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Gallic acid (GA) is a secondary metabolite found in plants. It has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and, through scavenging properties, has a protective effect in a brain insult model. Alcohol metabolism generates reactive oxygen species (ROS); thus, alcohol abuse has a deleterious effect on the brain. The zebrafish is a vertebrate often used for screening toxic substances and in acute ethanol exposure models. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether GA pretreatment (24 h) prevents the changes induced by acute ethanol exposure (1 h) in the purinergic signaling pathway in the zebrafish brain via degradation of extracellular nucleotides and oxidative stress. The nucleotide cascade promoted by the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) and 5′-nucleotidase was assessed by quantifying nucleotide metabolism. The effect of GA alone at 5 and 10 mg L(−1) did not change the nucleotide levels. Pretreatment with 10 mg L(−1) GA prevented an ethanol-induced increase in ATP and ADP levels. No significant difference was found between the AMP levels of the two pretreatment groups. Pretreatment with 10 mg L(−1) GA prevented ethanol-enhanced lipid peroxidation and dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) levels. The higher GA concentration was also shown to positively modulate against ethanol-induced effects on superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not on catalase (CAT). This study demonstrated that GA prevents the inhibitory effect of ethanol on NTPDase activity and oxidative stress parameters, thus consequently modulating nucleotide levels that may contribute to the possible protective effects induced by alcohol and purinergic signaling.

This work presents the synthesis of mini-emulsions with protic ionic liquids with the potential to be used as a lotion in the treatment of animal hair dermatoses.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. One of the main pathology markers of AD is the beta-amyloid plaques (βA1-42) created from residues of the badly processed amyloid precursor protein. The accumulation of these plaques can induce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and impair antioxidant mechanisms, culminating in cognitive and memory deficits. New therapies are necessary to treat AD as the approved drugs do not treat the progress of the disease. Transcranial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) affects brain metabolism and could be tested as a treatment for AD. This study was aimed at evaluating the LIPUS treatment in a model of AD induced by βA1-42 intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and its effects on learning memory, neurotrophins, neuroinflammation and oxidative status. βA1-42 was administered ICV 24 h before the start of a 5-wk LIPUS treatment. The treatment with LIPUS improved recognition memory, as well as increasing nerve growth factor β and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus and cortex. There was a decrease in protein damage in the hippocampus treated with LIPUS. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were not present in the AD model used. The results indicated that LIPUS is a novel and promising adjuvant strategy for treatment of the late stage of AD.

Several neurodegenerative diseases current therapies, such as for Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis, need constant improvement, aiming to enhance quality of life, symptomatic improvement, and possibly recovery. Thus, this integrative literature review aims to understand how Cannabidiol (CBD) can be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, analyzing applicability, therapeutic effects and the method in which this substance is used as this medicinal form. From a search in PubMed, VHL and LILACS databases, articles in English were selected, published between the years 2016 and 2021, which addressed the subject and delved into the effects of CBD on neurodegenerative diseases, specifically: Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Tuberous Sclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington's Disease. After performing the integrative analysis, it was concluded that CBD is a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent, acting to improve motor performance, decrease pain and spasticity. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that, although more studies are needed about its effects and therapeutic mechanisms, cannabidiol is a viable and beneficial substance for use in new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Las terapias actuales para varias enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como la enfermedad de Parkinson, la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la esclerosis múltiple, necesitan una mejora constante, con el objetivo de lograr un progreso en la calidad de vida, una mejoría sintomática y posiblemente una recuperación. Así, esta revisión integrativa de la literatura tiene como objetivo comprender cómo se puede utilizar el Cannabidiol (CBD) en el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, analizando su aplicabilidad, sus efectos terapéuticos y el método en el que se utiliza esta sustancia en su forma medicinal. A partir de una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, BVS y LILACS, se seleccionaron artículos en inglés, publicados entre los años 2016 y 2021, que abordaran el tema y profundizaran en los efectos del CBD de enfermedades neurodegenerativas de manera que a las siguientes enfermedades específicamente: Parkinson Enfermedad, Esclerosis Múltiple, Esclerosis Tuberosa, Enfermedad de Alzheimer y Enfermedad de Huntington. Luego de realizar el análisis integrativo, se concluyó que el CBD es un agente neuroprotector y antiinflamatorio, actuando para mejorar el desempeño motor, disminuir el dolor y la espasticidad. Por tanto, es posible concluir que, aunque se necesitan más estudios sobre sus efectos y mecanismos terapéuticos, el cannabidiol es una sustancia viable y beneficiosa para su uso en nuevas terapias para enfermedades neurodegenerativas. As atuais terapias de diversas doenças neurodegenerativas, como doença de Parkinson, doença de Alzheimer e Esclerose múltipla, necessitam de constante aprimoramento, visando trazer progresso na qualidade de vida, melhora sintomatológica, e possivelmente recuperação. Desta forma, essa revisão de literatura integrativa visa entender como o Canabidiol (CBD) pode ser utilizado no tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas, analisando a sua aplicabilidade, seus efeitos terapêuticos e o método no qual essa substância é usada em sua forma medicinal. A partir de uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS e LILACS, foram selecionados artigos em língua inglesa, publicados entre os anos de 2016 e 2021, os quais abordaram o assunto e aprofundaram-se nos efeitos do CBD desde as doenças neurodegenerativas de forma geral até as seguintes doenças de forma específica: Doença de Parkinson, Esclerose Múltipla, Esclerose Tuberosa, Doença de Alzheimer e Doença de Huntington. Realizada a análise integrativa, chegou-se à conclusão de que o CBD é um agente neuroprotetor e anti-inflamatório, atuando na melhora do desempenho motor, na diminuição da dor e na espasticidade. Portanto, é possível concluir que, apesar de serem necessários mais estudos acerca dos seus efeitos e mecanismos terapêuticos, o canabidiol é uma substância viável e benéfica na utilização em novas terapias de doenças neurodegenerativas.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive impairment of memory, with an etiology involving oxidative stress and inflammation. Exercise training is a safe, efficacious, and economic approach to manage neurodegenerative diseases. In AD, the biomarkers of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA are elevated. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether exercise is effective in patients with AD by assessing the serum biomarkers associated with the redox status, neurotrophin levels, and inflammatory system. This nonrandomized clinical study (n = 15) involved 22 training sessions performed twice a week (60 min/session) in patients diagnosed with AD. The cognitive and self-awareness tests were performed 48 h before and after the physical training session. In patients with AD, physical training significantly improved the judgment and problem-solving domains of the memory score; however, general mental health, memory, orientation, and home/hobby domains were improved slightly, and the neurotrophin levels remained unaltered. Significantly, the markers of protein integrity also increased following exercise. Furthermore, catalase activity and ROS levels decreased, nitrite levels increased, and interleukin-4 level increased following physical training in patients with AD. Although proinflammatory cytokines remained unaltered, the levels of neuron-specific enolase, a marker of neuronal damage, decreased following exercise training in these patients. In conclusion, physical exercise training could be a safe and effective method for blocking the AD progression and improving the antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory system, whereas certain assessed biomarkers could be utilized to monitor AD therapy.

