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This theoretical study seeks to extend the concept of fractional Jeffrey fluid and heat transfer near an infinite vertical plate, governed by generalized boundary conditions, using a time-fractional Prabhakar operator. Initially, the momentum equation incorporating the fractional Jeffrey model is developed to examine the unsteady flow, focusing on pressure dynamics within the boundary layer. Additionally, the energy equation, along with convective heat and mass transfer under generalized conditions, is formulated using the extended Fourier’s law. The Prabhakar fractional operator is utilized to represent the fluid’s transport mechanisms. The study presents fractional governing equations to describe heat, mass, and flow transfer processes influenced by magnetic fields and radiation effects. A Prabhakar fractional derivative is applied to model the fractional system, and analytical solutions are derived using the Laplace transform technique. The accuracy and validity of the results are confirmed by comparing them with previous work and exact solutions. Furthermore, the strong agreement between our analytical solutions and earlier studies reinforces the method’s reliability. The effects of various parameters on the fluid’s velocity, mass, and temperature distribution are demonstrated graphically. Changes in the model’s parameters result in varying trends in the velocity, mass, and temperature profiles, highlighting the critical impact of each parameter on the behavior of fluid flow, mass, and heat transfer.

The fractional Kundu–Eckhaus (FKE) equation, a nonlinear mathematical model, holds significance in assessing optical fibre communication systems. It takes into account various factors, including dispersion, noise and nonlinearity, which can impact the quality of signal and rates of data transmission in the systems of optical fibre. Utilizing the FKE model can contribute to optimizing the features of optical fibre network. In this academic investigation, an innovative mapping approach is applied to the FKE model to unveil novel soliton solutions. This is achieved through the utilization of beta derivative by employing the new mapping method and computer algebraic system such as Maple. The derived results are expressed in terms of hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. Our study elucidates a variety of soliton patterns such as periodic, dark, kink, bright, singular, dark–bright soliton solutions. To facilitate comprehension, certain solutions are visually depicted through two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and phase plots depicting bifurcation characteristics utilizing Maple software. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the model is explored across diverse initial conditions. Our study establishes a connection between computer science and soliton physics, emphasizing the pivotal role of soliton phenomena in advancing simulations and computational modelling.

In this article, a new approach to study the fractionalized second grade fluid flow is described by the different fractional derivative operators near an exponentially accelerated vertical plate together with exponentially variable velocity, energy and mass diffusion through a porous media is critically examined. The phenomenon has been expressed in terms of partial differential equations, then transformed the governing equations in non-dimentional form. For the sake of better rheology of second grade fluid, developed a fractional model by applying the new definition of Constant Proportional-Caputo hybrid derivative (CPC), Atangana Baleanu in Caputo sense (ABC) and Caputo Fabrizio (CF) fractional derivative operators that describe the generalized memory effects. For seeking exact solutions in terms of Mittag-Leffler and G-functions for velocity, temperature and concentration equations, Laplace integral transformation technique is applied. For physical significance of various system parameters on fluid velocity, concentration and temperature distributions are demonstrated through various graphs by using graphical software. Furthermore, for being validated the acquired solutions, accomplished a comparative analysis with some published work. It is also analyzed that for exponential heating and non-uniform velocity conditions, the CPC fractional operator is the finest fractional model to describe the memory effect of velocity, energy and concentration profile. Moreover, the graphical representations of the analytical solutions illustrated the main results of the present work. Also, in the literature, it is observed that to derived analytical results from fractional fluid models developed by the various fractional operators, is difficult and this article contributing to answer the open problem of obtaining analytical solutions the fractionalized fluid models.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes at twelve public dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan. Methods A total of 2,181 more than two-year-old animals (1,242 cattle and 939 buffaloes) were tested by avian tuberculin, i.e., killed purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood and fecal samples were collected from tuberculin positive animals. These samples were further processed by indirect ELISA. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis and logistic analysis procedures. Results The prevalence of paratuberculosis at public dairy farms was 3.8%, as determined by tuberculin+ELISA test. It varied from 0.71% to 13.5% with a 100% herd prevalence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that species, milk production, total animals, total small ruminants, and total buffaloes were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. Odd ratio analysis revealed that with a one-kilogram increase in body weight, there will be a 0.006% increase in disease occurrence. With the increase in one animal in small ruminants and buffaloes, there will be 0.008% and 0.42% greater chances of developing paratuberculosis, respectively. Bivariate logistic regression analysis of cattle and buffaloes revealed that farm number, age, and total number of cattle were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. A one-month increase in lactation length increases the chance of tuberculosis by 0.004%; similarly, a one-liter increase in milk production increases the chance of disease by 10%. With each additional buffalo in the herd, there will be a 0.007% greater chance for the occurrence of paratuberculosis. Conclusion This study concluded that tuberculin testing can be used in conjunction with ELISA to screen animals for paratuberculosis in countries with scarce resources, such as Pakistan. The efficacy of disease diagnosis can be improved by combining multiple tests.

The enzyme α-glucosidase in the small intestine regulates blood glucose levels and stimulates the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, increasing glucose levels in the body. Inhibiting this enzyme slows glucose digestion and absorption and as a result post-prandial blood glucose levels remain low, causing decreased insulin demand. Here, we investigated the ayurvedic antidiabetic plants and virtually screened an in-house library of 478 phytochemicals of these plants against the human α-glucosidase. We identified 11 secondary metabolites, including palmitic acid α-monoglyceride, (+)-(2 R)-6-propionyloxyethyl-4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavanone, Abruquinone E, and Aurantiamide Acetate, among others, showed stronger interactions with the receptor than the native ligand N-acetyl cysteine. Surprisingly, except one, all of these metabolites were from Abrus precatorius L. [Fabaceae] affirming its ethnopharmacological use against diabetes. The stability of the interactions between the ligands and receptor protein was evaluated through Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation trajectories including root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), H bonds, β-factor analysis, and binding energy calculation through MM/GBSA method. The efficacy of top metabolites in inhibiting α-glucosidase is depicted in pharmacophore analysis. A comprehensive pharmacokinetics analysis confirmed the druggability, safety, and efficiency of top drug candidates. Additionally, we predicted the interactions of these top metabolites within the biological system. The medicinal properties described in this study will help develop active drug candidates for therapeutic purposes. Further experiments are recommended to prove the effectiveness of these metabolites in inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme for exploring their potential in the treatment of diabetes.

Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells represent a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, making this a highly popular research area. However, comprehensive analyses of this field using bibliometric methods are rare. To our knowledge, this study has collected highest number of publications (1,259) on CAR-NK therapy from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2023, and utilized CiteSpace and VOSviewer to analyze regions, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords to forecast the latest trends in CAR-NK therapy research. The United States and China, contributing over 60% of publications, are the primary drivers in this field. The Helmholtz Association and Harvard University are the most active institutions, with most publications appearing in Frontiers in Immunology. Winfried S. Wels is the most prolific author, while EL Liu is the most frequently co-cited author. “Immunotherapy,” “T-cells,” and “Cancer” are the most extensively covered topics in CAR-NK therapy research. Our study reveals current CAR-NK research trends, identifies potential research hotspots, and visualizes references through bibliometric methods, providing valuable guidance for future research in this field.

