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Die ETH-Bibliothek begreift das Thema generative künstliche Intelligenz (KI) als Chance, um sich innerhalb der ETH Zürich bei der Vermittlung von Informationskompetenzen (IK) verstärkt als Kompetenzzentrum zu positionieren. Das Thema generative KI soll mit verschiedenen Themenbereichen der IK verzahnt und vermittelt werden. Um dies zu erreichen, geht sie das Thema auf drei Ebenen an: Zum einen in der Organisationsentwicklung und Personalentwicklung, zum anderen mit Vernetzung, Kollaborationen und Projekten innerhalb der Hochschule sowie zum dritten mit der Weiterentwicklung des Angebotsportfolios und der Bereitstellung von zusätzlichen Informationen für ihre Zielgruppen. Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is an opportunity for ETH Library to strengthen its position within ETH Zurich as a centre of competence for teaching information literacy. It is paramount to interlink the topic of generative AI with the various aspects of information literacy. To achieve this, the topic is addressed on three levels: Firstly, in organisational and personnel development; secondly, with networking, collaborations and projects within the university; and thirdly, with the further development of the portfolio of services and the provision of additional information for its target groups.

Abstract Background A recent study conducted at our tertiary hospital emergency department (ED) reviewed ED consultations and found that adolescents aged 16–18 years present significantly more often for trauma and psychiatric problems than adults over 18 years. Accidental injuries are one of the greatest health risks for children and adolescents. In view of the increased vulnerability of the adolescent population, this study aimed to further analyse trauma-related presentations in adolescents. Methods We conducted a single-centre, retrospective, cross-sectional study of all adolescent trauma patients aged 16 to 18 years presenting to the adult ED at the University Hospital (Inselspital) in Bern, Switzerland, from January 2013 to July 2017. We analysed presentation data as well as inpatient treatment and cost-related data. Data of female and male patients were compared by univariable analysis. A comparison group was formed consisting of 200 randomly chosen patients aged 19–25 years old with the same presentation characteristics. Predictive factors for surgical treatment were obtained by multivariable analysis. Results The study population included a total of 1,626 adolescent patients aged 16–18 years. The predominant causes for ED presentation were consistent within case and comparison groups for sex and age and were sports accidents, falls and violence. Male patients were more likely to need surgical treatment (OR 1.8 [95% CI: 1.2–2.5], p = 0.001) and consequently inpatient treatment (OR 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1–2.1], p = 0.01), associated with higher costs (median 792 Swiss francs [IQR: 491-1,598]). Other independent risk factors for surgical treatment were violence-related visits (OR 2.1 [95% CI: 1.3–3.5, p = 0.004]) and trauma to the upper extremities (OR 2.02 [95% CI: 1.5–2.8], p

This article presents ideas from our educational practice in chemistry teaching, focusing on understanding rather than just learning by heart. We recommend always asking students to justify statements, to use chemical formulae as a starting point and aid to reasoning, and to require as little factual knowledge as possible. Because tasks with calculations, formulae and reaction equations can be solved in a recipe-like manner, they should be supplemented with comprehension questions. If students describe processes with sketches at model level and formulate explanations in their own words, it becomes particularly clear whether they have understood the concept.

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in 1370 mountaineers at four different altitudes in the Western Alps. We also examined the influence of potential risk factors and the knowledge about AMS on its prevalence.MethodsIn this observational cross-sectional study AMS was assessed on the day of ascent by the Lake Louise score (LLS, cut-off ≥3, version 2018) and the AMS-Cerebral (AMS-C) score of the environmental symptom questionnaire (cut-off ≥0,70). The latter was also obtained in the next morning. Knowledge regarding AMS and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and the potential risk factors for AMS were evaluated by questionnaires.ResultsOn the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. The AMS prevalence increased overnight from 10.1 to 14.5% and from 15 to 25.2% at 3650 m and 4559 m, respectively, and was unchanged at 2850 m and 3050 m. A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. Slow ascent was weakly associated with AMS prevalence, and sex and knowledge about AMS and HACE were indistinct.ConclusionAMS is common at altitudes ≥ 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge.