No presente artigo, buscamos colocar em evidência alguns exemplos de usos feitos pelos sofistas imperiais da comédia ática clássica. Para isso, primeiro alocamos a produção sofística imperial em seu contexto histórico e, depois, analisamos brevemente casos específicos nas obras de, por exemplo, Luciano, Díon Crisóstomo, Favorino e Corício. Esperamos que o trabalho revele algo sobre os modos da mimesis literária no Império, contribuindo para o entendimento da intersecção entre retórica e literatura nesse período.

Animal models of cerebral ischemia have improved our understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms involved in stroke, as well as the investigation of potential therapies. The potential of zebrafish to model human diseases has become increasingly evident. The availability of these models allows for an increased understanding of the role of chemical exposure in human conditions and provides essential tools for mechanistic studies of disease. To evaluate the potential neuroprotective properties of minocycline against ischemia and reperfusion injury in zebrafish and compare them with other standardized models. In vitro studies with BV-2 cells were performed, and mammalian transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used as a comparative standard with the zebrafish stroke model. Animals were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury protocols and treated with minocycline. Infarction size, cytokine levels, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity, and immunofluorescence for microglial activation, and behavioral test results were determined and compared. Administration of minocycline provided significant protection in the three stroke models in different parameters analyzed. Both experimental models complement each other in their particularities. The proposal also strengthens the findings in the literature in rodent models and allows the validation of alternative models so that they can be used in further research involving diseases with ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Resumo Objetivo analisar as relações entre a esperança e o bem-estar psicológico de estudantes de enfermagem portugueses durante a crise pandêmica pela COVID-19. Método estudo descritivo-correlacional, com recurso a questionário online para coleta de dados. Participaram 705 estudantes de enfermagem com idade média de 21,74 anos (DP=4,44). Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram a Escala de Esperança de Herth (HHI-PT) e a Escala de Medida de Manifestação de Bem-Estar Psicológico (EMMBEP). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados na HHI-PT, o domínio afectivo-comportamental obteve a pontuação média mais alta, 3,30 (DP=0,45); no EMMBEP, foi o domínio sociabilidade, 3,64 (DP=0,77). Havia correlações moderadas a fortes (0,383

The present study sought to evaluate the effects of physical training on histological parameters and oxidative stress in the myocardium of mice chronically exposed to hand-rolled cornhusk cigarette (HRCC) smoke. Male Swiss mice (60 days old, 30–35 g) were either exposed to ambient air or passively exposed to the smoke of 12 cigarettes daily over 3 sessions (4 cigarettes per session) for 60 consecutive days with or without physical training for 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the heart was surgically removed for histological analysis and measurement of oxidative stress parameters. Histological imaging revealed cell disruption, with poorly defined nuclei, in the mice exposed to HRCC smoke, but not in the control group. However, mice exposed to HRCC smoke with physical training displayed signs of tissue repair and improved tissue integrity. Biochemical analysis revealed decreased production of superoxide, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), and nitrite, as well as decreased protein carbonylation, in the physical training groups, likely due to the exercise-induced increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and glutathione (GSH) content. Taken together, our results suggest that physical exercise exerts cardioprotective effects by modulating the redox responses in animals exposed to HRCC smoke.