The aim of the present research was the efficient degradation of industrial textile wastewater dyes using a very active cloned laccase enzyme. For this purpose, potent laccase-producing bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from wastewater-replenished textile sites in Punjab, Pakistan. The laccase gene from locally isolated strain LI-81, identified as Bacillus megaterium, was cloned into vector pET21a, which was further transformed into E. coli BL21 codon plus. The optimized conditions for the increased production of laccase include fermentation in a 2% glucose, 5% yeast extract and 250 mg/L CuSO4 medium with pH 7.5; inoculation with 5% inoculum; induction with 0.1 mM IPTG at 0.5 O.D.; and incubation for 36 h at 37 °C. The crude enzyme produced was employed for the removal of commercially used textile dyes. The dyes were quickly precipitated under optimized reaction conditions. Rose bengal, brilliant green, brilliant blue G, Coomassie brilliant blue R and methylene blue were precipitated at rates of 10.69, 54.47, 84.04, 78.99 and 7.40%, respectively. The FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopic analyses of dyes before and after confirmed the chemical changes brought about by the cloned laccase that led to the dye removal.

The primary goal of current study is to formulate a novel mathematical model employing the Prabhakar fractional operator, aimed at examining the dynamic behaviour of Jeffrey fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena under ramped wall temperature conditions. Our investigation entails a meticulous investigation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convective flow within Jeffrey fluids, where we derive precise analytical solutions utilizing the Prabhakar fractional derivative, characterized by a non-singular type kernel. Furthermore, our study integrates fundamental principles such as Fick’s and Fourier’s laws into the model, leveraging a multi-parameter Mittag-Leffler kernel associated with the fractional operator. We delve into the intricacies of fluid flow near an infinitely vertical plate, considering characteristics such as velocity u0. To address the complexities of the problem, we express it in context the of partial differential equations along side generalized boundary conditions, employing a set of appropriate variables to transform these equations into a dimensionless form. Utilizing Laplace transform, we analyse the equations of fractional system, presenting outcomes both in the form of series and through specialized functions. We systematically explore the influence of key parameters α, Pr, β, Gm, Sc, γ, Gr on fluid flow dynamics, unveiling significant insights. Our comparative analysis reveals the superior performance of the Prabhakar-like non-integer approach over existing operators, substantiated by graphical representations of the results. Additionally, we extend our investigation to various limiting cases, including Newtonian fluids and second-grade, in both fractionalized and classical forms, thus highlighting the versatility and applicability of our proposed model within fluid dynamics research.

AbstractThe present work examines the analytical solutions of the mathematical fractional Maxwell fluid model near an infinitely vertical plate. The phenomenon has been expressed in terms of partial differential equations, then transformed the governing equations in non-dimensional form. For the sake of better rheology of rate type fluid, developed a fractional model by applying the new definition of Constant Proportional Caputo (CPC) fractional derivative operator that describe the generalized memory effects. For seeking exact solutions in terms of Mittag-Leffler functions for velocity and temperature, Laplace integral transformation technique is applied. For physical significance of various system parameters on fluid velocity and temperature distributions are demonstrated through various graphs by using graphical software. Furthermore, for being validated the acquired solutions, some limiting models such as ordinary Newtonian model had been recovered from fractional model. It is also analyzed that for Newtonian heating and non-uniform velocity conditions, the CPC fractional operator is the finest fractional model to describe the memory effect of velocity and energy distribution. Moreover, the graphical representations of the analytical solutions illustrated the main results of the present work. Also, in the literature, it is observed that to derived analytical results from fractional fluid models developed by the various fractional operators, is difficult and this article contributing to answer the open problem of obtaining analytical solutions the fractionalized fluid models.

Abstract Background: To evaluate the derangement of Liver Function Tests (LFTs) concerning statin use and probable liver injury among non-cardiac patients in light of the R ratio. Methodology: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at Sindh Government Hospital Liaquatabad (SGHL) in Karachi, including 142 non-cardiac patients. Both male and female patients, aged ≥ 18 years, continuously using statin irrespective of dose or duration, were included in the study. While non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, those with alcoholic liver diseases, chronic or acute hepatitis, chronic renal failure, disorders of the thyroid or parathyroid glands, cardiovascular, endocrine and any other disease that might alter or elevate liver enzymes, recreational drug users, smokers, users of tobacco products and those patients using herbal medications were excluded from the study sample. The data regarding patients' characteristics, including demographics and clinical characteristics (LFTs result and treatment), were obtained from the hospital records and noted using a structured questionnaire. The R ratio for suspected drug-induced liver injury was calculated following the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines. The statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 22.0 Results: The enrolled patients predominantly used rosuvastatin 20 mg/day 124(87.3%), and the mean duration of statin use after the first prescription was 18.28 ± 14.33 months. The LFT levels were mildly elevated concerning statin use, and this borderline elevation did not require further investigation, nor was there any evidence of clinical liver injury. The mean R ratio was 1.81 ± 0.56; most cases presented a cholestatic picture 86(60.6%) complementing the liver safety profile of statins in patients without cardiac diseases. Conclusion: In conclusion, statins use caused only borderline clinically and statistically insignificant elevations in the LFTs over time among non-cardiac patients.

The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in natural killer (NK) cells for cancer therapy is gaining momentum, marking a significant shift in cancer treatment. This review aims to explore the potential of CAR-NK cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy, providing a fresh perspective. It discusses the innovative approaches in CAR-NK cell design and engineering, particularly targeting refractory or recurrent cancers. By comparing CAR-NK cells with traditional therapies, the review highlights their unique ability to tackle tumor heterogeneity and immune system suppression. Additionally, it explains how novel cytokines and receptors can enhance CAR-NK cell efficacy, specificity, and functionality. This review underscores the advantages of CAR-NK cells, including reduced toxicity, lower cost, and broader accessibility compared to CAR-T cells, along with their potential in treating both blood cancers and solid tumors.