Prolonged hypoxia, which can be due to stroke or ascent to high altitude, can lead to cerebral edema. Here, the authors used a combination of sodium and proton MRI and experimentally induced hypoxic conditions to identify the cause for brain swelling: Ionic edema, an intermediate between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema defined by sodium ion accumulation in extracellular space and an intact endothelium.

Acute pulmonary edema is a serious condition that may occur as a result of increased hydrostatic forces within the lung microvasculature or increased microvascular permeability. Heart failure or other cardiac or renal disease are common causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. However, pulmonary edema may even occur in young and healthy individuals when exposed to extreme environments, such as immersion in water or at high altitude. Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) share some morphological and clinical characteristics; however, their underlying mechanisms may be different. An emerging understanding of IPE indicates that an increase in pulmonary artery and capillary pressures caused by substantial redistribution of venous blood from the extremities to the chest, in combination with stimuli aggravating the effects of water immersion, such as exercise and cold temperature, play an important role, distinct from hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in high altitude pulmonary edema. This review aims at a current perspective on both IPE and HAPE, providing a comparative view of clinical presentation and pathophysiology. A particular emphasis will be on recent advances in understanding of the pathophysiology and occurrence of IPE with a future perspective on remaining research needs.

A simple synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from lemon juice is described to introduce advanced high-school students and undergraduate college students to nanoparticle synthesis and quantum dots. The synthesis is based on the carbonization of lemon juice using only a hot plate stirrer. Column chromatography is used to separate different carbon quantum dots according to their size. This laboratory experiment can be carried out within a 2 h laboratory course and introduces the students to (1) nanotechnology and nanoparticle synthesis, using safe and commonly available chemicals. Furthermore, (2) the concept of fluorescence can be visualized in an intriguing manner using a pocket UV lamp. (3) This experiment serves as an introduction into size-exclusion chromatography. (4) An insight into possible sensing applications is given by the specific fluorescence quenching with an iron(III) solution. The experiment has been tested with 80 students in 4 Swiss high schools, and the knowledge of the students was tested before and after the experiment with a questionnaire. The performance increased by 0.42 [plus or minus] 0.39 on a grading scale of 1 to 6. The calculated average effect size was 0.76, which is in the range of a medium- to large-effect size, indicating a favorable effect of the experiment on the nanoparticle knowledge of the students.

The topic 'Sulfa-Drugs in secondary school chemistry' has been developed in cooperation of three high schools (Kantonsschulen). Three essential aspects are covered that ideally complement each other: 1. The synthesis of sulfamethoxazole – an antibiotic 'without side effects' – as a practical course in a school laboratory; 2. An introduction to the topic 'drug design' with the question of structure, effect and side effects of sulfonamides; 3. A detailed answer to the question of how side effects can be avoided by the design of drugs using molecular modelling. Teaching materials on all topics can be downloaded free of charge from Swisseduc. ch (see box). The article discusses various possible approaches in high school chemistry along the lines of a well-established teaching unit on sulfonamides.

The interest in trekking and mountaineering is increasing, and growing numbers of individuals are travelling to high altitude. Following ascent to high altitude, individuals are at risk of developing one of the three forms of acute high-altitude illness: acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). The cardinal symptom of AMS is headache that occurs with an increase in altitude. Additional symptoms are anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fatigue. HACE is characterized by truncal ataxia and decreased consciousness that generally but not always are preceded by worsening AMS. The typical features of HAPE are a loss of stamina, dyspnea, and dry cough on exertion, followed by dyspnea at rest, rales, cyanosis, cough, and pink, frothy sputum. These diseases can develop at any time from several hours to 5 days following ascent to altitudes above 2,500-3,000 m. Whereas AMS is usually self-limited, HACE and HAPE represent life-threatening emergencies that require timely intervention. For each disease, we review the clinical features, epidemiology and the current understanding of their pathophysiology. We then review the primary pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to the management of each form of acute altitude illness and provide practical recommendations for both prevention and treatment. The essential principles for advising travellers prior to high-altitude exposure are summarized.Key Words: Acute Mountain Sickness, High Altitude Cerebral Edema, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema, Hypoxia