As atuais terapias de diversas doenças neurodegenerativas, como doença de Parkinson, doença de Alzheimer e Esclerose múltipla, necessitam de constante aprimoramento, visando trazer progresso na qualidade de vida, melhora sintomatológica, e possivelmente recuperação. Desta forma, essa revisão de literatura integrativa visa entender como o Canabidiol (CBD) pode ser utilizado no tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas, analisando a sua aplicabilidade, seus efeitos terapêuticos e o método no qual essa substância é usada em sua forma medicinal. A partir de uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS e LILACS, foram selecionados artigos em língua inglesa, publicados entre os anos de 2016 e 2021, os quais abordaram o assunto e aprofundaram-se nos efeitos do CBD desde as doenças neurodegenerativas de forma geral até as seguintes doenças de forma específica: Doença de Parkinson, Esclerose Múltipla, Esclerose Tuberosa, Doença de Alzheimer e Doença de Huntington. Realizada a análise integrativa, chegou-se à conclusão de que o CBD é um agente neuroprotetor e anti-inflamatório, atuando na melhora do desempenho motor, na diminuição da dor e na espasticidade. Portanto, é possível concluir que, apesar de serem necessários mais estudos acerca dos seus efeitos e mecanismos terapêuticos, o canabidiol é uma substância viável e benéfica na utilização em novas terapias de doenças neurodegenerativas.

Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection that affects humans and is very common in small animals. The treatment using the most commonly used antifungals is failing, and new therapeutic alternatives are required to combat the resistance of these fungal infections. Previous studies by the group have shown that clioquinol is an important therapeutic alternative in the treatment of dermatophytosis. The object was to conduct studies of antidermatophytic activity and the irritant potential from the double and triple combinations of clioquinol, terbinafine and ciclopirox in ex vivo and in vivo alternative models. To evaluate the irritant potential of antifungal combinations, the alternative HET-CAM method (chicken egg test chorioallantoic membrane) was used. Ex vivo models were used to assess the effectiveness of antifungal combinations, using pig hooves and veterinary fur. Any possible tissue damage was to assess through in histopathology of swine ears. HET-CAM results showed that all combinations can be classified as non-irritating, corroborated by the results of the histopathological evaluation of the pig's ear skin. Only the double combinations managed to remove 100% of the colony-forming units (CFU) formed on the pig's hooves. The clioquinol + terbinafine combination and the triple combination were more effective than clioquinol + ciclopirox in eradicating the preformed biofilm in fur of veterinary origin. These results show the potential of formulations of clioquinol in combination with antifungals for use in humans and in the veterinary field to combat dermatophytosis, as an important alternative therapy, for use in the near future.

Objetivo: analisar as relações entre a esperança e o bem-estar psicológico de estudantes de enfermagem portugueses durante a crise pandêmica pela COVID-19. Método: estudo descritivo-correlacional, com recurso a questionário online para coleta de dados. Participaram 705 estudantes de enfermagem com idade média de 21,74 anos (DP=4,44). Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram a Escala de Esperança de Herth (HHI-PT) e a Escala de Medida de Manifestação de Bem-Estar Psicológico (EMMBEP). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: na HHI-PT, o domínio afectivo-comportamental obteve a pontuação média mais alta, 3,30 (DP=0,45); no EMMBEP, foi o domínio sociabilidade, 3,64 (DP=0,77). Havia correlações moderadas a fortes (0,383

Este livro reúne textos apresentados no evento internacional Quinta Semana de Estudos sobre o Período Helenístico: a Poética Calimaquiana e sua Influência na Poesia Epigramática, realizado na Faculdade de Filosofia Letras e Ciências Humanas e no Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo, entre os dias 20 e 23 de setembro de 2017. Trata-se de uma coleção de artigos que discutem aspectos do programa poético defendido na obra supérstite de Calímaco e a influência que exerceram na criação dos epigramas literários a partir do século III a.C. O livro, portanto, apresenta não somente reflexões voltadas à exposição da discussão metapoética empreendida por Calímaco em seus poemas, de modo a defender um estilo de composição, mas também aborda a recepção desse debate nas gerações de poetas subsequentes, incluindo, entre outros, Mnasalcas, Antípatro de Sídon, Meleagro, Marcial, Horácio e Gregório de Nazianzo.

Background Dermatophytoses are the most frequent fungal infections worldwide and there have been described clinical resistance to the commonly used antifungals. Clioquinol is an antimicrobial that had the oral formulations withdrawn from the market in the 70s due to the report of neurotoxicity and recently has been considered as an effective alternative for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Objectives To evaluate the effect of the double and triple association between clioquinol with terbinafine and ciclopirox on clinical isolates of dermatophytes. The cytotoxicity of these associations on human leukocytes was also verified. Methods Checkerboard method was used to evaluate the interaction between antifungal agents. Time-kill assay was used to verify fungicidal action and evaluate the combination with greater effect for TRU47 isolate. Cell viability was assessed by loss of integrity of the leukocyte membrane in order to verify the toxicity. Results Synergistic interaction was observed in 42% of isolates when terbinafine was associated with clioquinol and in 50% of isolates when ciclopirox was associated with clioquinol. The triple association resulted in synergistic interaction for 75% of the isolates. Clioquinol + terbinafine and triple combination were more effective for TRU47 isolate, and the combinations exhibited a time-dependent fungicidal effect. Furthermore, the results of cell viability demonstrated that clioquinol and terbinafine combination is not cytotoxic to human leukocytes. Conclusions Clioquinol in combination with antifungals in the treatment of dermatophytosis can be a therapeutic strategy to overcome problems related to resistance, action spectrum and toxicity of the antifungal drugs used in the clinic.

