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Background: Actinobaculum suis is a bacterium known to cause infections of the urogenital tract of sows. Infection can occur through close contact to boars, who frequently carry the pathogen in their preputial diverticulum but do not become clinically diseased themselves. In the current case, Actinobaculum suis was isolated from pyogranuloma of inflamed epididymis in a boar with poor fertility., Case Presentation: Increased return to oestrus rate, which worsened after the purchase of a new boar, was reported in an organic farm in Switzerland. During herd examination, azoospermia of the boar was diagnosed, and slaughter, followed by examination of its urogenital tract, was carried out. Pathologically, pyogranuloma formation and epididymitis were diagnosed. Bacteriology of the pyogranulomas showed growth of Actinobaculum suis and mixed flora. After the boar was replaced, the return to oestrus rate improved tremendously., Conclusion: A close relative of Actinobaculum suis, namely Actinotignum schaalii, has already been associated with epididymitis in humans. Considering the present case and the parallels in human medicine, Actinobaculum suis should be included in the list of differentials of boars with poor fertility.

Study Question: Can Chlamydia be found in the testes of infertile men?, Summary Answer: Chlamydia can be found in 16.7% of fresh testicular biopsies and 45.3% of fixed testicular biopsies taken from a selection of infertile men., What Is Known Already: Male chlamydial infection has been understudied despite male and female infections occurring at similar rates. This is particularly true of asymptomatic infections, which occur in 50% of cases. Chlamydial infection has also been associated with increased sperm DNA damage and reduced male fertility., Study Design, Size, Duration: We collected diagnostic (fixed, n = 100) and therapeutic (fresh, n = 18) human testicular biopsies during sperm recovery procedures from moderately to severely infertile men in a cross-sectional approach to sampling., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: The diagnostic and therapeutic biopsies were tested for Chlamydia-specific DNA and protein, using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical approaches, respectively. Serum samples matched to the fresh biopsies were also assayed for the presence of Chlamydia-specific antibodies using immunoblotting techniques., Main Results and the Role of Chance: Chlamydial major outer membrane protein was detected in fixed biopsies at a rate of 45.3%. This was confirmed by detection of chlamydial DNA and TC0500 protein (replication marker). C. trachomatis DNA was detected in fresh biopsies at a rate of 16.7%, and the sera from each of these three positive patients contained C. trachomatis-specific antibodies. Overall, C. trachomatis-specific antibodies were detected in 72.2% of the serum samples from the patients providing fresh biopsies, although none of the patients were symptomatic nor had they reported a previous sexually transmitted infection diagnosis including Chlamydia., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: No reproductively healthy male testicular biopsies were tested for the presence of Chlamydia DNA or proteins or Chlamydia-specific antibodies due to the unavailability of these samples., Wider Implications for the Findings: Application of Chlamydia-specific PCR and immunohistochemistry in this human male infertility context of testicular biopsies reveals evidence of a high prevalence of previously unrecognised infection, which may potentially have a pathogenic role in spermatogenic failure., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): Funding for this project was provided by the Australian NHMRC under project grant number APP1062198. We also acknowledge assistance from the Monash IVF Group and Queensland Fertility Group in the collection of fresh biopsies, and the Monash Health and co-author McLachlan (declared equity interest) in retrieval and sectioning of fixed biopsies. E.M. declares an equity interest in the study due to financing of fixed biopsy sectioning. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest., Trial Registration Number: N/A., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.)

