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Une etude transversale a ete realisee dans la ville de Niamey pour tester lefficacite des deux larvicides sur des populations imaginales sauvages deCx pipenset dAn. gambiae s.lselon la methode de lOMS 2005. Les larvicides testes etaientBacillus thuringiensis(Bactivec),Bacillus sphaericus(Griselesf) et une combinaison de Bactivec + Griselesf. Les taux de mortalite et les analyses ont ete realises sur le logiciel R. Les taux de mortalite induits par les doses 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 100 ppm et 1000 ppm de Bactivec ont varie de 98% a 100%, superieurs au seuil de sensibilite definis par lOMS. La dose 5 ppm des deux autres formulations (Griselesf et Bactivec + Griselesf) a induit des mortalites inferieures a 90% contrairement a celle de Bactivec. ChezAn. gambiae, les DL50 et DL95 ont ete de 0.67 ppm et 3.00 ppm respectivementcontrairement aux deuxautres formulations (Griselesf et Bactivec+ Griselesf) qui ont presente des DL50 comme suit:Griselesf: DL50 = 1,99ppm et Bactivec+ Griselesf: DL50 = 1,35ppm, et DL95comme suit: Griselesf: DL95 = 13,64ppm et Bactivec+ Griselesf: DL50 = 9,63ppm). La situation a ete differente avec les larves deCulex pipiensoù les DLBactivec+ Griselesf avec une DL50 de 0,503 ppm et une DL95 de 0,81 ppm. Les deux biolarvicidesont presenteune activite larvicide variant dune espece de moustique a une autre. Le Bactiveca eteplus efficace chez les larves danopheles contrairement au Griselesf qui etait plus efficace sur les larves deCulex sp. La combinaison des deux biolarvicides (Bactivec+Griselesf) a ete plus efficace contre les especesde Culex sp. &nbsp

The study aimed to uncover the reality of employing Instructional Technology in learning Islamic culture at the Institute of Arabic Linguistics at King Saud University from students` point of view. The sample of the study was composed of all members of the study society, in the Department of Language and Culture in the second semester of 2017/2018. Descriptive approach was used and questionnaire as a study tool. Among the study results: that students employ some of the Instructional Technology in learning, such as websites, and don`t employ some of them, such as social media. The teacher also employs some Instructional Technology such as smartboard and doesn`t use some of them, such as e- learning blogs. The main obstacles were the lack of appropriate training for students in the use of Instructional Technology. There were statistically significant differences between the average responses of the study subjects on the second and third axes according to the educational level variable in favor of the third level. There were no statistically significant differences between the average responses of the study members on the first axis. The researchers recommended: preparing and implementing training programs for students on how to employ modern Instructional Technology.

Introduction: There has been limited experience with Open Heart Surgeries (OHS) in Sub-Saharan Africa. In west Africa especially in Mali, most fledgling centers are unable to overcome the myriad of challenges encountered in establishing OHS though there is a high prevalence of surgically correctable heart diseases. The aim of this paper is to review our initial experience of our first cases in developing OHS program and discuss the challenges and prospects that need to be overcome to further develop it. Methods: A total of 6 patients who underwent OHS during the first “cardiac mission” in July 2016 were included in this retrospective study. The medical records of the patients were examined and data on age, sex, diagnosis, EuroSCORE, type of surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass details, complications and length of hospital stay were extracted. Results: Six patients with a male to female ratio of 1, ages ranging between 12 and 35 years (mean of 22.5 ± 12 years) were studied. The mean of EuroSCORE was 6 ± 41. Pericardial patch closure of isolated atrial septal defect was performed in one patient. One patient had mitral valve repair for rheumatic mitral regurgitation consisting of chordal shortening with a tricuspid valvuloplasty. Three patients had mitral valve replacement with tricuspid valvuloplasty. Four patients had mitral valve replacement. Sixty-day mortality was 0%. Conclusion: Safe conduct of open heart surgery in Mali Hospital setting is feasible. Grant financial aid is required for rapid growth of Open-Heart Surgery in this part of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background There is limited information on the association between colonization density of upper respiratory tract colonizers and pathogen-specific pneumonia. We assessed this association for Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Methods In 7 low- and middle-income countries, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs from children with severe pneumonia and age-frequency matched community controls were tested using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Differences in median colonization density were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Density cutoffs were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Cases with a pathogen identified from lung aspirate culture or PCR, pleural fluid culture or PCR, blood culture, and immunofluorescence for P. jirovecii defined microbiologically confirmed cases for the given pathogens. Results Higher densities of H. influenzae were observed in both microbiologically confirmed cases and chest radiograph (CXR)–positive cases compared to controls. Staphylococcus aureus and P. jirovecii had higher densities in CXR-positive cases vs controls. A 5.9 log10 copies/mL density cutoff for H. influenzae yielded 86% sensitivity and 77% specificity for detecting microbiologically confirmed cases; however, densities overlapped between cases and controls and positive predictive values were poor ( Conclusions There is evidence for an association between H. influenzae colonization density and H. influenzae–confirmed pneumonia in children; the association may be particularly informative in epidemiologic studies. Colonization densities of M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, and P. jirovecii are unlikely to be of diagnostic value in clinical settings.