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The tissue response to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is key to avoiding heart complications due to inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents can minimize the effects of AMI. This study investigated the role of 2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI)-associated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) on reperfusion injury after ischemia and its effect on cardiac remodeling in an experimental AMI model. Three-month-old Wistar rats were subjected to a temporary blockade of the anterior descending artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion after 24 h and 7 days by intraventricularly administering 0.4, 1.3, and 3 mg/kg AuNP-MIBI. The cardiac toxicity and renal and hepatic function levels were determined, and the infarct and peri-infarct regions were surgically removed for histopathology, analysis of inflammation from oxidative stress, and echocardiography. MIBI-conjugated AuNP promoted changes in oxidative stress and inflammation depending on the concentrations used, suggesting promising applicability for therapeutic purposes.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, para obtenção do grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal compreender se a liderança do treinador tem influência no desempenho e bem-estar da equipa, e ainda compreender se essa relação é mediada pela coesão. A amostra é constituída por 110 jogadores de futebol e rugby, em que 90 pertenciam ao sexo masculino e 20 ao sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e superior ou igual a 25 anos (M=19,3; DP=3,8). Para avaliar as variáveis em estudo foram utilizados quatro instrumentos: a escala Multidimensional de Liderança no Desporto, de Gomes e Resende (2014); o questionário de Perceção de Rendimento Desportivo, de Gomes (2016); a Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), de Kammann e Flett (1980), e ainda, a escala Group Environment Questionnaire, de Carron, Brawley e Widmeyer (1985). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as hipóteses de estudo foram suportadas, constatando que existe uma relação significativa entre a liderança transformacional e o desempenho percebido e bem-estar da equipa. Além disso, testemunhou-se que existe impacto significativo da liderança transformacional no desempenho percebido, tal como no bem-estar da equipa, por meio da coesão. The main objective of this study is to understand if coach leadership has influence on team performance and well-being, and also to understand if this relationship is mediated by cohesion. The sample is composed by110 soccer and rugby players, in which 90 were male and 20 female, with a range of age14 to over 25 years old (M = 19.3; SD = 3.8). In order to evaluate the variables in this study, four instruments were used: the Multidimensional Sport Leadership scale, by Gomes and Resende (2014); the Sports Perception Questionnaire, by Gomes (2016); the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) by Kammann and Flett (1980); and the Group Environment Questionnaire, by Carron, Brawley and Widmeyer (1985). The results reveal that the study hypotheses were supported, showing that there is a significant relationship between transformational leadership and perceived performance and well-being of the team. Besides that, it has been witnessed that there is a significant impact of transformational leadership on perceived performance as well as team well-being, through cohesion.

O presente artigo pretende examinar a recepção de Menandro no período imperial. Para isso, são trazidos exemplos pictográficos e literários que confirmam a popularidade do comediógrafo, argumentando-se que o sucesso e a posterior derrocada de Menandro estão intimamente ligados ao uso escolar que foi feito das comedias. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/cadletrasuff.2018n56a531

Introducao: A vibracao de corpo inteiro (VCI) empregue atraves da plataforma vibratoria (PV) tem sido utilizada como metodo coadjunto a reabilitacao fisica, ocasionando reducao da perda mineral ossea e aumento do desempenho fisico em idosos. Objetivos: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da VCI por meio da PV sobre a forca muscular de membros inferiores de idosas higidas. Metodos: Estudo experimental que avaliou idosas higidas alocadas randomicamente no Grupo Plataforma Vibratoria (GPV), que realizaram treino na PV; e no Grupo Controle (GC), no qual as idosas permaneceram sobre a PV desligada durante 20 minutos. Avaliou-se o perfil antropometrico e a forca muscular do membro inferior por meio do Teste de 1 Repeticao Maxima (1-RM) antes e apos dois meses de treinamento com VCI atraves da PV com frequencia de 35 Hz e amplitude de 2 mm, durante 2 meses, tres vezes na semana com 1 minuto de treino intercalado com 1 minuto de descanso, totalizando 20 minutos de treinamento em posicao ortostatica. Resultados: Amostra (n=17, GPV: n=7 e GC: n=10) com media de idade de 65,4±6,6 anos. Houve aumento significativo da forca muscular dos adutores de quadril (p=0,014) e dos musculos extensores de joelho (p=0,012). Conclusoes: A VCI ocasionou aumento da forca muscular de membros inferiores das idosas higidas avaliadas. Descritores: Envelhecimento; Forca muscular; Terapias complementares

Degradation kinetics of oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban (RIV) was assessed in acid and alkaline media and while exposed to UVC radiation. Among all stress conditions tested, kinetic degradation proc...

Justificativa e objetivo: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são consideradas umas das principais causas de morte em países desenvolvidos e a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) se constitui em indicação precisa para a doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Sabe-se que a doença arterial periférica (DAP) está associada à presença de DAC e, dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar o fluxo arterial periférico e a presença de claudicação intermitente (CI) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca (CC) com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou a presença de CI através do Questionário de Claudicação de Edimburgo e o fluxo arterial periférico pelo Índice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB), mensurado em membros superiores e inferiores através de esfigmomanômetro e doppler vascular portátil no período pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato (POi) e na pré-alta de pacientes submetidos a CC. Resultados: Avaliados sete pacientes (5 homens) com idade de 55,3±10,0 anos e IMC de 28,9±5,2 Kg/m2, dos quais três apresentaram CI. O ITB aumentou significativamente no POi em relação ao pré-operatório (p=0,023). Na pré-alta, os valores apresentaram tendência de retornar aos obtidos no pré-operatório (p=0,544). Houve associação inversa e forte entre o ITB geral e CEC no POi (r=-0,866, p=0,038) e na pré-alta (r=-0,884, p=0,027). Conclusão: O fluxo arterial periférico aumentou no POi com evidência de associação inversa e forte entre o tempo de CEC e o ITB.