Scientists have been concentrating on storing and converting energy resources in significant scenarios as the entire globe is currently experiencing an extreme energy shortage issue owing to a variety of factors. Supercapacitors and other energy storage technologies based on transition metals are currently in high demand. In this study, multi-component NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs and NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs/TiO2 nanocomposites were effectively constructed, characterised, and the performance of the synthesized materials was reported as super capacitance. The synthesis of NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs and NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs/TiO2 using thermal, heat-treatment, hydrothermal and ultrasonic exfoliation techniques. With impressive findings, the characterisation of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was conducted. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanic Charge Discharge (GCD), and scan rate influence on specific capacitance were used in the electrochemical experiments. Results of Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) experiments revealed that the NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs/TiO2 electrode had a higher specific capacitance (388.76 Fg−1) than the NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs electrode (362.12 Fg−1). In comparison to NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs (360 Fg−1), the NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs/TiO2 electrode had a gravimetric capacitance of 541 Fg−1. The GCD curve and EIS results also support the conclusion that the NiO/g-C3N4/CNTs/TiO2 electrode material is an excellent candidate with impressive capacitive performance to be used as an energy storing source or supercapacitor because TiO2 contents are available, improving the charge transfer capability linked with CNTs bridged in g-C3N4 interlayered stacked and porous structure, ensuring ion diffusion pathways for better and improved conductivity.

This paper explores Edmund Burke’s concept ‘the sublime’ in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poetry. Coupled with his concept of ‘the beautiful’, Burke’s the sublime features conspicuous in creative arts. While beauty is an integral constituent or rather product of art, the sublime is no less desirable in amplifying a given piece of art. Unlike the beautiful, reflection of the sublime is considerably rare in poetry specifically the romantic. Coleridge is an exception in creating sublime effect in his poetry. His major poems especially The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan not only reflect but almost embody the sublime as shown in this analysis. The secret of Coleridge’s fame as a supernatural poet owes largely to his use of the sublime. While the thematic critiques of Coleridge’s poetry are overshadowed by the supernatural, this brief textual analysis is an improvement in being different, entailing the sublime.

This paper explores “difference” as locus for changing power relations in Jane Austen’s major novel Emma. While Austen’s pre-occupation with courtships has been under scholarly investigations, it has not been properly considered as tool of resistance: one that strives to displace power from physical force to a discursive one. This displacement is a strategic struggle of middle-class ascendency over aristocracy in a changing English milieu. The study examines courtships within two Foucauldian frameworks. The first one is disciplinary that aims to regulate sexual practices like panopticon---an apparatus of power, producing normative/heterosexual identity through surveillance. Embedded in the first is the second approach that examines the very assumptions of the panoptic discourse through ‘micro techniques of power’. It is the ability of her characters (especially the female) to reject not only undesirable sexual advances but desirable proposals as well that transform their otherwise passive and docile bodies into subjects to be reckoned with. In doing so, Austen does transform signs of class and rank into forms of expression as pre-requisite for any exchange. This paper is an attempt to look into the power dynamics in the novel from a different angle---the angle of difference impacted by power/knowledge and discourse. Two sites of contestation are analyzed: the first played between Emma Woodhouse and Mr. Knightly, and the second between Mrs. Elton and Jane Fairfax. This transformation can explicitly be viewed in her novel Emma. Foucauldian insights are certainly innovative to a well-read Austen.

Metal-organic frameworks have been used as antibacterial agents because of their effective antibacterial properties. In this research, nanocomposites of copper (II)- benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid metal–organic framework with iron oxide [Cu-MOF@Fe3O4] were prepared via a simple hydrothermal route. X-ray analysis reveals the crystallinity of the structure while FTIR analysis confirms the existence of Cu-based MOFs functional group. Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 scans using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reveal irregular clusters of cubic particles fused with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 provides the evidence of elemental composition by showing the peaks of iron, oxygen, copper and carbon. Using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition assays, the antimicrobial activity of the Cu-MOF and Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 against E. coli and B. subtilis were evaluated. The antibacterial results have shown that the Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 has higher antibacterial performance against E. coli as compared with B. subtilis as compared to Cu-MOF, Fe3O4 and ligands only. On the other hand, the Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 composites exhibit excellent antifungal potential when compared to the ligand, commercial nanoparticles, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, iron oxide, Cu-MOF. The exploration of antibacterial mechanism revealed that the Cu-MOF@Fe3O4 composite favors slow release of metal ions and prolonged biocidal effect.

A new approach is used to investigate the analytical solutions of the mathematical fractional Casson fluid model that is described by the Constant Proportional Caputo fractional operator having non-local and singular kernel near an infinitely vertical plate. The phenomenon has been expressed in terms of partial differential equations, and the governing equations were then transformed in non-dimensional form. For the sake of generalized memory effects, a new mathematical fractional model is formulated based on the newly introduced Constant Proportional Caputo fractional derivative operator. This fractional model has been solved analytically, and exact solutions for dimensionless velocity, concentration and energy equations are calculated in terms of Mittag-Leffler functions by employing the Laplace transformation method. For the physical significance of various system parameters such as α, β, Pr, Gr, Gm, Sc on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, different graphs are demonstrated by Mathcad software. The Constant Proportional Caputo fractional parameter exhibited a retardation effect on momentum and energy profile, but it is visualized that for small values of Casson fluid parameter, the velocity profile is higher. Furthermore, to validated the acquired solutions, some limiting models such as the ordinary Newtonian model are recovered from the fractionalized model. Moreover, the graphical representations of the analytical solutions illustrated the main results of the present work. Also, from the literature, it is observed that to deriving analytical results from fractional fluid models developed by the various fractional operators is difficult, and this article contributes to answering the open problem of obtaining analytical solutions for the fractionalized fluid models.

Abstract The present work examines the analytical solutions of the double duffusive magneto free convective flow of Oldroyd-B fluid model of an inclined plate saturated in a porous media, either fixed or moving oscillated with existence of slanted externally magnetic field. The phenomenon has been expressed in terms of partial differential equations, then transformed the governing equations in non-dimensional form. On the fluid velocity, the influence of different angles that plate make with vertical is studied as well as slanted angles of the electro magnetic lines with the porous layered inclined plate are also discussed, associated with thermal conductivity and constant concentration. For seeking exact solutions in terms of special functions namely Mittag–Leffler functions, G-function etc., for Oldroyd-B fluid velocity, concentration and Oldroyd-B fluid temperature, Laplace integral transformation method is used to solve the non-dimensional model. The contribution of different velocity components are considered as thermal, mass and mechanical, and analyse the impacts of these components on the fluid dynamics. For several physical significance of various fluidic parameters on Oldroyd-B fluid velocity, concentration and Oldroyd-B fluid temperature distributions are demonstrated through various graphs. Furthermore, for being validated the acquired solutions, some limiting models such as Newtonian fluid in the absence of different fluidic parameters. Moreover, the graphical representations of the analytical solutions illustrated the main results of the present work and studied various cases regarding the movement of plate.

