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Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 45 species in Flora of Turkey. Sideritis lanata L. (Hairy ironwort) is located in the north-west, west, south-west and central Anatolia. Mountain tea (Sideritis plants) is used as a traditional remedy against common cold and gastrointestinal disorders. Its beneficial properties are attributed to its rich bioactive constituents. In this study, the antioxidant activities of the extracts of Sideritis lanata prepared using different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol) from the aerial parts were determined by DPPH· scavenging effect assay. Also; determined of the antimicrobial activity of S. lanata extracts against 4 bacteria and 5 Candida species. Dried aerial parts of Sideritis were subjected to hydrodistillation and the oil obtained was analyzed by using GC and GC/MS. S. lanata extracts prepared with 70% ethanol was found to have a higher DPPH· scavenging activity (IC50= 0.241 mg/mL) than extracts prepared with other solvents. All extracts showed generally weak inhibitory effects (500-8000 μg/mL, MIC) against bacterial strains. Inhibitory doses against the tested Candida species were determined between 125-4000 μg/mL. The 70% ethanol extract of S. lanata inhibited Candida tropicalis (ATCC 750) (MIC: 125 μg/mL).

Objectives In this study, it was aimed to characterize the phenolic contents of Ajuga reptans L., Ajuga salicifolia (L.) Schreber and Ajuga genevensis L. and to investigate their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Materials and Methods Air dried aerial parts of A. reptans L., A. salicifolia (L.) Schreber, and A. genevensis L. collected from Turkey were extracted with methanol (70%), and the phenolic composition of the crude extracts was analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. To determine the total phenolic content the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used. The radical scavenging activities of the extracts were evaluated by the photometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays (TEAC). Furthermore, Ajuga sp. extracts were tested against Escherichia coli NRRL B3008, Staphylococcus areus ATCC 6538, Salmonella thyphimurium ATCC 13311, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-3711, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida tropicalis ATCC 1369, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 using the in vitro broth dilution assay. Results The LC-MS/MS analyses identified 19 compounds. The amount of total phenolics ranged from 30.0 to 42.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/g in all extracts. According to the results of TEAC assay, the tested extracts were found to have relatively high activity at 1.2-1.5 mM concentrations. Ajuga sp. extracts inhibited all tested microorganisms; however, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis exhibited relatively more susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration: 156.25 µg/mL) compared to the bacteria tested. Conclusion The antioxidant activities of all extracts were determined for the first time by the TEAK method, and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of A. salicifolia was investigated for the first time against selected strains.

Anatolia is one of the most important main gene centers of V. vinifera grapes in the world. Although The Black Sea Region has a fairly wide geographic area in Turkey, the European grapes are the least grown in this region except for V. labrusca grapes. Because of the having heavy rainfall in both spring and autumn of the region, when combined with insufficient sunshine during the vegetation period, V. vinifera cultivars are not be grown economically in this humid northern area. Samsun city is settled in the Black Sea region, and has two important agricultural plains. Although Samsun settled in this humid region, it has the least rainfall compared to other coastal provinces towards the Eastern Black Sea Region. In this study, the adaptation of some wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Samsun conditions is evaluated by examining the phenology and ripening characteristics of ‘Merlot’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Syrah’, ‘Ugni Blanc’, ‘Kalecik Karasi’, ‘Muscat’ and ‘Chardonnay’grapes from 2014 to 2016. Some different climatic indices were used to assess the potential of wine grape cultivars grown in this region. In the study, grapes were evaluated whether will grow or not suitable in this location by using Winkler Index (WI), Huglin Index (HI), Branas Heliothermic Index (BHI), and Hydrothermic Index (Hyl). When the climatic indices evaluated according to long term climate records; Huglin index 1983; Winkler index 1848; Branas Hyl 3991, and Heliothermic index were found as 3.5 oC. According to average values of 2014, 2015, and 2016 years; the Huglin index 2290; Winkler index 2132; Branas Hyl index 5198, and Heliothermic index was determined as 3.8 oC. The phenological investigations and the evaluated climatic records showed that the research area is very favorable to grow wine grapes. According to Hyl results, moderate fungal disease risk might be considered for the central coastal area of the Samsun region.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of cyclotorsion compensation with an image-guided system (Callisto eye; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) on the visual and refractive outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery for astigmatism. METHODS: The medical records of 124 right eyes of 124 patients with astigmatism of 0.75 diopters (D) or greater who underwent SMILE for myopic astigmatism were reviewed. Patients were treated with cyclotorsion compensated SMILE or standard SMILE. After the sitting position reference axis was registered with IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG), these data were transferred to the Callisto eye system, which was connected to the operating VisuMax microscope (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Cyclotorsion was measured by activating the Z-align function and compensated for by repositioning the patient's body or tilting the head until the reference axis from the IOLMaster 700 (0–180) was parallel to a manually drawn reference axis on the screen (0–180) before docking. The visual and refractive results were studied preoperatively and postoperatively. Astigmatic changes were interpreted using the Alpins method. RESULTS: Six months after surgery, the results showed that the astigmatic eyes in the cyclotorsion compensated group had improved axial alignment, more precise astigmatic correction, and better postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) compared with the standard group. The mean logMAR UDVA was 0.02 ± 0.10 (range: −0.15 to 0.30) and 0.06 ± 0.11 (range: −0.15 to 0.30) ( P = .13) and the mean astigmatic error was −0.19 ± 0.17 D (range: −0.50 to 0.00 D) and −0.45 ± 0.38 D (range: −1.50 to 0.00 D) ( P < .001) in the cyclotorsion compensated group and the standard group, respectively. In regard to vector analysis, the mean index of success was 0.00 ± 0.00 (range: 0.00 to 0.00) and 0.40 ± 0.48 (range: 0.00 to 2.72) ( P < .001), and the mean absolute angle of error in degrees was 1.18 ± 2.23 (range: 0.00 to 13.00) and 3.76 ± 3.80 (range: 0.00 to 14.00) ( P < .001) in the cyclotorsion compensated group and the standard group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the Callisto eye system with a VisuMax laser might be an efficacious and reliable approach to enhance astigmatism treatment with SMILE surgery. [ J Refract Surg . 2020;36(3):142–149.]