Study Question: Given the relevant role of the extracellular microenvironment in regulating tissue homeostasis, is testicular bacterial microbiome (BM) associated with germ cell aplasia in idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia (iNOA)?, Summary Answer: A steady increase of dysbiosis was observed among testis with normal spermatogenesis vs. iNOA with positive sperm retrieval and iNOA with complete germ cell aplasia., What Is Known Already: Tissue-associated BM has been reported to be a biologically important extracellular microenvironment component for numerous body habitats, but not yet for the human testis., Study Design, Size, Duration: Cross-sectional study, investigating tissue-associated BM in the testis of (i) five men with iNOA and negative sperm retrieval at microdissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE); (ii) five men with iNOA and positive sperm retrieval at microTESE; and (iii) five normozoospermic men upon orchiectomy. Every testicular specimen was histologically classified and analyzed in terms of bacterial community., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Massive ultra-deep pyrosequencing was applied to investigate testis microbiome. Metagenome was analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME). Tissue-associated bacterial load was quantified by digital droplet PCR., Main Results and the Role of Chance: Normozoospermic men showed small amounts of bacteria in the testis, with Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes Proteobacteria as the dominating phyla; iNOA individuals had increased amounts of bacterial DNA (P = 0.02), associated with decreased taxa richness due to the lack of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria (P = 2 × 10-5). Specimens with negative sperm retrieval at microTESE depicted complete germ cell aplasia and a further decrease in terms of Firmicutes and Clostridia (P < 0.05), a complete lack of Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus, but increased amount of Actinobacteria., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: The limited number of specimens analyzed in this preliminary study deserves external validation. The paraneoplastic microenvironment could have an impact on the residential bacterial flora., Wider Implication of the Findings: Human testicular microenvironment is not microbiologically sterile, containing low amounts of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. A dysbiotic bacterial community was associated with iNOA and complete germ cell aplasia. Novel findings on testicular BM could support future translational therapies of male-factor infertility., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This work was supported by URI-Urological Research Institute free funds. Authors declared no conflict of interest., Trial Registration Number: N/A.

Objective: There is little available information on the distinction between physiological and pathological bacterial flora in dog semen, or in fractions of the canine ejaculate. In order to improve the diagnostic basis, the present study describes the bacteriological findings in canine semen samples., Design and Procedure: The ejaculates were assigned to three groups: Group A, normospermia (n = 30); Group B, teratozoospermia (n = 33); Group C, azoospermia (n = 29)., Results: Our data show that irrespective of semen quality, bacterial contamination and stronger bacterial growth is more common in the pre-sperm fraction than in the other two fractions. The number of bacteria and bacterial species did not vary between the three fractions or the three groups of dogs. Bacteria regarded as potentially pathogenic (β-haemolytic Streptococci, Escherichia coli variation haemolytica) could be isolated in every group, with β-haemolytic Streptococci tending to occur more frequently in all ejaculate fractions from dogs with teratozoospermia., Conclusion: These data emphasise that the first fraction is more contaminated with bacteria than the second and third fractions which may be due to bacteria ascending from the urethra. The use of a fractionated collection of canine ejaculates seems to be beneficial to reduce or prevent bacterial contaminations., (© 2011 The Authors. Australian Veterinary Journal © 2011 Australian Veterinary Association.)

Objective: To identify Chlamydia trachomatis DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the upper genital tract of men with obstructive azoospermia compared with men seeking vasectomy reversal., Design: Case-control study., Setting: Tertiary referral center, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom., Patient(s): Cases were men with idiopathic obstructive azoospermia, and controls were men with azoospermia secondary to vasectomy., Intervention(s): Chlamydia trachomatis-specific DNA test by polymerase chain reaction on testicular and epididymal biopsy samples, as well as epididymal aspirate., Main Outcome Measure(s): Presence of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA., Result(s): We did not detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the epididymis or testis of 36 asymptomatic men with obstructive azoospermia (14 cases, 22 controls)., Conclusion(s): Our hypothesis that unrecognized, asymptomatic chlamydial infection will lead to complete bilateral obstruction of the male genital tract remains unproven., (Copyright 2010 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We examined 243 males using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), seeding, spermogram, morphological examination of spermatozoa, electrospermography, enzyme immunoassay (antibodis to chlamydia in blood serum and seminal plasma, blood hormones). Statistics were obtained with parametric and nonparametric methods. A total of 148 patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 57) consisted of males who had previously had chlamydiasis. Their blood serum and/or seminal plasma contained antichlamydial IgA or IgG. Neither seeding nor PCR detected genital infections. Group 2 consisted of 18 patients infected with C. trachomatis. Control patients (n = 73) had no genital infections, chlamydial antibodies were not detected. Normozoospermia was diagnosed in 28% males with chlamydial infection history, 11% patients infected with chlamydia and 23% controls. Asthenozoospermia was detected in 69, 89 and 73% patients, respectively. Among chlamydial infection convalescents were patients with obstructive azoospermia (2%) which was not found in infected and healthy males.

Men who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus now can father children safely, thanks to sperm washing and nested polymerase chain-reaction techniques, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. However, in a small percentage of such patients, it is impossible to recover spermatozoa after said procedures because of their highly impaired spermatogenesis. We have established that less rigorous methods, such as repeated centrifugation, yield nested polymerase chain-reaction HIV- and hepatitis C virus-negative specimens, even in sperm samples from men with severe oligoasthenozoospermia.