Abstract The aim of this article is to investigate the exact solution by using a new approach for the thermal transport phenomena of second grade fluid flow under the impact of MHD along with exponential heating as well as Darcy’s law. The phenomenon has been expressed in terms of partial differential equations, then transformed the governing equations in non-dimentional form. For the sake of better rheology of second grade fluid, developed a fractional model by applying the new definition of Constant Proportional-Caputo hybrid derivative (CPC), Atangana Baleanu in Caputo sense (ABC) and Caputo Fabrizio (CF) fractional derivative operators that describe the generalized memory effects. For seeking exact solutions in terms of Mittag-Leffler and G-functions for velocity, temperature and concentration equations, Laplace integral transformation technique is applied. For physical significance of various system parameters on fluid velocity, concentration and temperature distributions are demonstrated through various graphs by using graphical software. Furthermore, for being validated the acquired solutions, accomplished a comparative analysis with some published work. It is also analyzed that for exponential heating and non-uniform velocity conditions, the CPC fractional operator is the finest fractional model to describe the memory effect of velocity, energy and concentration profile. Moreover, the graphical representations of the analytical solutions illustrated the main results of the present work. Also, in the literature, it is observed that to derived analytical results from fractional fluid models developed by the various fractional operators, is difficult and this article contributing to answer the open problem of obtaining analytical solutions the fractionalized fluid models.

Background: Leishmaniasis is the second and fourth highest cause of mortality and morbidity respectively among all tropical diseases. Recurrence in the onset of leishmaniasis is a major problem that needs to be addressed to reduce the case fatality rate and ensure timely clinical intervention. Here we are investigating the association of risk factors with recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis to address this issue. Material and methods: Patients received by Nasser Ullah Khan Babar Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan from March 2019 to July 2020 were enrolled in this study. Those patients who developed symptoms after completion of treatment were included in Group-A while those who had atypical scars like leishmaniasis but were negative for cutaneous leishmaniasis were included in the comparison group tagged as Group B. All those individuals who had completed six weeks of treatment for CL but had normal complete blood counts (CBC) were included to avoid other underlying immunological pathologies, while we excluded those participants who had co-morbidities like diabetes, liver disease, cardiac disease, and pregnant and lactating women through their history Association was tested between Group-A and Group-B with other explanatory variables through chi-square test. The regression model was proposed to determine the predictors. Result: A total of 48 participants of both sexes were included in the study with a mean age of 32.2 ± 15.10. The data suggest that females are overrepresented among the patients with recurrent leishmaniasis [21(53.8 %,); p = 0.07]. Compared to patients; healthy participants had a higher proportion of adults (19–59 years) versus adolescents (13–18 years) [26(66.7 %) vs 07(17.9), p = 0.004]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that females are 2.1 times more prone to infections among cases as compared to healthy individuals [unadjusted OR 2.20, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.5–10.6, p = 0.02; adjusted OR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.50–10.69, p = 0.02]. We propose that patients receiving intradermal were less likely to be infected as compared to those receiving intralesional injections [unadjusted OR 0.07.0, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.18–3.37, p = 0.03; adjusted OR 0.06, 95 % CI 1.18–3.38, p = 0.03]. Conclusion: Old age (adults) and sex (females) were the strongest predictors to be associated with recurrent leishmaniasis. Similarly, the choice of intradermal as compared to intralesional injection and the prolonged treatment duration were strongly associated with greater chances of recurrence.

Abortion is one of the leading causes of economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, and Brucella spp. are the leading cause of late fetal loss in small ruminants. This study determined the seroprevalence of these agents in small ruminants in district Jhang. A total of 385 serum samples were taken from the sheep and goats from different flocks with a history of abortion and subjected to i-ELISA. Further, samples were analysed for liver enzymes and total serum protein using a semi-automated chemistry analyzer. The result of indirect commercial ELISA showed 13.0, 4.2 and 11.2% prevalence for Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia abortus, and Brucella spp., respectively. Values of different serum parameters (ALT, AST, and total protein) of seropositive animals were also determined. There was a significant rise in AST and ALT values of infected animals (p ≤ 0.05). Total protein decreased for all three infections, but a significant drop was noted in Brucella positive sheep serum samples. Various risk factors were studied. Binary logistic regression proved a significant role of ticks for coxiellosis and brucellosis. Age, parity, and species did not impact the prevalence of diseases studied.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the extent of intellectual capital efficiency (ICE) and the relationship of its three components (human capital efficiency, structural capital efficiency, and relational capital efficiency) with Islamic banking performance (in terms of return on assets, return on equity, and Tobin's q) in Muslim countries. We develop hypotheses on this relationship drawing on the resource-based theory. The study employs a two-step system generalized method of moments (2SYS-GMM) estimator to analyze the data collected from 129 Islamic banks in 29 Muslim countries over the period from 2008 to 2017. The study provides evidence that the performance of Islamic banks (IBs) is driven primarily by investment in ICE. The results indicate that structural capital efficiency (SCE) and relational capital efficiency (RCE) are the essential drivers of value in achieving high performance at Islamic banks. The results reveal that human capital efficiency (HCE) negatively affects the performance of IBs. Bank size and foreign ownership are also identified as significant drivers of IBs performance. This study helps IBs to maintain their ICE assets because they are the main drivers for sustaining competitive advantage as well as raising bank productivity. Our findings can help stakeholders and policymakers to recognize the significant components of ICE and a reasonable allocation among them for improving bank performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to evaluate ICE and its relationship with Islamic banking performance in 29 Muslim countries across the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

With never ending increase in usage and demand of petroleum products worldwide chances of its spill also increase. Oil spills directly affect marine as well as terrestrial ecosystem, as petroleum product became source of water pollution. Marine shorelines serve as home to variety of wildlife oil spills thus destroying habitat of different animals by polluting coastline. Fishes and birds being the main victims. Different physical and chemical methods are used to manage oil spills. However bioremediation is considered as best procedure to manage oil spills around the world. Bioremediation uses the oil loving microbes (lyophilic) to cope oil spills, microbes are cable of destroying complex chemical compounds, some bacteria consume hydrocarbon as their ultimate energy and carbon source. Although process is considered as highly effective the rate at which degradation occur is very slow to prevent oil effecting shore and marine ecosystem, generally due to limitation of availability of nutrients which are generally nitrogen and phosphorous. Two type of methods are generally involved in bioremediation, these include bio augmentation and bio stimulation. In bio augmentation biodegradable bacteria are added to existing population at effected site while in bio stimulation, is addition of nutrients to make process more effective and efficient. Latest technology introduce use of nanoparticles in bioremediation. Along with bacteria some microalgae are under consideration for effective bioremediation. Challenges involve in biodegradation include slow bioremediation of polycyclic hydrocarbons of high molecular weight, i.e. asphaltenes can be difficult to deal .While failure of some techniques which are successful in laboratory at effected site is another problem .The review focus on oil spill effects, new trends in bioremediation developing technique and microbial bioremediation agents.