Resumo: Neste artigo, pretendo realcar alguns pontos de conexao entre a caracterizacao do velho avarento em duas declamacoes gregas de Libânio e de Coricio e o modo como tal personagem e representada nas Comedias Novas, especialmente nas de Menandro. As semelhancas sao abundantes e patentes. Ha suficiente evidencia para provar que Menandro foi um autor lido e emulado em circulos de estudo da oratoria: inumeros testimonia antigos, como Quintiliano e Diao Crisostomo, confirmam tal afirmacao. Nessa medida, este artigo investiga as razoes que motivaram a alusao deliberada a Menandro nas declamacoes mencionadas. Palavras-chave: retorica; Comedia Nova; declamacao; Libânio; Coricio. Abstract: In this paper I intend to highlight a few points of connection between the characterization of the miser old men in New Comedy and in Greek declamations, which are Libanius’ and Choricius’ . The similarities are vast and easily recognizable. There is enough evidence to confirm that Menander was an author whose work was read and imitated in the schools of rhetoric: many testimonia , like Quintilian and Dio Chrysostomus, confirm this assertion. Therefore, this paper investigates the reasons which compelled declaimers to alude to Menander in such a deliberatively way. Keywords: rhetoric; New Comedy; declamation; Libanius; Choricius.

The number of deaths due to systemic fungal infections is increasing alarmingly, which is aggravated by the limitations of traditional treatments and multidrug resistance. Therefore, the research and development of new therapeutic options against pathogenic fungi is an urgent need. To evaluate the fungicidal activity of a synthetic compound, 1,3-bis-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)propan-2-aminium chloride (2j), through time-kill studies and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling. The protective effect of the compound was also evaluated using the Drosophila melanogaster minihost model of candidiasis. Mathematical modeling of time-kill data of compound 2j was performed to obtain PD characteristics. Additionally, Toll-deficient D. melanogaster flies were infected with a Candida albicans strain and treated with 2j. We observed that compound 2j demonstrated a time- and dose-dependent fungicidal effect against Candida spp. and dermatophytes, even at low concentrations, and rapidly achieved kill rates reaching the maximum effect in less than one hour. The efficacy of the compound against systemic candidiasis in D. melanogaster flies was comparable to that achieved by fluconazole. These results support the potential of compound 2j as a systemic antifungal agent candidate and serve as a starting point for further studies involving mammalian animal models.

Evaluate the effects of whole body vibration (PV) on muscle strength and performance of Walk Six Minute Test (6MWT) in healthy elderly, allocated in Vibratory Platform Group (LWG) who underwent training in PV and Control Group (CG) not submitted to intervention. It was evaluated anthropometric profile, travelled distance in the 6MWD and muscle strenght of the lower limb through the Test 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) before and after two months of intervention. 17 otherwise healthy elderly were evaluated (GPV: n = 7 and CG: n = 10) with 65.4 ± 6.6 years. There was a significant increase in the distance walked in GPV (p = 0.0001) and increased muscle strength of the hip adductors (p = 0.014) of the Pre (66.1 ± 22.8 kg) for the post workout (72 ± 20, 3 kg) and the pre knee extensors (46.4 ± 19.7 kg) for post-training (75.0 ± 16.5 kg). The VCI increased the functional capacity and muscle strength of the lower limbs from healthy elderly. Avaliar efeitos da plataforma vibratória (PV) sobre a força muscular e desempenho do Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6) em idosas hígidas, alocadas em Grupo Plataforma Vibratória (GPV) que realizaram treino na PV e Grupo Controle (GC) não submetidos à intervenção. Avaliou-se perfil antropométrico, distância percorrida no TC6 e força muscular do membro inferior através do Teste de 1 Repetição Máxima (1-RM) pré e pós 2 meses de intervenção. 17 idosas hígidas foram avaliadas (GPV: n=7 e GC: n=10) com 65,4±6,6 anos. Houve aumento significativo da distância percorrida no GPV (p=0,0001) e aumento da força muscular dos adutores de quadril (p=0,014) do pré (66,1 ±22,8 kg) para o pós treino (72 ± 20,3 kg), bem como dos extensores de joelho do pré (46,4 ± 19,7 kg) para o pós treino (75,0 ± 16,5 kg). A VCI aumentou a capacidade funcional e força muscular de membros inferiores de idosas hígidas.

Environmental exposure to pollutants, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), could lead to carcinogenesis development. However, there is a gap on the mechanisms involved in this effect. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between exposure to environmental air pollution and inflammation process in DNA damage in taxi drivers. This study included 45 taxi drivers and 40 controls; non-smokers composed both groups. Biological monitoring was performed through quantification of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). ICAM-1 (CD54) expression, NTPDase activity, inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ) levels, and comet and micronucleus assays were evaluated. The results demonstrated that 1-OHP levels, ICAM-1 expression, NTPDase activity, and DNA damage biomarkers (% tail DNA and micronucleus frequency) were increased in taxi drivers compared to the control group (p

