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Aim:This concept analysis aims to explore how the concept of maladaptation applies to mental health changes among postpartum women.Background:The concept of maladaptation is utilized throughout various disciplines but minimally in women’s health, including a limited focus on maladaptive body dissatisfaction and perfectionistic beliefs of women in the postpartum period.Methods:The Walker and Avant eight-phase model was used to guide this analysis.Data Source:A search for maladaptation articles through Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, ProQuest, and PubMed databases, as well as Google Scholar, was conducted.Results:A review of the literature concerning maladaptation in postpartum mental health resulted in defining two key attributes, including conforming to cultural norms of body image and pressure of perfection. In understanding maladaptation and its attributes, childbirth educators and health-care professionals will be able to better determine more contributing factors for postpartum depression (PPD) and formulate a plan that includes early intervention and support.Conclusion:This concept analysis is intended to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes by understanding mental health maladaptations related to PPD.

Falls among the older adults (64+ years old [YO]) are considered public health issues. However, fall prevention in middle adulthood (age 45-64) has received less attention. We studied the associations between the number of falls and fall-related injuries and indicators for socio-demographics, chronic diseases, and difficulties in conducting activities in two age groups, 45-64 YO and 64+. In this secondary data analysis, we used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2018 data. The study showed respondents in the 45-64 YO have higher average falls and fall-related injuries than those 64+ (P.001). Variables that link to more falls and fall-related injuries in 64+ correspond to more falls and fall-related injuries in 45-64 YO. The finding indicates that the odds of falls and fall-related injuries are comparable across age groups when considering demographic characteristics. However, odds of falling in the presence of arthritis and asthma are higher for respondents in 45-64 YO than the 64+ YO. The risk of falls and fall-related injuries are not specific to older adults. Factors that matter to the number of falls and fall-related injuries in the older adults also count in the younger age group. Nurses are asked to validate available fall assessment tools for adults 45-64 years old and evaluate all clients over 45 for fall risk.

Incompetent charge nurses negatively impact quality patient care. An analysis of a charge nurse professional development activity intervention included pre- and posttests, an activity curriculum evaluation, and staff satisfaction surveys. Posttest scores improved significantly (t = 60, p = .001). All participants rated the professional development activity as highly appropriate and beneficial to their nursing practice.

Restrictive collaborative practice regulations for nurse practitioners have been the subject of discussion for more than 30 years. Although many states have enacted full practice authority for nurse practitioners, others retain dated laws with various levels of required physician involvement. Restricted controlled substance prescriptive authority is one aspect of restrictive collaborative practice. Alabama nurse practitioners are permitted to prescribe controlled substances II–V with varying levels of restriction depending on the compound. The removal of these restrictions would increase access to needed health care and lower the cost of care without sacrificing care quality.

Environmental justice (EJ) means socially and economically disadvantaged communities and citizens are entitled to an equally clean environment and resources to enjoy. EJ communities are mostly located close to polluters such as Superfund sites, coal-fired power plants and landfills and are more likely to be exposed to higher levels of environmental hazards than the U.S. population on average. It is often a difficult task to identify EJ communities and the environmental hazards in the communities without using specific EJ screening tools. Therefore, the goal of this manuscript is to introduce public health nurses to map-based EJ screening tools. This will help public health nurses to identify EJ communities and take appropriate actions. Public Health Nurses can also use other relevant web sites, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) as resources concerning potential health effects of pollutants. Using the provided tools in this paper, nurses should be able to identify EJ communities and be united to recognize barriers of EJ communities and become promoters for EJ advocacy in practice, leadership and education.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are one of the most widely used materials in various industrial and biological fields. In this study, due to the importance of reproduction in organisms, the toxicity of titanium oxide nanoparticles was investigated on ovaries. In this experimental study, concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) with10-20 nm diameter were injected (IP) into immature female (age 35-40 days) for 5 consecutive days. Blood collection was performed three months after the last injection (at puberty) and the levels of hormones (LH, FSH, estrogen and progestron) in the serum were measured by ELISA. After anesthesia and dissection of animals, tissue sections of ovary were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Then, the morphological status of ovarian tissue was investigated by optical microscopy. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results showed that weight of body and levels of LH and FSH in treated groups did not change significantly. Whereas, the amounts of estrogen and progesterone hormones increased significantly in the concentration of 150 mg/kg of TiO2 NPs. The TiO2 NPs caused histopathologic changes in the ovary including loss of Graafian follicles, destruction of follicles wall, reducing the thickness of Granulosa and Thec layers. Also, there was a significant decrease in the number of Corpus luteum, growing and Graafian follicles at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg/kg. It appears that injection of concentrations higher than 50mg/kg of TiO2NPs in the pre-pubertal period leads to impaired ovarian activity and structure after puberty, however further studies are needed to solidify fertility reduction in these treatments.