Background: Acute appendicitis is most frequent cause of acute abdomen in younger population, and surgical site infection (SSI) is commonest complication of appendectomy. The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of post-operative oral antibiotics versus placebo in reducing the frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) following appendectomy for non-perforated appendicitis in population of South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. Materials Methods: The randomized placebo trial was conducted at Agency Headquarter Hospital, Wana, South Waziristan, Pakistan from October 1, 2016 to November 18, 2018. One hundred fifty (150) patients were randomly allocated into two groups, 75 in experimental group, to whom antibiotics were given and 75 in placebo group, to whom antibiotics were not given. Age groups and presence of SSI were two variables, being on nominal scale, were described by count and percentage with CI at 80%CL. McNemar chi-square test was applied to test the hypothesis to see the significance of difference between the experimental and placebo groups in terms of frequency of SSI at alpha .05. Results: SSI was present in nine (12%, 80%CI 7.19-16.80%) out of 75 cases in experimental group and in 12 (16%, 80%CI 10.57-21.42%) out of 75 cases in placebo group. McNemar chi-square test showed no significant difference between the experimental and placebo groups in terms of frequency of SSI (p=.2482). Conclusion: The results are comparable for post-operative oral antibiotics versus placebo in reducing the frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) following appendectomy for non-perforated appendicitis in population of South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan.

Abstract In this paper a new approach is taken to find the exact solutions for generalized unsteady magnetohydrodynamic transport of a rate-type fluid near an unbounded upright plate and is analyzed for ramped wall temperature and velocity with constant concentration. The vertical plate is suspended in a porous medium and encounters radiation effects. Solutions based on special functions are obtained using an integral transform for an unsteady MHD Maxwell fluid in the presence of ramped velocity, temperature and constant concentration. The relations for Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficient are efficiently computed to precisely estimate the rate of heat transfer at the boundary and the shear stress. Results are also discussed in detail and demonstrated graphically using software to comprehensively analyze the dynamics of the proposed problem, and the physical impact of several system parameters, such as magnetic field M, Prandtl number Pr, the relaxation time λ, dimensionless time τ, Schmidt number Sc, Mass and Thermal Grashof numbers Gm and Gr, respectively, is studied. Furthermore, solutions for some recently published work are compared with the current study that endorses the authenticity of our derived results and proves that those investigations are limiting or special cases of the current problem.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) give rise to resistance against penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics in multiple bacterial species. The present study was conducted to map genetic determinants and related attributes of ESBL-producing bacteria in three wild aquatic bird species and chickens at the “Trimmu Barrage” in district Jhang, Punjab province, Pakistan. To study the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria, a total of 280 representative samples were collected from wild bird species; cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and common teals (Anas crecca) as well as from indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) originating from a local wet market. The isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers using a double disc synergy test (DDST) and bacterial species were identified using API-20E and 20NE strips. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect ESBL genetic determinants and for genus identification via 16S rRNA gene amplification. A phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for ESBL-producing isolates against 12 clinically relevant antibiotics using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequence data obtained in this study and comparative sequence data obtained from GenBank. The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria was 34.64% (97/280). The highest percentage (44.28%; 31/70) of ESBL-producing bacteria was recovered from chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), followed by little egrets (Egretta garzetta) (41.43%; 29/70), common teal (Anas crecca) (28.57%; 20/70) and cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) (24.28%; 17/70). Five different ESBL-producing bacteria were identified biochemically and confirmed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which included Escherichia coli (72; 74.23%), Enterobacter cloacae (11; 11.34%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8; 8.25%), Salmonella enterica (4; 4.12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2; 2.06%). Based on PCR, the frequency of obtained ESBL genes in 97 isolates was blaCTX-M (51.55%), blaTEM (20.62%), blaOXA (6.18%) and blaSHV (2.06%). In addition, gene combinations blaCTX-M + blaTEM, blaTEM + blaOXA and blaCTX-M + blaSHV were also detected in 16.49%, 2.06% and 1.03% of isolates, respectively. The ESBL gene variation was significant (p = 0.02) in different bacterial species while non-significant in relation to different bird species (p = 0.85). Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequence data confirmed the existence of CTX-M-15 and TEM betalactamases. The average susceptibility of the antibiotics panel used was lowest for both Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.5% ± 24.42) and Salmonella enterica (62.5% ± 31.08) as compared to Enterobacter cloacae (65.90% ± 21.62), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (70.83% ± 33.42) and Escherichia coli (73.83% ± 26.19). This study provides insight into the role of aquatic wild birds as reservoirs of ESBL-producing bacteria at Trimmu Barrage, Punjab, Pakistan. Hence, active bio-surveillance and environment preservation actions are necessitated to curb antimicrobial resistance.

Purpose – This study aims to apply the extended theory of planned behaviour (ETPB) to investigate the factors influencing the intention to give zakāt on employment income. Design/methodology/approach – This study draws the required data through a survey in three main cities Makkah, Medina and Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The final data sample is consisting of 650 useable questionnaires to analyse the objective of this study. Findings – The study finds that moral norm, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and past behaviour have a significant influence on the intention to pay zakāt on employment income. The perceived behavioural control and attitude have a negative and weak impact on the intention to give zakāt on income. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study can be useful for the policymakers and regulators to enhance peoples' awareness to give zakāt to eradicate poverty and inequality in Muslim societies. zakāt is for the deprived people, so the consequences of this study might help to improve their liveability. Originality/value – This study is unique because it identified the behavioural factors that affect the peoples' intention to give zakāt in KSA have yet to be profoundly explored in the literature. This study has gathered primary data and applied the ETPB to identify the factors influencing the zakāt compliance behaviour in KSA.

Abstract A number of mathematical methods have been developed to determine the complex rheological behavior of fluid’s models. Such mathematical models are investigated using statistical, empirical, analytical, and iterative (numerical) methods. Due to this fact, this manuscript proposes an analytical analysis and comparison between Sumudu and Laplace transforms for the prediction of unsteady convective flow of magnetized second grade fluid. The mathematical model, say, unsteady convective flow of magnetized second grade fluid, is based on nonfractional approach consisting of ramped conditions. In order to investigate the heat transfer and velocity field profile, we invoked Sumudu and Laplace transforms for finding the hidden aspects of unsteady convective flow of magnetized second grade fluid. For the sake of the comparative analysis, the graphical illustration is depicted that reflects effective results for the first time in the open literature. In short, the obtained profiles of temperature and velocity fields with Laplace and Sumudu transforms are in good agreement on the basis of numerical simulations.

A new approach to investigates the analytical solutions of the mathematical fractional Casson fluid model that is described by the Yang-Abdel-Cattani fractional operator having Rabotnov exponential kernel near an infinitely vertical plate. The phenomenon has been expressed in terms of partial differential equations, then transformed the governing equations in non-dimentional form. For the sake of better rheology of Casson fluid, developed a fractional model by applying the new definition of Yang-Abdel-Cattani fractional derivative operator having Rabotnov exponential kernel that describe the generalized memory effects. For seeking exact solutions in terms of Mittag-Leffler functions, for fluid velocity, concentration and temperature, Laplace integral transformation method is used to solve the fractional model. For several physical significance of various fluid parameters such as α, β, Pr, Gr, Gm, Sc on velocity, concentration and temperature distributions are demonstrated through various graphs and it is noticed that the Yang-Abdel-Cattani fractional parameter portrayed the retardation effect on momentum and energy profile, but it is visualized that for small values of Casson fluid parameter the velocity profile is higher. Furthermore, for being validated the acquired solutions, some limiting models such as ordinary Newtonian model had recovered from Yang-Abdel-Cattani fractional Casson fluid. Moreover, the graphical representations of the analytical solutions illustrated the main results of the present work. Also, in the literature, it is observed that to derived analytical results from fractional fluid models developed by the various fractional operators, is difficult and this article contributing to answer the open problem of obtaining analytical solutions the fractionalized fluid models.