The inflammatory process plays a critical role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin is used in preclinical and clinical studies of neurological disorders. Its intranasal (IN) administration directly in the brain allows for its peripheral metabolic effects to be avoided. Swiss male mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.1 mg/kg) to induce low-grade inflammation. IN insulin treatment was initiated 4 h later at a dose of 1.7 IU once daily for 5 days. LPS induced cognitive deficits, which the IN insulin treatment reversed. LPS significantly decreased, whereas IN insulin significantly increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor-β in the cortex. In the hippocampus, IN insulin significantly decreased the BDNF level. LPS significantly increased the interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the cortex, while IN Insulin significantly decreased its levels in the hippocampus. The tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly decreased by IN insulin both in the cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, IN insulin significantly increased the IL-10 levels in the cortex. The levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress were significantly higher in the LPS-treated mice; however, IN insulin had a modulatory effect on both. LPS significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity both in the cortex and hippocampus, whereas IN insulin significantly increased the activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase in the hippocampus and that of catalase in the cortex. The hydrogen peroxide levels revealed that LPS significantly affected the electron transport chain. Therefore, IN insulin could be useful in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Progressive decline of physiological processes with aging is normal. Aging is also associated with decreased functional capacity and onset of many diseases. This study evaluated the changes in physical fitness (PF), body composition (BC), and lipid profile (LP) in elderly men completing different training protocols. METHODS: Fifty-five men (age 60-80 years) were randomized into the following groups: without training, aerobic training on dry land, combined training on dry land, and combined training in water. Training was conducted for 8 weeks, and PF, LP, and BC were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in all parameters; however, combined programs on land or in water were more effective at improving strength and aerobic fitness. Combined exercise produced greater effects on BC and LP and some muscle fitness parameters; however, improvements in muscular and aerobic capacities occurred independently of exercise type or model. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the effects of training occur regardless of training type or model, and are directly associated with training periodization, adherence, and regularity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Este trabalho aborda o problema de viagens que são realizadas por caminhões sem carga. Tal problema é decorrente da falta de planejamento logístico do cenário brasileiro de exportação e importação. Dois modelos matemáticos são propostos com o objetivo de minimizar o número de caminhões que trafegam sem carga e minimizar o número de caminhões necessários para executar um conjunto de viagens combinadas. O primeiro modelo contém restrições de leis de jornada de trabalho e janelas de tempo dos estabelecimentos e portos. A solução do modelo foi por meio de método exato e por outras heurísticas propostas. A segunda heurística, baseada em busca exaustiva, mostrou-se a melhor abordagem para o modelo, encontrando a mesma solução do método exato em um tempo inferior. O segundo modelo, além das restrições de leis trabalhistas e tempo limite das rotas, já presentes no primeiro, contém ainda uma restrição que estabelece datas de entregas à cada combinação de viagem, permitindo somente viagens com tempo compatível aos intervalos de entrega estipulados. A solução do modelo foi por meio do método de geração de colunas, sendo o subproblema solucionado por uma heurística. Foi possível reduzir cerca de 80% o número de caminhões necessários, em comparação com uma solução que associa um caminhão a cada viagem, o que contribui para redução de emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera, congestionamentos em cidades e portos e viagens realizadas sem carga. This paper addresses the problem of trips performed by empty trucks. This problem is due to the lack of logistical planning of the Brazilian export and import scena- rio. Two mathematical models are proposed with the objective of minimizing the number of trucks traveling empty and minimizing the number of trucks necessary to execute a set of combined trips. The first model contains constraints modelling working day laws and time windows of establishments and ports. The solution of the model was by means of an exact method and by two proposed heuristics. The second heuristic, based on exhaustive search, showed to be the best approach for the model, finding the same solution of the exact method at a shorter time. The second model, besides the working day laws and time windows constraints already included in the first model, contains also constraints about delivery times for each travel combination, allowing only travels with compatible time according to the defined delivery intervals. The solution of the model was by means of a column generation method, being the subproblem solved by a heuristic. Compared to a solution that assigns a different truck for each trip, it was possible to reduce the number of trucks around 80%, which contributes to the reduction of polluting gases into the atmosphere, congestion in cities and ports and trip performed by empty trucks.