OBJECTIVES: In this study, it was aimed to characterize the phenolic contents of Ajuga reptans L., Ajuga salicifolia (L.) Schreber and Ajuga genevensis L. and to investigate their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Air dried aerial parts of A. reptans L., A. salicifolia (L.) Schreber, and A. genevensis L. collected from Turkey were extracted with methanol (70%), and the phenolic composition of the crude extracts was analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. To determine the total phenolic content the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used. The radical scavenging activities of the extracts were evaluated by the photometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays (TEAC). Furthermore, Ajuga sp. extracts were tested against Escherichia coli NRRL B3008, Staphylococcus areus ATCC 6538, Salmonella thyphimurium ATCC 13311, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-3711, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida tropicalis ATCC 1369, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 using the in vitro broth dilution assay. RESULTS: The LC-MS/MS analyses identified 19 compounds. The amount of total phenolics ranged from 30.0 to 42.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/g in all extracts. According to the results of TEAC assay, the tested extracts were found to have relatively high activity at 1.2-1.5 mM concentrations. Ajuga sp. extracts inhibited all tested microorganisms; however, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis exhibited relatively more susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration: 156.25 µg/mL) compared to the bacteria tested. CONCLUSION: The antioxidant activities of all extracts were determined for the first time by the TEAK method, and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of A. salicifolia was investigated for the first time against selected strains.

In this present study, it was aimed to determine the composition of the essential oil obtained by water distillation from the aerial parts of Origanum acutidens. The oil was analysed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Carvacrol (69.3%), p-cymene (8.3%), y-terpinene (6.3%), β-caryophyllene (2.7%) and borneol (2.2%) were found as main constituents. In addition, headspace-solid phase microextraction using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB – 65 μm) fiber of O. acutidens was performed and analysed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The main components were identified as: carvacrol (44.0%), p-cymene (25%), ϒ-terpinene (8%), β-caryophyllene (6.1%) and borneol (6.1%), respectively.

The genus Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) is represented in Turkey by 105 species (110 taxa), 53 of them and 1 variety are endemic for Turkey. Some species of Onosma are used as herbs, traditional medicine such as against burns, wounds and ailments (4,5). Hydrodistilled essential oils of the aerial parts of Onosma isaurica Boiss. & Heldr. And Onosma bulbotrichum DC. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. The oil of O. isaurica contained hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (20.3%), phytol (19.0%), farnesyl acetone (8.1%) and neophytadiene isomer I/Tetradecanal (7.0%).as main constituents. The oil of O. bulbotrichum was characterized by the occurrence of hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (11.6%), farnesyl acetone (9.9%), hexadecanal (8.8%) E-geranyl acetone (7.4%) and neophytadiene isomer I (7.3%) as major components.