A trial was conducted in Burkina Faso and Mali to investigate whether addition of azithromycin to the antimalarials used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention reduces mortality and hospital admissions of children. We tested the sensitivity of nasal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained during this trial to azithromycin and other antibiotics.Azithromycin or placebo was administered monthly, in combination with the antimalarials used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention, for four months, over the annual malaria transmission seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 2773 Burkinabe and 2709 Malian children on seven occasions: in July and December each year prior to and after drug administration, and at a final survey in early 2018. Pneumococci were isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and tested for sensitivity to azithromycin and other antibiotics.A total of 5482 samples were collected. In Burkina Faso, the percentage of pneumococcal isolates resistant to azithromycin among children who had received it increased from 4.9% (95% CI: 2.4%, 9.9%) before the intervention to 25.6% (95% CI: 17.6%, 35.7%) afterward. In Mali, the increase was from 7.6% (95% CI: 3.8%, 14.4%) to 68.5% (95% CI: 55.1%, 79.4%). The percentage of resistant isolates remained elevated (17.7% (95% CI: 11.1%, 27.1%) in Burkina Faso and 19.1% (95% CI: 13.5%, 26.3%) in Mali) among children who had received azithromycin 1 year after stopping the intervention. An increase in resistance to azithromycin was also observed in children who had received a placebo but it was less marked.Addition of azithromycin to the antimalarial combination used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention was associated with an increase in resistance of pneumococci to azithromycin and erythromycin, which persisted 1 year after the last administration of azithromycin.Un essai a été mené au Burkina Faso et au Mali pour investiguer si l’addition d’azithromycine aux antipaludéens utilisés dans le cadre de la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier réduisait la mortalité et les hospitalisations d’enfants. Nous avons testé la sensibilité à l'azithromycine et à d'autres antibiotiques pour les isolats nasaux de Streptococcus pneumoniae obtenus lors de cet essai. MÉTHODES: L'azithromycine ou un placebo a été administré mensuellement, en association avec les antipaludéens utilisés pour la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier, pendant 4 mois, durant les saisons de transmission annuelle du paludisme de 2014, 2015 et 2016. Des échantillons nasopharyngés ont été prélevés sur écouvillons chez 2.773 enfants burkinabés et 2.709 enfants maliens lors de 7 occasions: en juillet et en décembre chaque année avant et après l'administration du médicament, ainsi que lors d'une surveillance finale au début de 2018. Les pneumocoques ont été isolés à partir d'écouvillons nasopharyngés et soumis à des tests de sensibilité à l'azithromycine et à d'autres antibiotiques. RÉSULTATS: 5.482 échantillons ont été collectés. Au Burkina Faso, le pourcentage d’isolats de pneumocoque résistants à l’azithromycine chez les enfants qui l’avaient reçu était passé de 4,9% (IC95%: 2,4%, 9,9%) avant l’intervention à 25,6% (IC95%: 17,6-35,7%) après. Au Mali, l'augmentation est passée de 7,6% (IC95%: 3,8-14,4%) à 68,5% (IC95%: 55,1-79,4%). Le pourcentage d'isolats résistants est resté élevé (17,7% (IC95%: 11,1-27,1%) au Burkina Faso et 19,1% (IC95%: 13,5-26,3%) au Mali) chez les enfants ayant reçu l'azithromycine un an après arrêter l'intervention. Une augmentation de la résistance à l'azithromycine a également été observée chez les enfants ayant reçu un placebo, mais elle était moins marquée.L’ajout d'azithromycine à la combinaison antipaludique utilisée pour la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier était associé à une augmentation de la résistance du pneumocoque à l'azithromycine et à l'érythromycine, qui persistait un an après la dernière administration d'azithromycine.