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered one of the main causes of death in developed countries and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is an accurate indication for coronary artery disease (CAD). It is known that peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with the presence of CAD and, therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze peripheral arterial flow and the presence of intermittent claudication (CI) in patients submitted to cardiac surgery (CC) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating the presence of IC through the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire and the peripheral arterial flow by the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), measured in the upper and lower limbs by sphygmomanometer and portable vascular Doppler in the preoperative period, postoperative period (PO i ) and in the pre-discharge of patients submitted to CC. Results: Seven patients (5 males)with aged 55.3 ± 10.0 years and BMI of 28.9 ± 5.2 kg/m 2 were evaluated, of whom three presented IC. The ABI increased significantly in the PO i in relation to the preoperative period (p=0.023). In pre-discharge, the values showed a tendency to return to those obtained in the preoperative period (p=0.544). There were inverse and strong association between the general ABI and CPB in the PO i (r=-0.866, p=0.038) and in the pre-discharge (r=-0.884, p=0.027). Conclusion: The peripheral arterial flow increased in the PO i with evidence of inverse and strong association between the CPB time and the ABI. Justificación y objetivos: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son considerados una de las principales causas de muerte en los países desarrollados y de derivación de arteria coronaria (CABG) es una indicación precisa del tratamiento de la enfermedad arterial coronaria (CAD). Se sabe que la enfermedad arterial periférica (PAD) se asocia con la presencia de CAD y por lo tanto el propósito del estudio fue analizar el flujo periférico de sangre y la presencia de la claudicación intermitente (IC) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca (CC) con circulación extracorpórea (CEC). Métodos: Estudio transversal que evaluó la presencia de CI a través del Cuestionario de Claudicación de Edimburgo y el flujo de sangre periférica mediante el índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) en el período preoperatorio, postoperatorio inmediato (PDI) y pre-alta a los pacientes presentado a DC. Resultados: Siete pacientes (5 hombres) con edades de 55,3 ± 10,0 años y el IMC 28,9±5,2 kg/m2 fueron evaluados, y la AAI aumentó significativamente en el período postoperatorio inmediato respecto al preoperatorio (p=0,023). En el pre-descarga valores tendieron a volver a los valores obtenidos antes de la cirugía (p=0,544). Hubo inversa y la estrecha relación entre la ABI general y CCA en Poi (r=-0,866, p=0,038) y en la pre-alta (r=-0,884, p=0,027). El CI estaba presente en tres individuos. Conclusiones: El flujo de sangre periférica aumentó en el período postoperatorio inmediato con evidencia de relación inversa fuerte entre el tiempo de CEC y la ITB. Justificativa e objetivos: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são consideradas umas das principais causas de morte em países desenvolvidos e a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) se constitui em indicação precisa para a doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Sabe-se que a doença arterial periférica (DAP) está associada à presença de DAC e, dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar o fluxo arterial periférico e a presença de claudicação intermitente (CI) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca (CC) com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou a presença de CI através do Questionário de Claudicação de Edimburgo e o fluxo arterial periférico pelo Índice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB), mensurado em membros superiores e inferiores através de esfigmomanômetro e doppler vascular portátil no período pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato (POi) e na pré-alta de pacientes submetidos a CC. Resultados: Avaliados sete pacientes (5 homens) com idade de 55,3±10,0 anos e IMC de 28,9±5,2 Kg/m2, dos quais três apresentaram CI. O ITB aumentou significativamente no POi em relação ao pré-operatório (p=0,023). Na pré-alta, os valores apresentaram tendência de retornar aos obtidos no pré-operatório (p=0,544). Houve associação inversa e forte entre o ITB geral e CEC no POi (r=-0,866, p=0,038) e na pré-alta (r=-0,884, p=0,027). Conclusão: O fluxo arterial periférico aumentou no POi com evidência de associação inversa e forte entre o tempo de CEC e o ITB.