Environmental justice (EJ) is the concept that all people and communities, regardless of their race and socioeconomic status, are entitled to enjoy an equally clean environment and resources. Communities where residents face environmental injustice and a higher risk of being exposed to environmental hazards due to their race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are called EJ communities. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an example of nurses' involvement in observation, assessment, and intervention of an EJ community using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) model. Utilizing a multistage CBPR approach along with a mixed methods design, the project was carried out in three stages. Within the three stages, we conducted a thorough observation of the community, identified possible environmental issues, and collected health data and drinking water samples. Citizens' complaints included coal ash, failed sewer system, health issues, including kidney disorders and neuropathy. Drinking water samples (n = 59) showed lead levels higher than the health limits in 10.4% of samples. We intervened based on our short-term goal, reducing citizens' exposure to lead by education, and our long-term goal, reducing disparities, and exposures. We recommend that nurses increase their knowledge about EJ communities and environmental exposures and their health effects and be advocates for EJ communities.

In the United States, there are more than 120,000 nail salons in which workers could be potentially exposed to a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used in various procedures. Measuring workers exposure in the field is time-consuming and could be very expensive. The purpose of this study was to estimate the VOC levels in the proximity of workers in nail salons through simulating the application process of some popular nail polishes in a laboratory chamber. The worst-case scenario was defined as a worker’s exposure during nail polish application to one set of fingernails every 15 minutes for an 8-hour shift (total nail sets = 32). Nail polish was applied on paper plates in a flow-controlled test chamber. Air was sampled during the application of five different nail polishes for 8 hours using passive air samplers and the experiment was triplicated. Passive samplers were used for VOCs and formaldehyde. In this worst-case scenario setting, a total of 17 VOCs were detected, with eight that were found in all the samples. The mean concentration of butyl acetate (161-330 ppm, parts per million) and ethyl acetate (440 ppm) exceeded the threshold limit value (TLV) of 150 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Formaldehyde was analyzed separately and the mean concentrations exceeded the TLV of 0.10 ppm in all types of nail polish, ranging from 0.12 ppm to 0.22 ppm. Occupational safety and health professionals could use these data to increase awareness of workers’ potential exposure to high levels of VOCs in nail salons and recommend practical measures to reduce potential exposures.

With the rise of opioid deaths and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) being the "gold standard," evidence lacks the quality of life for those on Methadone. Objective This study aimed to develop educational materials for communities and clinics about MMT and abstinence, utilizing the PhotoVoice technique to represent the voice of those on Methadone treatment (MMT) and abstinence for recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD). Participants shared firsthand experiences of life on Methadone and abstinence, resulting in a short video clip and a poster. Design Participants were recruited following meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. An introduction letter was handed out, and questions were answered. After COVID-19 Pandemic, further communications were delivered through Email. Five participants on Methadone and four who were abstinent were recruited. Participants were 18 years and over, male and female, were on MMT or abstinent for 6 months or more. Results Common themes among participants were extracted and discussed with the participants and a short video clip and a poster were developed. Conclusion Further study in MMT from the patient's perspective need to be explored. The PhotoVoice project revealed personal barriers, while on Methadone, that impede a full and rich life spiritually, mentally, and physically.

Respiratory diseases affect millions of people across the United States annually. Two of the most common respiratory diseases are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Mortality rates due to COPD have increased by an estimated 30% between 1980 and 2014, with significant variances among geographic regions. Both acute and chronic ambient exposures to fine particulate matter (PM

BACKGROUND: There is a need for comprehensive planning tools and exemplars for clinical environmental health research programs. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Translational Research Framework (NIEHS-TRF), as a comprehensive research activity mapping framework, promises to fill this gap in program planning and communication tools. OBJECTIVE: The objective is a proof of concept demonstration to apply the NIEHS-TRF as a research project and career trajectory cartography framework. METHODS: We utilized case series examples to apply the NIEHS-TRF as a project/career cartography framework. After a tailored research mission statement is clarified, the four step process in the NIEHS-TRF application includes 1) identifying research categories and activities (depicted visually by rings/nodes) that link to research program deliverables, 2) within each category (visual ring), linking specific works and program outcomes to activities (visual nodes), 3) coherently depicting visually as an overall map, and 4) developing recommended improvements for the NIEHS-TRF for research program cartography utility. RESULTS: Successful mapping of a research project plan in a training grant application, a summary of an individual trajectory of research, and a community-initiated project was completed with mapping visualizations. The exercise facilitated purposeful planning and communication to describe common translational goals, progress, and targeted need for interdisciplinary collaboration. DISCUSSION: Utilizing the NIEHS-TRF as a mapping tool for research program planning enabled unique insights into strengths, gaps, collaboration opportunities, and applications for environmental health nursing. This research project, career, and community-initiated research program trajectory mapping communication tool promises to accelerate impact and advancement through purposeful and clear planning for ongoing research activities along the translational continuum.