In this article, a new approach to study the fractionalized Maxwell fluid is described by the Prabhakar fractional derivative near an exponentially accelerated vertical plate together with exponentially variable velocity, energy and mass diffusion through a porous media is critically examined. The phenomena has been described in forms of partial differential equations along with heat and mass transportation effect taken into account. The Prabhakar fractional operator which was recently introduced is used in this work together with generalized Fick's and Fourier's law. The fractionalized model is transfromed into non-dimensional form by using some suitable dimensionless quantities. The non-dimensional developed fractional model for momentum, thermal and diffusion equations based on Prabhakar fractional operator has been solved analytically via Laplace transformation method and calculated solutions expressed in terms of Mittag-Leffler special functions. Graphical demonstration are made to characterized the physical behavior of different parameters and significance of such system parameters over the momentum, concentration and energy profiles. Moreover, for results validation, comparative study among limiting models derived from fractionalized Prabhakar Maxwell fluid such as fractional and classical fluid models for Maxwell and Newtonian are performed. Further, it is observed from the graphs the valocity curves for classical fluid models relatively higher as compared to fractional fluid models, and fractional approach is more realistic and convenient as compared to classical approach.

The increasing incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia (E.) coli in backyard chicken farming in Pakistan is of serious concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors associated with ESBL avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) isolated from backyard chickens in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 320 cloacal swabs were collected from four breeds of backyard chicken (Aseel, Golden, Misri and Necked Neck). ESBL E. coli were phenotypically identified using double disc synergy test (DDST) and corresponding genes were confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). Out of the 320 samples, 164 (51.3%) were confirmed as E. coli, while 74 (45.1%) were characterized as ESBL E. coli. The frequency of isolation of ESBL E. coli was highest in Aseel chickens (35.1%). Of the 164 confirmed E. coli, 95.1%, 78.6%, 76.8%, 71.3%, 70.1%, 68.9%, 60.4% and 57.3% were resistant against tylosin, doxycycline, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, colistin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, respectively. The ESBL gene types detected and their corresponding proportions were blaCTX-M (54.1 %, 40/74), blaTEM, (12.2%, 9/74) and co-existence (blaCTX-M and blaTEM) were shown in 33.8% (25/74). The blaCTX-M gene sequence showed homology to blaCTX-M-15 from clinical isolates. The mean multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was found to be higher among ESBL E. coli (0.25) when compared to non-ESBL E. coli (0.17). Both free-range husbandry management system (p = 0.02, OR: 30.00, 95% CI = 1.47–611.79) and high antimicrobial usage in the last 6 months (p = 0.01, OR: 25.17, 95% CI = 1.81–348.71) were found significantly associated with isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli in the tested samples using binary logistic regression analysis. This study confirmed the potential of backyard chickens as a reservoir for ESBL E. coli in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan.

For an internal combustion engine to attain greater fuel economy and performance per amount of emissions, variable valve-timing is often used. In this study, a PD controller for an electric driven planetary gear Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system is designed. The model under study consists of an electric motor integrated with a planetary gear system. The phase angle of the camshaft is controlled by VVT for the required torque and engine speed. A classical PD controller is designed using the root locus method, which is then benchmarked against a GA-optimized PD controller. Finally, a simulation study is carried out which demonstrates that GA-optimized controller has better performance and capability to maintain an optimum phase angle for maximum brake power and regulation of the fuel and air mixture.

In this article, heat source impact on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows of Prabhakar-like non integer second grade fluid near an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with exponentially variable velocity, temperature and mass diffusion through a porous medium. For the sake of generalized memory effects, a new mathematical fractional model is formulated based on newly introduced Prabhakar fractional operator with generalized Fourier's law and Fick's law. This fractional model has been solved analytically and exact solutions for dimensionless velocity, concentration and energy equations are calculated in terms of Mittag-Leffler functions by employing the Laplace transformation method. Physical impacts of different parameters such as α, Pr, β, Sc, Gr, γ, Gm are studied and demonstrated graphically by Mathcad software. Furthermore, to validate our current results, some limiting models such as classical second grade model, classical Newtonian model and fractional Newtonian model are recovered from Prabhakar fractional second grade fluid. Moreover, compare the results between second grade and Newtonian fluids for both fractional and classical which shows that the movement of the viscous fluid is faster than second grade fluid. Additionally, it is visualized that for both classical second grade and viscous fluid have relatively higher velocity as compared to fractional second grade and viscous fluid.

Introduction: The most important product of fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates is short chain fatty acids. Formation of these metabolites are mainly dependent on diet and gut microbial colonization. Literature has been supportive of the fact that short chain fatty acids play significant role in chronic inflammation (allergic diseases) and host physiology and metabolic processes including obesity and diabetes. Little is known about the differences in the metabolism between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in our country. This study was designed to determine the differences in the metabolism between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Pakistani cohort. Material & Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 50 healthy infants. Enrollment of these children was done from different centers and localities in Peshawar. Stool samples were collected from the included infants and short chain fatty acids were studied by using Gas Chromatography. Results: A total of 50 healthy infants (25 breast-fed and 25 bottle-fed) with mean age (mean ± sd) 78.40 35.88 days (range: 1-4 months) were included in this survey. Breast feeding was associated with lesser absolute concentrations of total short chain fatty acids. Among short chain fatty acids, acetates were more in breast feeding infants (median 651, p= 0.001) compared to formula feeding infants while propionates (median 81.06, p=0.02), butyrates (median 31.86, p=0.007) and iso-butyrates (median 3.76, p=0.003) were dominant in FFI which indicated an important role of short chain fatty acids in human health. Conclusion: It may be concluded that feeding practices strongly influence the gut microbial metabolism and metabolites (short chain fatty acids).