Mestrado em Microbiologia A realização deste trabalho teve como principais objetivos o acompanhamento da rotina laboratorial do Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.) e o desenvolvimento e implementação de nova uma metodologia por PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) que permita a confirmação de Salmonella após execução da norma ISO 6579:1-2017, e a distinção entre a estirpe vacinal e as estirpes selvagens de Salmonella presentes em amostras provenientes de produção primária. A rotina laboratorial consistia a análise de amostras alimentares, ambientais e de produção primária, inseridas em diferentes atividades (e.g. Plano de Inspeção de Géneros Alimentícios, Plano Nacional de Controlo de Salmonella, Postos de Inspeção Fronteriços e Ensaios Interlaboratoriais). Todas as amostras foram analisadas tendo em conta os parâmetros microbiológicos estabelecidos para a pesquisa de Campylobacter spp., pesquisa de enterotoxinas estafilocóccicas, pesquisa de Escherichia coli STEC/VTEC, pesquisa e contagem de Listeria monocytogenes, contagem de Enterobacteriaceae e de microrganismos a 30°C e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. A vacinação contra Salmonella é uma medida importante no controlo de bandos de frangos, perus, galinhas poedeiras e reprodutoras. Por isso, é essencial detetar no menor tempo possível a presença desta bactéria e consequentemente o seu serotipo, permitindo saber qual a estirpe de Salmonella que está a infetar os bandos. Então, procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento de uma nova metodologia relativamente rápida (i.e., após duas horas), qualitativa (i.e., presença/ausência) para deteção e diferenciação de estirpes de Salmonella através de uma técnica por RT-PCR baseada na utilização de três sondas do tipo TaqMan, contendo uma delas bases de LNA, tornando-a mais específica para deteção do serotipo vacinal. As amostras alimentares são testadas diretamente da purificação de uma colónia em NA do meio XLD que irá para serotipificação. Caso haja fluorescência no canal HEX, significa que foi detetada a sequência do gene ttr, utilizado para testar a presença de Salmonella. No caso de amostras de produção primária, são retiradas cerca de 10 colónias do XLD para NA (i.e., se através do aspeto macroscópico se suspeitar que existem diferentes serotipos) e da placa de XLD que é analisada em Lisboa, para serotipificação, e é retirada uma colónia (já purificada) de modo a confirmar os resultados obtidos, na medida em que os testes de confirmação serológicos e biológicos são realizados a partir desta mesma colónia isolada. Aqui, espera-se que haja fluorescência no canal Cy5 (nhaA-V) que deteta o gene nhaA no caso de a estirpe ser vacinal. Se a estirpe for selvagem, não haverá curva de amplificação na corrida de RT-PCR visto existir uma sequência para estirpes selvagens que compete com os locais de ligação da sonda nhaA-V. Desta forma, e associando ao seguimento das primeiras fases da norma ISO 6579 é possível garantir o isolamento de Salmonella e a eliminação dos falsos positivos. A existência de um controlo interno de amplificação (IAC) que deteta a sequência do plasmídeo pUC19, através do canal ROX, fornece uma ferramenta importante para a indicação de falsos negativos, que possam ser causados por inibição da reação de PCR, provocada pelas diferentes matrizes, ou até por algum erro no funcionamento do termociclador. Assim, foi possível concluir que a nova metodologia permite detetar Salmonella spp., após isolamento em meio XLD através da ISO 6579, e diferenciar a estirpe vacinal das selvagens, uma vez que o aspeto macroscópico obtido apresenta diferenças (i.e., aspeto côncavo no caso da estirpe vacinal e aspeto convexo no caso de estirpes selvagens). Foi ainda possível verificar que o caldo MKTTn favorecia o crescimento da estirpe vacinal e permitia com maior facilidade a sua deteção. This project’s main goals were to follow the Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research - INIAV, I.P.) laboratory daily routine and the development and implementation of a new methodology in real-time PCR (RT-PCR) that allowed the confirmation of Salmonella after the execution of normative ISO 6579:1-2017, and the distinction between vaccine and wildtype strains of Salmonella present in primary production’s samples. Laboratory daily routine consisted in the analysis of food, environmental and primary production samples, inserted in different activities (e.g., Food Inspection Plan, Airport and Seaport frontier analytical Support, Salmonella National Surveillance Plan and samples of interlaboratory assays. Every sample was analyzed taking into account the microbiological parameters established for the detection of Campylobacter spp., detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins, detection of Escherichia.coli STEC/VTEC, detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes, enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae and plate count technique of microorganisms at 30°C and detection of Salmonella spp.. The vaccination in poultry is an important measure in control of Salmonella in the broilers, turkeys, laying and breeding hens. That is why it is essential to detect as fast as possible the presence of this bacteria and consequently its serotype, allowing us to know which Salmonella’s strain is infecting the flocks. Then, we proceeded to the development of a relatively fast (i.e., after two hours of the PCR run) and qualitative (i.e., presence/absence) new methodology for the Salmonella strains detection and differentiation through RT-PCR technique based on the utilization of three TaqMan probes, one of them containing LNA bases, making it more specific for vaccine serotype detection. The food samples are directly tested from the purification of a colony in NA plate of the XLD medium which will go to the serotyping. In case of a fluorescence detection in the HEX channel, a sequence of the ttr gene was detected, which is used to detect the presence of Salmonella spp.. In case of primary production samples, 10 colonies from XLD medium are inoculated into NA plate (i.e., if there is a suspicion of the existence of different serotypes through the macroscopic appearance) and from the XLD plates which go to Lisbon, for serotyping a colony is purified so it can confirm the obtained results, in so far as the serological and biological confirmation tests are performed from this isolated colony. Here is expected to exist fluorescence in channel Cy5 (nhaA-V) which detects the nhaA gene in case of the vaccine serotype. There will be no amplification curve in the RT-PCR assay in case of wildtype strain since there is a sequence for wildtype strains that compete with specific probes of vaccine strain for similar binding sites during RT-PCR. Therefore, and associating to the follow-up of the ISO 6579 first stages it is possible to assure the Salmonella isolation and the detection of false positive results. The existence of an internal amplification control (IAC) that detects the pUC19 plasmid’s sequence, through the ROX channel, provides an important tool for the indication of false-negative results, that may be caused by the PCR reaction inhibition, caused by the different matrices, or even by an error in the thermocycle operation. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the new methodology allows to detect Salmonella spp., after isolation in the XLD medium, following ISO 6579, and differentiate the vaccinal strains from the wildtype once since the obtained macroscopic appearance reveals differences, i.e., concave appearance in the vaccinal strain’s case and convex appearance in the wildtype strains. It was also possible to see that the MKTTn broth was the medium which favoured the vaccine strain growth and allowed a easier detection.

Objetivo: Comparar a forca de preensao palmar (FPP), forca muscular respiratoria (FMR) e capacidade funcional (CF) entre puerperas de parto cesarea e nuligestas. Metodo: Estudo transversal quantitativo que avaliou mulheres com idade entre 16 e 35 anos admitidas na maternidade do Hospital Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz do Sul - RS para parto cesarea (Grupo Puerpera – GP) e nuligestas higidas (Grupo Controle – GC). Apos avaliacao das caracteristicas antropometricas foram aferidas a FPP por meio de dinamometria hidraulica manual e a FMR (Pressao Inspiratoria Maxima - PImax e Pressao Expiratoria Maxima - PEmax) por meio de manovacuometria digital. A CF foi avaliada atraves da escala Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL). Resultados: Avaliadas 30 mulheres (GC: n = 15 e GP: n = 15) com media de idade de 23,80 ± 4,61 anos e indice de massa corporea (IMC) de 23,94 ± 4,91 kg/m2. Houve reducao da PImax (p

Oxidative stress and DNA damage are involved in the glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity. Uncaria tomentosa (UT; Rubiaceae) is a plant species from South America containing bioactive compounds with known beneficial properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of UT extract in a model of acute exposure to glyphosate-Roundup® (GR) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We showed that UT (1.0 mg/mL) prevented the decrease of brain total thiols, the increase of lipid peroxidation in both brain and liver, and the decrease of liver GPx activity caused after 96 h of GR (5.0 mg/L) exposure. In addition, UT partially protected against the increase of micronucleus frequency induced by GR exposure in fish brain. Overall, our results indicate that UT protects against damage induced by a glyphosate-based herbicide by providing antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects, which may be related to the phenolic compounds identified in the extract.