Background and purpose Asthma in adults remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. Asthma action plans (AAPs) have demonstrated improved health outcomes in this populace; however, AAPs continue to be underused by providers. This article aims to re-emphasize the importance of AAPs for adults and refresh providers on the effectiveness and methods to use this indispensable tool. Methods A literature search of MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL was performed, and subsequent findings were reported. Conclusions With proper involvement and inclusion of the patient in the creation of an AAP, adult patients can greatly improve their self-management capabilities through its use. Implications for practice By recognizing the importance and success of AAPs for adults, providers can improve their personal practice through increased AAP delivery. Understanding today's available platforms and formats for AAPs will allow providers a widened subject knowledge base and increased adaptation of patient AAP needs for the adult population. Increased provider knowledge can potentially increase AAP use for adults, as well as improve overall patient outcomes.

Objective To examine the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and fetal growth in the second trimester and the potential mediating role of oxidative stress in this relationship. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted. Setting The participants were recruited from one university-related clinic and two private obstetrics and gynecology offices in the Southeastern United States. Participants A convenience sample of 140 healthy pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy was enrolled from November 2013 through June 2014. Methods Formaldehyde exposure was measured via vapor monitors worn by the participants for 24 hours. One-time urine samples were collected during a routine prenatal visit to measure the level of 15-isoprostane F 2t and cotinine as biomarkers of oxidative stress and tobacco smoking, respectively. Urine creatinine was measured to standardize the cotinine and 15-isoprostane F 2t levels. Results Eighty-eight participants (63%) returned their formaldehyde monitors. The linear regression model showed that the dichotomized level of formaldehyde exposure ( 0.03 ppm) was a significant predictor of biparietal diameter percentile after controlling for maternal race ( p 2t and fetal growth was nonsignificant, and the mediating role of oxidative stress in the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and biparietal diameter was not confirmed. Conclusion A relationship was found between formaldehyde exposure and biparietal diameter in the second trimester. Although further research is necessary to confirm the results of this study, nurses may consider advising pregnant women to limit their exposure to formaldehyde during pregnancy.

Objective Globally, indoor and outdoor pollutants are leading risk factors for death and reduced quality of life. Few theories explicitly address environmental health within the nursing discipline with a focus on harmful environmental exposures. The objective here is to expand the National Institutes of Health Symptom Science Model to include the environmental health concepts of environmental endotype (causative pathway) and environmental exposure. Design Meleis' research to theory strategy for theory refinement was used. Research workshop proceedings, environmental health nursing research expert consensus, panelist research trajectories, and review of the literature were utilized as data sources. Results Ongoing emphasis on the physical environment as a key determinant of health and theoretical perspectives for including environmental exposures and endotypes in symptom science are presented. Definitions of these concepts, further developed, are provided. Recommendations to strengthen environmental health nursing research and practice through capacity building/infrastructure, methods/outcomes, translational/clinical research, and basic/mechanistic research are included. Conclusion The revised model deepens theoretical support for clinical actions that include environmental modification, environmental health education, and exposure reduction. This modification will enable a middle-range theory and shared mental model to inspire the prioritization of environmental health in nursing leadership, research, practice, and education.

Purpose Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults and children and has its origins in childhood. While the prevalence of hypertension in children is estimated to be 2 to 5%, instance elevations in blood pressure readings (BPRs) in school-age children and adolescents are more common, track to adulthood, and are an independent risk factor for CVD. Less information is available about BPR in the preschool period and what child factors could influence those BPR. The primary aims of this exploratory study were to determine child blood pressure (BP) levels and determine effect sizes of the relationships between child and maternal factors that can influence child BP. Methods A convenience sample of 15 rural and 15 urban children enrolled in Head Start programs (13 males; 14 females; all black) with ability to understand and speak English and with mothers who gave consent and could understand, read and speak English were enrolled. Mothers completed demographic information about their child including, gender, birth history and age. Height, weight, waist circumference and BP were measured in the mothers and the children. Children gave saliva specimens for cortisol and C-reactive protein. Results Over 37% of the children had elevated BPR with over 20% at or above the 95th percentile. Effect sizes of relationships ranged from very small to large. Conclusion Elevations in BPR may be seen as early as preschool. It is important to examine factors, both child and maternal that influence BP.