Continuous improvement of the genetic potential through breeding studies in poultry has led to an increase in the nutrient density of the feed rations given to these animals. In poultry farming, approximately 70% to 75% of the operating costs constitute feeding costs, of which about 15% are animal proteins. The protein requirement of poultry is provided by feed stuff rations and usually by soy bean meal or fish meal. Limited production opportunities and price increases have led to the need to use alternative feed additives that can be substituted for these products. Research conducted to date suggests that worms, rich in essential amino acids and a high digestible protein source can be used as substitutes. As a source of alternative protein, worms are consumed by their poultry in their natural habitat, while intensive and extensive studies are needed to be used as a sustainable feed additive. In this review, research on the usability of worms as an alternative protein source in poultry diets has been compiled and evaluated.

3rd Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP) -- APR 13-16, 2017 -- Girne, CYPRUS, WOS: 000405924600016, The purpose of this study is to determine the heavy metal content that is important in human health and the plants sold as Melissa L. in herbalists. Plant samples were purchased from 14 different herbalist and specimens were identified by Flora of Turkey. Heavy metal contents (Fe, Co, Mn, Zn, Al, Cd) and some nutrients (Na, K, Ca, Mg) were identified by the ICP-OES method. As a result of the diagnoses, 4 of 14 samples were Melissa officinalis L. and others were identified as Lippia citriodora. According to ICP analysis, Zn, Cd and Co were not found in any sample. Other elements were found to be Al 200.93- 695.29 mg/kg, Fe 4.51-339.37 mg/kg, Mn 1.61-73.59 mg/kg, Mg 3611.17-10001.73 mg/kg, Ca 9727.78-25435.9 mg/kg, K 10484.44-21975.71 mg/kg, Na 176.78-524.97 mg/kg, respectively. Fe, Ca and Mg has been found above the level of toxic effects in terms of human health, while other elements were within the optimum limit., Anadolu University Scientific Research Committee [1605S492], The study has been supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Committee (Project No. 1605S492).

WOS: 000520855700007, Apart from being a popular spice, Origanum species is very important taxa as an herbal medicine for their several pharmacological activities. Essential oils of Origanum species bearing phenolic monoterpenoids such as carvacrol and thymol demonstrated strong antimicrobial properties. in the present study hydrodistilled essential oil of endemic species Origanum boissieri Ietswaart were analysed by GC and GC/MS techniques simultaneously. Thirty compounds representing 95.1 % of the total oil were identified. Carvacrol (39%) and p-cymene (32%) were detected as the main components of the oil. Total methanol extract and essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of the plant with the carvacrol and p-cymene were screened for its antibacterial and anticandidal properties by using microdilution broth assay. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus suhtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphlylococcus epiderrnidis and Listeria inortocytogenes were strongly inhibited by the oil between the concentrations of 15,6 - 62.5 mu g/mL. O. boissieri extract and the oil showed moderate effects against all tested Candida strains having MIC values of 125-1000 mu g/mL.

WOS: 000394375800008 This research was conducted to determine the changes in the seasonal carbohydrates of annual shoots and growth characteristics of 10 years old 'Trakya A degrees lkeren' grape variety. Grapevines are grafted on 5BB and 5C rootstocks and they were grown in heavy clay soil conditions. In the study, changes of sugar, starch and total carbohydrates were determined from bud burst to dormancy. While sugar, starch and total carbohydrates showed significant differences (P < 0.01) there were no differences between rootstocks. Although sugar, starch and total carbohydrates of shoots decreased from bud burst to blooming, they increased thereafter until vegetative growth stopped. Total carbohydrates of annual shoots have been found to accumulate in period from blooming to harvest. Total and mean leaf area, shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio showed significantly variation among rootstocks and phenological stages (P < 0.01). Whereas the highest chlorophyll contents were found in the blooming, it was found at the lowest through to harvest. Overall mean and total leaf area, shoot length and shoot diameter, total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were significantly higher on 5BB grafted vines. In the study, 5BB rootstocks are found suitable in terms of shoot carbohydrate accumulation and growth characteristics for 'Trakya A degrees lkeren' grape variety.

