig. 1D)....................................... 8 7. Side of head wholly outcurved, metapectal-propodeal disc about evenly wide (Fig. 1B)............. S. galapagensis Brues - Side of head straight anteriorly, metapectal-propodeal disc progressively wider posteriorly (Fig. 1C).................................................................................................. S. iridomyrmicicola Bruch 8. Side of head wholly straight and parallel (Fig. 1G).............................................. S. wilsoni Evans - Side of head wholly outcurved (Fig. 1D).................................................................. 9 9. Head about as wide as long (Fig. 1D).................................................. S. macrogaster Ashmead - Head longer than wide (Fig. 1F)......................................................................... 10 10. Mandible tridentate; median clypeal lobe trapezoidal (Figs 4C)............................... S. chicomendesi n. sp. - Mandible bidentate; median clypeal lobe subangulate (Fig. 1F)................................. S. spilonotum Evans, Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132, 1 - 222."]}

Sclerodermus macrogaster (Ashmead, 1887) Fig. 1D Diagnosis, female. Micropterous forms. Body 3.07 mm long. Castaneous, propodeum lighter. Mandible with two apical teeth. Clypeus very short and truncate, apical margin curved upward medially in frontal view. Antenna thick, pedicel long, first four Antennomeres in ratio of about 17:6:2:2, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye with sparse setae. Ocelli absent. Frons weakly coriaceous, nearly polished, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.13 WH, WF 0.5 WH, WF 1.47 HE. Vertex nearly straight. Sides of head slightly outcurved. VOL 1.32 HE. Mesoscutum 1.1 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without metapostnotal median carina and posterior transverse carina. Micropterous forms: wing slightly longer than tegula, veins absent. Profemur 2.13 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.58 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI conspicuously bi-emarginated. Macropterous forms: clypeus very short, median lobe subtrapezoidal, apical margin weakly incurved. Ocellar triangle close to vertex crest, frontal angle slightly obtuse. Vertex and sides of head slightly outcurved. Notauli poorly impressed, straight, incomplete posteriorly, parallel. Parapsidal signum short. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, without metapostnotal median carina and posterior transverse carina. Claws bifid, teeth very small. Forewing slender, with one Radial cell closed, C and 2r-rs&Rs veins absent, pterostigma small, Anal vein nebulous distally, Cu vein fully nebulous. Diagnosis, male. Hypopygium with spiculum slighlty short than plate, lateral stalk absent, posterior margin outcurved. Genitalia: harpe divided in two arms, dorsal arm longer and much narrower than ventral arm; cuspis wide, apical margin incurved; aedeagus somewhat diamond-shaped, with of pair of rounded apical lobes. Material examined. Holotype ♀: [U.S.A.], Fl [orid]a, Jacks [o]nville (USNM, #14049). Remarks. The original description was based on one single supposedly apterous female from Florida, United States (Ashmead 1887). After that, Wheeler (1928) reared this species in a laboratory and was able to get both apterous and, more rarely, macropterous females, and both macropterous and even more rarely apterous males. The diagnoses of the male and the macropterous female are based on figures of Evans (1964, pg. 175)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on pages 506-507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1887) Studies on the North American Proctotrupidae with descriptions of new species from Florida. Entomologica Americana, 3, 73 - 76.","Wheeler, W. M. 1928. The social insects: their origin and evolution. Harcourt Brace and Co., New York, 378 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 140774","Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132, 1 - 222."]}

Sclerodermus spilonotum Evans, 1968 Fig. 1E Diagnosis, female. Body 3.0 mm long. Head, mesosoma, metasoma, legs dark castaneous, antenna, mandible, clypeus, and anterior area of pronotum and mesoscutum light castaneous. Mandible with two apical teeth, base wide, apex very narrow. Medial clypeal lobe short and subangulate. Flagellomeres I–X wider than long. Ocelli absent. Frons nearly polished, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.22 WH, WF 0.55 WH, WF 1.8 HE. Vertex slightly outcurved. Sides of head slightly outcurved, head wider posteriorly eye. VOL 2.43 HE. Metapectalpropodeal disc as long as wide, without metapostnotal median and posterior carinae. Tegula apparently present, but small as scale. Micropterous, forewing 0.14 mm long, hind wing 0.14 mm long. Profemur 2.0 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.61 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI bi-emarginated, last not deeply. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, BRAZIL, São Paulo, São Paulo, 1–15.XI.1967, K. Lenko col. (MZSP)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Evans, H. E. (1968) The genus Scleroderma in South America (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 22, 103 - 106."]}

Sclerodermus iridomyrmicicola Bruch, 1917 Fig. 1C Diagnosis, female. Body 2.73 mm long. Head and mesosoma castaneous, metasoma dark castaneous. Mandible with two small apical teeth, and one on upper margin. Clypeus with short, rectangular median lobe, apical margin curved upward medially in frontal view, median carina complete. Pedicel longer than flagellomeres, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Distance between toruli less than their own diameters. Eye with few setae. Frons weakly coriaceous, with very sparse small punctures, with weak and short anterior median line. LH 1.1 WH, WF 0.52 WH, WF 1.63 HE. Vertex outcurved. Sides of head mostly straight, subparallel, weakly converging anterad. VOL 2.0 HE. Mesoscutum 1.36 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc trapezoidal, side diverging posteriorly, median, lateral and posterior transverse carinae absent. Propodeal spiracle round placed at lateral of metapectal-propodeal complex. Tegula very small as scale. Micropterous, wing slightly longer than tegula, veins absent. Profemur 2.1 as long as wide. Metasomal sternites IV–VI with bi-emarginated apical margins. Material examined. Holotype ♀, [ARGENTINA, Martín García, Rio de la Plata, ex. nest of Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr, 9.XII.1915, C. Bruch col.] (MLPA, # 2065). Remark. This specimen has no data label., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940