The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study was conducted across 7 diverse research sites and relied on standardized clinical and laboratory methods for the accurate and meaningful interpretation of pneumonia etiology data. Blood, respiratory specimens, and urine were collected from children aged 1–59 months hospitalized with severe or very severe pneumonia and community controls of the same age without severe pneumonia and were tested with an extensive array of laboratory diagnostic tests. A standardized testing algorithm and standard operating procedures were applied across all study sites. Site laboratories received uniform training, equipment, and reagents for core testing methods. Standardization was further assured by routine teleconferences, in-person meetings, site monitoring visits, and internal and external quality assurance testing. Targeted confirmatory testing and testing by specialized assays were done at a central reference laboratory.

In Burkina Faso, the central plateau region is part of the North Sudan agro- sylvo-pastoral system. Most of the vegetation in this system is found in fallows of various ages. Consequently, fallows play an important role in local production (hunting, collecting, tilling). Semi-structured questionnaires of land users were used to collect data in order to evaluate the perception and usage of woody plants found in fallows and fields. The study shows the existence of 38 multi-purpose woody plants.Six species were common to all of the provinces studied : Adansonia digitata, Lannea microcarpa., Tamarindus indica, Bombax costatum, Parkia biglobosa (néré), and Butyrospermum paradoxum (Shea tree), the most abundant woody plants were always Butyrospermum paradoxum and Parkia biglobosa.. Fodder species are found in all provinces although they are used differently. All fodder plants but only 25% of the fruit species are used directly, while the remaining 75% are sold before or after transformation., Le Plateau central appartient au système agro-sylvo-pastoral nord soudanien du Burkina Faso. Les jachères qu'on y trouve ont des âges divers et jouent un rôle important dans la production (cueillette, chasse, cultures). Les enquêtes par questionnaires semi-structures ont appréhendé la perception et l'utilisation des ligneux dans les champs et les jachères. Elles portent sur 38 ligneux à usages multiples dont 6 se rencontrent dans toutes les provinces. Il s'agit de Adansonia digit ata (Baobab), Lannea microcarpa (Raisinier), Tamarindus indica (Tamarinier), Bombax costatum (Kapokier), Parkia biglobosa (Néré) et Butyrospermum paradoxum (Karité), ces deux dernières espèces étant les plus employées. Beaucoup d'espèces ont un intérêt alimentaire pour le bétail et se rencontrent dans toutes les provinces mais leur intensité d'utilisation diffère d'un lieu à l'autre. Si toutes les productions ligneuses fourragères sont directement utilisées, seulement 25% des espèces fruitières le sont, les 75% autres étant vendues directement ou après transformation., Belem Mamounata, Bognounou Ouétian, Ouedraogo Sibiri Jean, Maiga Abdoul Aziz. Les ligneux à usages multiples dans les jachères et les champs du Plateau Central du Burkina Faso. In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 38ᵉ année, bulletin n°1,1996. "Biodiversité, friches et jachères" sous la direction de Bernard Roussel, Claude Sastre et Paul Arnould. pp. 251-272.