WOS: 000416549800003, In this paper, 31 mostly endemic and locally distributed Turkish Centaurea taxa belonging to Centaurea and Phalolepis sections were examined in terms of their karyomorphology. The basic chromosome number for all of the studied species was concurringly determined as 9(x = 9) for both sections, excluding C. hierapolitana. We also determined tetraploid and hexaploid species in spite of many species having diploid chromosome numbers. Twelve chromosome counts are reported for the first time and most of the karyotyping analyses are described for the first time via the KAMERAM program. The karyotypes had a predominance of metacentric (m) chromosomes. However, in the karyotyping of six taxa, submetacentric (sm) chromosomes were dominant. Five quantitative asymmetric indices were used to evaluate karyological features of the species. A meaningful dendrogram was carried out to assess the karyotype-symmetry conditions and describe the karyotyping relationships between different taxa., Selcuk University [BAP-Project] [06401023], This work was supported by the Selcuk University [BAP-Project No: 06401023].

The genus Scutellaria L. (Lamiaceae) is represented in Turkey by 16 species, 1 natural hybrid, 38 taxa, 16 being endemic in Turkey (1,2). Hydrodistilled essential oils of the aerial parts of Scutellaria altissima L. and Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. pinnatifida Edmondson were analyzed by GC and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. The oil of S. altissima contained β-caryophyllene (34.7 %), caryophyll-5-en-12-al (14.4%), linalool (14.3%) and hexadecanoic acid (7.1%) as main constituents. The oil of S. orientalis L. subsp. pinnatifida was characterized by the occurrence of germacrene D (56.9%), β-caryophyllene (10.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.1%) as major components. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the GC and GC/MS determination of the essential oil composition of the S. altissima and S. orientalis subsp. pinnatifida species studied.

The popular medicinal plant Prunella vulgaris L., (Lamiaceae) is a perennial and an edible herbaceous plant which is widely distributed in the temperate zone and tropical mountains of Europe and Asia. Due to its medicinal and industrial importance, the demand for P. vulgaris has increased steadily in recent years. In the present study, the volatile compounds of the P. vulgaris were accumulated by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique, and, analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The chemical composition of the methanolic extract (ME) and infusion (INF) of P. vulgaris were determined. Aerial parts of P. vulgaris INF of the major compounds were found hexanal (23.1%), ionol (10.7%), (Z)-3-hexenal (3.2%) and 3,5-octadien-2-one. The ME of P. vulgaris were characterized with α-fenchone (11.1%), hexanal (8.2%), 3,5-octadien-2-one (4.7%), methyl benzoate (4.5%) and selina-4,11-diene (3.1%). It was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of P. vulgaris extracts (ME, INF) in in vitro conditions against different kinds of microorganisms. The INF showed weak antimicrobial activity Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) against all tested microorganisms whereas ME showed weak antimicrobial effects E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. pyogenes (20 mg / mL) and C. albicans (15 mg / mL).

In this study, Eskişehir city and its environment were defined as a study area and wild plants consumed as food in this region were selected as research material. According to the study, 28 wild plants consumed as food around Eskişehir were determined. These plants were identified as Amaranthus retroflexus (Kızılbacak), Beta corolliflora (Kır Pancarı), Capsella bursa-pastoris (Çoban Çantası), Carduus nutans (Devedikeni), Centaurea urvillei (Çoban Çökerten), Chenopodium album (Sirken), Cichorium intybus (Karakavuk), Erodium cicutarium (Çoban İğnesi), Galega officinalis (Keçisakalı), Glaucium corniculatum (Boynuz Gelincik), Lactuca serriola (Acı Marul), Malva neglecta (Ebegümeci), Nasturtium officinale (Su Teresi), Papaver rhoeas (Gelincik), Papaver somniferum (Haşhaş), Polygonum lagathifolium (Madımak), Portulaca oleracea (Semizotu), Ranunculus ficaria (Arpacıksalebi), Raphanus raphanistrum (Turpotu), Rumex acetosa (Kuzukulağı), Rumex crispus (Labada), Silene alba (Toklubaşı), Stellaria media (Bulgurcuk), Taraxacum officinale (Acıgüneyik), Tragopogon dubius (Yemlik), Tragopogon pratensis (Teke Sakalı), Urtica dioica (Büyük Isırgan) and Urtica urens (Küçük Isırgan). The findings of this study have revealed that the wild plants are an important alternative to well known agricultural products and have important potential for the realization of sustainable rural development.