The ontogeny of the human immune system was studied by analyzing fetal and adult tissues for the presence of various lymphocyte populations and activation/maturation markers. CD95 (fas) was expressed in hematopoietic tissues during the final stages of development of monocytes, granulocytes, NK cells and T cells, but to a much lesser extent on B cells. In the periphery, CD95 expression declined on granulocytes and NK cells. CD95 was expressed at a higher level on CD45RA(+) peripheral T-cells in the fetus than in the adult. Contrary to the belief that most fetal T-cells are naive or resting, a notable number of CD45RO(+) T-cells were observed as well as an unique CD95(-)CD45RO(+) population. Activation markers CD25, CD122, CD69 and CD80 were also present on fetal T-cells. These findings indicate that in the initial weeks following thymic maturation, a high frequency of T-cells is activated in the periphery of the fetus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A key challenge for climate change mitigation on the consumer side is to break habits that excessively lead to carbon emission. One of the culturally most robust human routines is the heavy reliance of the Western societies on conventional meat sources such as beef, pork, and poultry, which were recently accused of causing particularly high climate costs. In this light, the UN (FAO) has suggested the increasing use of insects as an alternative source of animal protein intended for human diets. Yet, insects have not reached the mainstream of Western cuisine. Currently, a frequent promotion strategy of insects is to highlight the Utilitarian benefits associated with their consumption (e.g., with respect to the environment or one's health). The present research addresses the efficacy of such claims in a consumer research study involving 180 participants recruited from the general population in Germany. Arguing based on social-cognitive research in the area of moral and environmental psychology, we hypothesized and found that a focus on beneficial, but temporally distant motives (e.g., health)—counterintuitively—decreases consumption in comparison to immediate, hedonic advertisements (e.g., tasty). Furthermore, our study provides process evidence suggesting pretrial expectations induced by a particular claim mediate the relationship between claims and consumption. Thus, the present research not only refutes a state-of-the-art approach in the promotion of insects as food, but also provides an alternative approach and process evidence by integrating psychological factors.

At any point 1–5 days following ascent to altitudes ≥2500 m, individuals are at risk of developing one of three forms of acute altitude illness: acute mountain sickness, a syndrome of nonspecific symptoms including headache, lassitude, dizziness and nausea; high-altitude cerebral oedema, a potentially fatal illness characterised by ataxia, decreased consciousness and characteristic changes on magnetic resonance imaging; and high-altitude pulmonary oedema, a noncardiogenic form of pulmonary oedema resulting from excessive hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction which can be fatal if not recognised and treated promptly. This review provides detailed information about each of these important clinical entities. After reviewing the clinical features, epidemiology and current understanding of the pathophysiology of each disorder, we describe the current pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Specific very dry high-ozone layers, starting roughly two days after the onset of high-pressure periods during the warm season, have been reproducibly observed in the middle and upper troposphere with the ozone lidar in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany). These episodes, previously not understood, were recently analysed based on extending backward simulations with the FLEXPART particle dispersion model to as many as twenty days and on jet-stream analyses including calculations with the LAGRANTO transport model. In all six cases analysed the model results indicate ozone import from the stratosphere on an extremely long path along the subtropical jet stream over the Pacific Ocean, Asia and, in part, all the way back to the Atlantic Ocean. The analysis suggests that stratospheric influence is the most important factor for the increase in ozone and is related to rather shallow transfer of air from the stratosphere into the upper- and mid-tropospheric air streams observed with the lidar. Contributions from the boundary layers of East Asia and North America are just occasionally present, in one case documented by a very dense aerosol plume from the Asian deserts. The considerable vertical and temporal extent of many of these layers and peak ozone mixing ratios between 80 and 150 ppb suggest that the observations are related to an important mechanism for stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) and also confirm the model predictions of pronounced and persistent STT along the subtropical jet stream.