The Book ''Sharah -Maani al Asar'' of Imam Abu Jafer Ahmad bin Muhammad At- Tahavi has a high rank among the book of '' Hadith''. It’s one of the most authorized books of ''Hanafi School of Thought''. Its method is scientific and its way of arguments is rational. It presents the corpus of Hanafi School of thought in its proved and preferred form and forges an organic link with the other school of thought. The basic reason for its popularity is the ratability of its statement '' Nazre- Tahvi. This article aims to throw light on the introduction of the book in a concise and precise manner as well as the scholarly contribution of the author has been discussed in detail. After understanding this book you are able to have a grip on the way of the argument of jurists and their method of '' Nazer''

The designed bi-heterocyclic sulfonamides were synthesized through a two-step protocol and their structures were ascertained by spectral techniques including IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR along with CHN analysis. The in vitro inhibitory effects of these sulfonamides were evaluated against tyrosinase and kinetics mechanism was analyzed by Lineweaver–Burk plots. The binding modes of these molecules were ascribed through molecular docking studies. These synthesized bi-heterocyclic molecules were identified as potent inhibitors relative to the standard (kojic acid) and compound 5 inhibited the tyrosinase non-competitively by forming an enzyme-inhibitor complex. The inhibition constant Ki (0.09 µM) for compound 5 was calculated from Dixon plots. Computational results also displayed that all compounds possessed good binding profile against tyrosinase and interacted with core residues of target protein.

Objective: To describe orthopaedic injury profile in mass casualties due to anti-personnel improvised explosive device (AP-IED) blast at Muzaffarbad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Study Design: Retrospective descriptive case study of a single incident. Place and Duration of Study: The orthopaedic injury profile suffered by victims of anti-personnel improvised explosive device blast in 9th Muharram religious procession on 27th December, 2009 just in front of main gate of H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Hospital, also called CMH Muzaffarabad. Methodology: A total of 82 mass casualties were evacuated to the Accident and Emergency Department. There were 9 fatalities. Seven were found dead on triage, whereas 2 died during resuscitation. Seventy three injured victims were included in this study. Results: Seventy three injured victims (51 males: 22 females) survived this anti-personnel improvised explosive device blast. Thirty nine victims were admitted and 2 died within 72 hours due to complications of polytrauma, making overall mortality to be 13.4%. Twenty eight emergency surgical procedures were done in 24 patients (32.8%). Limb fractures were present in 53.4% victims. Lower limb fractures in 56.75%, upper limb fractures in 29.73%. Most common upper limb fracture involved humerus (18.92%). Traumatic amputations were present in 7 (9.59%) victims. Conclusion: The effects of anti-personnel improvised explosive device blast are both physically and psychologically devastating. Extremity injuries are prevalent in victims, by far. By appreciating associated injury profile, the treating physicians and surgeons are primed to deal with life and limb threatening injuries of unfortunate victims.

Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the challenges and problems faced by student nurses and paramedic students during the clinical practice stage of their education.Design: The current study utilized a cross-sectional research design.Methods: A sample of 259 students was selected through convenience sampling, comprising 127 student nurses and 132 paramedic students. An adapted self-administered questionnaire, the Clinical Learning Environment Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES+T) evaluation scale was used to collect data, with the permission of the author. Socio-demographic characteristics were shown in the form of frequency and percentages. Findings concerning the evaluation of clinical learning were calculated in the context of descriptive statistical analysis, such as mean and standard deviation. An independent sample t-test was applied to compare the findings.Results: The mean age of respondents was 21.39 years, of whom 60 (61.8%) were male and 99 (32.2%) were female. The highest mean score (3.87 ± 0.77) was awarded to Nursing Care Provided on the Ward, while the lowest mean score was achieved for Supervisory Relationships on the Ward (3.71 ± 0.84).Conclusion: The study showed overall satisfaction with the clinical environment. Male and paramedic students were least satisfied. Considerable improvement is needed in the context of Pedagogical Atmosphere and Supervisory Relationships on the ward.

Nanocomposites consisting of polyvinyl alcohol embedded with nanoparticles of Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 were successfully synthesized by employing a facile two-steps process. The nanoparticles of Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 were synthesized via a micro emulsion procedure and then embedded into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix by an ultrasound-assisted in-situ emulsion. The result showed that the prepared nanoparticles of Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 diffuse homogeneously in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix, maintaining the particle shape and size of the Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope images revealed that polyvinyl alcohol chains have encircled the Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. The interaction between the polyvinyl alcohol and the nanoparticles in the prepared nanocomposites was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy via the shifting of bands revealed from the Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Dielectric studies explained the decreasing trend by varying concentrations of nanoparticles with a constant polymer concentration. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss both revealed a decreasing trend by varying the concentration of the nanoparticles with a constant polymer concentration. This occurred due to the grain boundary effect which becomes dominant at low frequencies. The Transmission electron microscope images result shows that polycrystalline Zn0.80Co0.1Ni0.1Fe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles with an average size of 10–15 nm were incorporated with PVA to form nanocomposites. Keywords: Nanocomposites, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Ultrasound-assisted, In-situ emulsions

Abstract Purpose: To assess the prognostic value of Optical Coherence Tomography indices preoperatively in outcome of idiopathic full thickness macular hole surgery. Material & Methods: A Quasi experimental study was carried out at Al Ibrahim eye hospital, Karachi from June 2019 to Feb 2020. Patients between 50 to 70 years of age, including both genders with full thickness idiopathic macular hole on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) were included while patients with secondary causes of macular hole like trauma, myopia, detachment of retina with macular hole, macular hole with other causes of poor vision like corneal scaring, Age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy were excluded. OCT measurements are basal diameter, height of macular hole, right and left arm length and derived indices are macular hole index (MHI) and hole form factor (HFF). Results: A total 33 patients including 23 (69.6%) male and 10(30.3%) females of idiopathic full thickness macular hole were taken. Patients mean age was 55.25±6.9. Among 33 patients, MHI (>0.5) was found in 21(63.6%) patients while 12 (36.3%) patients had MHI (< 0.5). In 25 patients HFF calculation was possible. 17(68%) patients had HFF (>0.9) while 8 (32%) patients had HFF (< 0.9). Anatomical and visual outcomes were assessed at 1st and 3rd month follow-up. Of 21 patients for MHI >0.5, vision improved (i.e. ≥ 6/18) in 15 (71.4%). Similarly, out of 17 patients for HFF > 0.9, 13 (76.47%) patients had improved vision post-operatively. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography indices can be helpful to predict surgical outcomes of idiopathic full thickness macular hole surgery.

341 entries comprising of 250 genotypes/lines and 91 gene differentials were tested for leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erik) in different ecological zones of Punjab during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Each entry was planted in a single 1 m long row and Morocco was used as a spreader. Data on leaf rust severity was recorded once in 3rd week of March during both study years at all locations by following Modified Cobb Scale while the data was recorded three times on 2nd, 22nd and 29th March during 2018 at Faisalabad location to study rust development pattern. The disease severity ranged from 0-100S during 2016-17 and from 0-80S during 2017-18. The genotype HYT 60-5 and the genes Lr-19, Lr-26 and Lr 27+31 showed no disease symptoms at any location during both the study years. These genes can be used for future breeding material development. Area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC), calculated on the basis of periodical readings from Faisalabad, ranged from 0-550 and the susceptible check Morocco has AUDPC value of 600. 120 entries including HYT 60-5 have disease progression 0, which showed that there may be a major gene based resistance in these entries. Area under disease progressive curve/Day (AUDPC/DAY) was calculated for the rest of 130 genotypes to have an understanding of the disease progression pattern and out of which 43 entries have AUDPC/Day value ranging from 1-2 and 28 entries have AUDPC/Day value ranging from 2-3 which revealed that these entries are very useful for use in breeding for durable rust resistance and can be utilized as a parent in back cross and top cross breeding schemes. Material with AUDPC value less than 10 is the best source of resistance against the leaf rust. Varieties/advanced lines, Ujala-16, V-14154, and V-14124 have shown slow rust development and are very good sources of resistance. Similarly, HYT 60-5 has proven an excellent source of resistance. The advance line V-14154 has been approved as a commercial cultivar by the name "Akbar-19".