Sclerodermus soror Westwood, 1881 Fig. 1F Diagnosis, female. Body 2.0 mm long. Light castaneous. Antenna thick, pedicel long, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye glabrous. Ocelli absent. Frons weakly coriaceous, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.35 WH, WF 0.52 WH, WF 1.56 HE. Vertex apparently straight. Sides of head parallel, slightly outcurved. VOL 2.4 HE. Mesoscutum 1.32 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without metapostnotal median carina and posterior transverse carina. Apterous. Profemur 2.2 as long as wide. Material examined. Holotype ♀, MEXICO, D. Coffin col. (OXUM). Remarks. This specimen is in fragile condition and mounted on a card, so we did not analyze posterior margin of the sterna., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940

Pristonesia Alencar & Azevedo, 2018 Diagnosis. Pristonesia is identifiable as a member of the Pristocerinae because the metanotum is developed medially and overlaps the mesoscutellum posteriorly. Among Pristocerinae, it is uniquely identified by having 1) median clypeal lobe large, and usually angulate; 2) hypopygium usually thick medially, 3) posterior hypopygeal margin from weakly emarginated to deeply excavated; 4) harpe with apical projections; 6) cuspis flattened and basally very wide; 7) apex of aedeagal dorsal valve with membranous bubble; 8) cat-whisker-shaped set of setae present on apex of aedeagus; 9) cupula reduced to dorsal-lateral area of the genital ring. Description. MALE. Body elongate. Head. Antenna regularly long, never reaching metasoma; antennal rim regularly sized, about as long as wide and diverging anterad; pedicel always shorter than flagellomere I. Mandible just slightly wider apically than basally, teeth directed mesad. Clypeus with long median lobe, never less than 20% of total cephalic length, median carina complete and conspicuous, lateral lobe not delimited by any emargination, much shorter than median lobe. Palpal formula 6:3, palpi without long bristles, apical setae of each palpomere at most slightly longer than palpomeral length, three distal maxillary palpomeres shorter than precedent one. Eye prominent and large, occupying at least half length of head, with very few short setae, visible only under high magnification. Ocellar triangle not so prominent, ocelli protruding over vertex surface, at most 0.5 × as high as diameter of anterior ocellus. Occipital carina complete and conspicuous. Medioccipito-genal carina complete. Hypostomal carina strongly raised and complete. Mesosoma. Pronotum usually carinate, surface mostly flat. Anteromesoscutum with notauli and parapsidal signums. Mesoscutum-scutellar suture contiguous medially. Mesoscutum-scutellar sulcus deep and wide. Metascutellum wider than long, setose, surface convex. Metapectal-propodeal complex with transverse anterior carina present, lateral carina usually absent, transverse posterior carina and posterior carina absent, propodeal spiracle crossing area of lateral carina of metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal declivity without median carina. Propodeal spiracle elliptical, crossing lateral carina of metapectal-propodeal complex anteriorly. Propleuron completely covered by pronotal flange when seen in dorsal view. Prepectus, anterior prepectal flange, posterior prepectal flange and epicnemial medial projection fully separated medially. Mesopleuron with oblique sulcus never conspicuous, sternaulus always indistinguishable. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of R1 never longer than pterostigma; Rs&M inclined, its junction with Sc+R far from pterostigma about one third to half-length of pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein much longer than pterostigma; flexion lines: medial flexion line bifurcating into anterior medial and posterior medial 1 flexions lines, r-m, m-cu always present. Hind wing with Sc+R vein at most as long as clavus; with two sets of basal and distal hamuli well separated, basal hamuli straight, distal hamuli hook-shaped. Claws with one or two teeth. Legs not spinose at all. Metasoma. Metasomal segment I at least slightly longer than tergum II. Metasomal segments II and III lacking tergal process. Hypopygium with single plate, fully sclerotized and flat; anteromedial apodeme when present never long, anterolateral apodeme always present, median area of inner surface usually thick. Genitalia with simple harpe, although sometimes deeply excavated, inserted laterodorsally into gonostipes with distinct suture; gonostipes with basal area particularly developed mesad, covering part of base of aedeagus on ventral side; basivolsella fully fused to gonostipes, without vannus; digitus straight in its apical two thirds, not curved laterad apically, base varying from straight to strongly angled; cuspis uniramous, very wide basally, cross-section somewhat flattened; aedeagus with two valves, ventral valve always shorter and dorsal one, apical lobe of dorsal valve with apical membranous extension and conspicuous cat whisker-shaped set of setae on its lateral margin; apodeme with ergot and valvura; genital ring elliptical in anterior view, interrupted medially both on dorsal and ventral side, opening ventrad; cupula absent on ventral area of basal genitalia. FEMALE: Unknown., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 322-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618