Food insecurity affects people of all ages, in every area in which nurses work or volunteer. The U.S. Department of Agriculture describes food insecurity as the lack of "consistent, dependable access to adequate food for active, healthy living." The health effects of food insecurity include, but are not limited to, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, low birth weight, depression, and anxiety. Food insecurity is associated with single parenthood, low socioeconomic status, having three or more children, having low educational attainment, being a member of a racial or ethnic minority, renting a home, living in a city, and having a disabled household member. Veterans and military families; college students; members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community; and immigrants have also been identified as at elevated risk. The American Academy of Pediatrics, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and AARP have called for innovative programs and universal screening tools to identify those who are experiencing or are at risk for food insecurity and connect them to available resources. In addition to screening patients for food insecurity and intervening on their behalf, nurses play a vital role in advocating for food-insecure families and supporting community involvement.

Let L be a Lie algebra. A derivation α of L is a commuting derivation (central derivation), if α (x) ∈ CL (x) (α (x) ∈ Z (L)) for each x ∈ L. We denote the set of all commuting derivations (central derivations) by 𝒟 (L) (Derz (L)). In this paper, first we show 𝒟 (L) is subalgebra from derivation algebra L, also we investigate the conditions on the Lie algebra L where commuting derivation is trivial and finally we introduce the family of nilpotent Lie algebras in which Derz (L) = 𝒟 (L).

Let [Formula: see text] be a Lie algebra and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be the set of all derivations and inner derivations of [Formula: see text], respectively. A derivation [Formula: see text] of a Lie algebra [Formula: see text] is pointwise inner if [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text]. The set of all pointwise inner derivations of Lie algebra [Formula: see text] denoted by [Formula: see text] form a subalgebra of [Formula: see text] containing [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we prove that, if [Formula: see text] is nilpotent of class [Formula: see text] (solvable of length [Formula: see text]), then [Formula: see text] is nilpotent of class [Formula: see text] (solvable of length [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]). We also prove that if [Formula: see text] is nilpotent of class [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is nilpotent of class at most [Formula: see text], in which [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is the [Formula: see text]th term in the upper central series of [Formula: see text].

BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable time for exposure to indoor air pollutants, such as formaldehyde (FA), which is linked to spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, and premature birth. PURPOSE To determine personal exposure to FA during pregnancy, and to identify the relationship between FA exposure levels and potential residential sources of FA. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 140 pregnant women recruited from obstetrical clinics in Huntsville, Alabama. Formaldehyde exposure was measured by FA vapor monitor badges. Questionnaires were administered to participants to identify potential residential sources of FA. Urine cotinine, a surrogate for tobacco smoke exposure, was also used as an indicator of a possible source of residential exposure to FA. RESULTS The mean level of FA exposure by vapor monitor badge was 0.04 parts per million (ppm) (SD = 0.06; range 0.003-0.54 ppm). Minimum risk levels of 0.03 and higher were found in 36.4% of participants. Exposure levels of FA were higher in spring than winter (p < 0.001). Exposure levels of FA were correlated with indoor temperature of dwellings (p < 0.02), installation of new carpet within last 5 years (p < 0.04), and use of nail polish (p < 0.01). No relationship was found between FA exposure and urine cotinine levels. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Formaldehyde exposure may increase at various times in the lives of women; however, it is of particular concern during pregnancy because of perinatal risk to the exposed fetus.

Background and purpose of the study The goal was to evaluate and compare the effects of aqueous extract of the seeds of chicory, Cichorium intybus L., on glucose tolerance test (GTT) and blood biochemical indices of experimentally-induced hyperglycemic rats. Methods Late stage and early stage of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ) and a combination of STZ and niacinamide (NIA/STZ), respectively. Within each group, one subgroup received daily i. p. injections of chicory extract (125 mg/kg body weight, for 28 days). Body weight and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured weekly. Blood was analyzed for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and sera for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), nitric oxide (NO), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), total protein, and insulin on days 10 and 28 after treatment. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) along with insulin determination was performed on a different set of rats in which the chicory-treated groups received the extract for 10 days. Results During 4 weeks of treatment, chicory prevented body-weight loss and decreased FBS. ALT activities and levels of TG, TC and HbA1c decreased, and concentration of NO increased in the chicory treated groups (p < 0.05). Unlike late-stage diabetes, fasting serum insulin concentrations were higher and GTT pattern approximated to normal in chicory-treated early-stage diabetic rats. Conclusions Chicory appeared to have short-term (about 2 hours, as far as GTT is concerned) and long-term (28 days, in this study) effects on diabetes. Chicory may be useful as a natural dietary supplement for slowing down the pace of diabetes progress, and delaying the development of its complications.