With the rapid growth of data traffic and mobile devices, it is imperative to provide reliable and stable services during mobility. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) and dense networks have been identified as potential solutions to address the upcoming capacity crunch, but they also pose significant challenges related to handover optimization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent handover decision algorithms in HetNets, categorizing them based on their decision techniques and summarizing their input parameters, techniques, and performance evaluations. Our study highlights the technical challenges and opportunities related to handovers in HetNets and dense cellular networks and provides key findings from recent studies. The significance of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of handover decision algorithms in HetNets and dense cellular networks, which can aid in the development of more advanced handover optimization approaches.

Vaccination/immunization plays a key role in maintaining the optimum health of humans and animals where the prevalence of disease is high and treatment becomes less effective [...]

Fifth generation (5G) is a recent wireless communication technology in mobile networks. The key parameters of 5G are enhanced coverage, ultra reliable low latency, high data rates, massive connectivity and better support to mobility. Enhanced coverage is one of the major issues in the 5G and beyond 5G networks, which will be affecting the overall system performance and end user experience. The increasing number of base stations may increase the coverage but it leads to interference between the cell edge users, which in turn impacts the coverage. Therefore, enhanced coverage is one of the future challenging issues in cellular networks. In this survey, coverage enhancement techniques are explored to improve the overall system performance, throughput, coverage capacity, spectral efficiency, outage probability, data rates, and latency. The main aim of this article is to highlight the recent developments and deployments made towards the enhanced network coverage and to discuss its future research challenges.

Triazole-based acetamides serve as important scaffolds for various pharmacologically active drugs. In the present work, structural hybrids of 1,2,4-triazole and acetamides were furnished by chemically modifying 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoic acid (1). Target compounds 7a–f were produced in considerable yields (70–76%) by coupling the triazole of compound 1 with different electrophiles under different reaction conditions. These triazole-coupled acetamide derivatives were verified by physiochemical and spectroscopic (HRMS, FTIR, 13CNMR, and 1HNMR,) methods. The anti-liver carcinoma effects of all of the derivatives against a HepG2 cell line were investigated. Compound 7f, with two methyl moieties at the ortho-position, exhibited the highest anti-proliferative activity among all of the compounds with an IC50 value of 16.782 µg/mL. 7f, the most effective anti-cancer molecule, also had a very low toxicity of 1.190.02%. Molecular docking demonstrates that all of the compounds, especially 7f, have exhibited excellent binding affinities of −176.749 kcal/mol and −170.066 kcal/mol to c-kit tyrosine kinase and protein kinase B, respectively. Compound 7f is recognized as the most suitable drug pharmacophore for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a developing and promising technology to deliver clean energy using renewable sources. Presently, electrocatalytic water (H2O) splitting is one of the low-cost, affordable, and reliable industrial-scale effective hydrogen (H2) production methods. Nevertheless, the most active platinum (Pt) metal-based catalysts for the HER are subject to high cost and substandard stability. Therefore, a highly efficient, low-cost, and stable HER electrocatalyst is urgently desired to substitute Pt-based catalysts. Due to their low cost, outstanding stability, low overpotential, strong electronic interactions, excellent conductivity, more active sites, and abundance, transition metal tellurides (TMTs) and transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as promising electrocatalysts. This brief review focuses on the progress made over the past decade in the use of TMTs and TMPs for efficient green hydrogen production. Combining experimental and theoretical results, a detailed summary of their development is described. This review article aspires to provide the state-of-the-art guidelines and strategies for the design and development of new highly performing electrocatalysts for the upcoming energy conversion and storage electrochemical technologies.

The poultry sector is one of the most vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. In addition to different infections, ammonia (NH 3 ) production from litter material of broiler is the most harmful pollutant and causes serious threats for the environment. To overcome this problem, different methods are proposed assuring poultry bird’s health and production. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of toxic levels of NH 3 on the haematology and serum proteins of broiler birds and its amelioration by using different modifiers. The recovery of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) from liver and spleen of broiler birds was also carried out. A total of 100 birds were divided into 5 separate groups (groups A–D). The groups C, D and E were treated with potassium aluminium sulphate, aluminium silicate and Yucca schidigera plant extract, respectively. Blood and tissue samples were collected after slaughtering the birds at 42 days of age. This study revealed increased RBC, total leucocyte count, Hb and heterophils percentage. Serum proteins were decreased in Yucca-treated and potassium aluminium sulphate–treated groups. This study concluded that NH 3 production was reduced by the application of different modifiers, and these modifiers also neutralized the changes in blood parameters induced by NH 3 .

Conventional detectors are mostly made up of complicated structures that are hard to use. A paper-based microfluidic chip, however, combines the advantages of being small, efficient, easy to process, and environmentally friendly. The paper-based microfluidic chips for biomedical applications focus on efficiency, accuracy, integration, and innovation. Therefore, continuous progress is observed in the transition from single-channel detection to multi-channel detection and in the shift from qualitative detection to quantitative detection. These developments improved the efficiency and accuracy of single-cell substance detection. Paper-based microfluidic chips can provide insight into a variety of fields, including biomedicine and other related fields. This review looks at how paper-based microfluidic chips are prepared, analyzed, and used to help with both biomedical development and functional integration, ideally at the same time.

Objective: To find the correlation between thoracic and femoral central venous pressure (CVP) and changes in femoral CVP, if any, incurred by intra-abdominal pressure. Study Design: Cross sectional observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Coronary care unit of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Karachi, from Jul 2017 to Sep 2017. Material and Methods: We randomly selected 90 patients who had a thoracic central catheter and another femoral catheter in place. A central venous pressure (CVP) pressure was recorded at both sites simultaneously with the same electronic transducer after zero calibration. An intra-abdominal pressure was also noted. Results: Ninety patients participated in our study where mean age was 58.90 ± 11.34 years. The mean thoracic CVP was 11.22 ± 3.53 mmHg while mean femoral CVP was 11.38 ± 3.53 mmHg, with a mean pressure difference of -0.16 mmHg between the two. We also calculated intra-abdominal pressure with mean of 6.20 ± 2.47 mmHg. The reliability of the two methods was determined by intra class coefficient model where we got a higher value of 0.97 with significant p-value of