WOS: 000442777800002 Nutrition of grapevines is very sensitive issue in vineyards. Soil quality is very important matter for growth and quality in vine growing. Rootstocks affect the growth and productivity of grapevine as well as increase or decrease of the nutrient uptake. The present study was conducted to determine the phenological changes of nutrient uptakes in 10 years Trakya tlkeren' grape variety (Vitis vinifera L.) in the heavy clay soil conditions. The grapevines are grown on 5BB and 5C rootstocks. The changes of macro and micronutrients in leaf blades from bud burst to post harvest period were investigated in the experiment. Leaf nutrient contents of leaf blades show varied depending on the phenological stages and rootstocks (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaf blade was decreased until veraison stage for both rootstocks. The highest potassium (K) content was obtained at blooming stage. In blooming stage nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) nutrients was found high on 5C rootstock whereas calcium (Ca) was high on 5BB. Grapevines were found insufficient for P, K and Mg nutrients in the study. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll alb ratio showed significantly varied among to rootstocks and phenological stages (P < 0.01). While the highest leaf chlorophyll content was measured during flowering period it was found at the lowest through to harvest on both rootstocks. Overall total chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll alb ratio were significantly higher on 5BB grafted vines. In the research, 5C was found to be more successful rootstock than 5BB for nutrient uptakes.

Cistus creticus L. is a well-known member of the Cistaceae family. In this present study, methanol extract of aerial parts of C. creticus was evaluated for its antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 2374, Fusarium culmorum NRRL 3288, Alternaria alternata ATCC 6663, and Botry-tis cinerea AHU 9424, respectively. The in vitro antifungal activity of C. creticus extract was determined by calculating mycelial growth inhibition. It was demonstrated that methanol extract of C. creticus has shown antifungal activity on F. mon-iliforme (36,7%) and B. cinerea (30,2%). Moreover, we are planning to evaluate the active fractions which are responsible for the antifungal activity in further studies.

WOS: 000412212900026, Background: Ajuga species are anthelmintic, diuretic, antifungal, and antimycobacterial agents. Lamiaceae members Ajuga postii Briq. and Ajuga relicta P.H. Davis are local endemic species of Turkey. Aim: To give information about the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the species. Methods: The total phenolic contents of the extracts have been quantified with Folin Ciocalteu colorimetric method, and the antioxidant activities of the extracts have been tested with DPPH, ABTS, and beta-carotene / Linoleic acid assays. Results: Deodorized water extracts of the two species have been observed with the highest phenolic contents. 70% methanol extracts of A. relicta have the highest rates for the three antioxidant activity tests. However, different extracts of A. postii have been observed with different activity rates in all three antioxidant assays. Conclusion: The species are in restricted areas and can become extinct over time, therefore important of the study increases., Anadolu University Scientific Research Committee [1501S009], The study has been supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Committee (Project No. 1501S009). Also, the authors are thankful to Dr. Fatih Goger.

WOS: 000424384100004, In the present study, aerial parts of Nepeta cilicica were hydro-distilled for the essential oil. Furthermore, air-dried plant materials were extracted with methanol. According to GC-MS results, 35 compounds were characterized in the oil (totally 92%). Caryophyllene oxide, beta-caryophyllene and spathulenol (28.2, 8.9 and 4.2%) were found as main components of the oil. Sixteen compounds were detected by LC/MS, most of which were caffeoylquinic acid, luteolin and apigenin derivatives, in methanolic extract of the N. cilicica. Apart from DPPH radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effects on bacterial and yeast growth of essential oil and the methanolic extract were evaluated. Twenty-four different pathogenic bacterial and Candida strains were tested by M7-A7 and CLSI M27-A2 protocols respectively. The crude extract showed better inhibitory effects against bacteria strains than the essential oil. Both oil and the extract demonstrated strong inhibition on C. tropicalis at a concentration of 47.0 mu g/mL (MIC).

Bağ kurarken filoksera ile bulaşık alanlarda tek seçenek aşılı asma fidanı kullanmaktır. Yeni kurulacak bağlarda kullanılan aşılı asma fidanlarının iyi gelişmiş, sağlıklı ve çeşit/anaç kombinasyonunun iyi belirlenmiş olması gerekir. Aşılı asma fidanı üretiminde yüzdesel olarak I.Boy fidan üretimini en yüksek düzeyde tutmak en önemli hedeftir. Fidanlık toprağının fidan randımanı ve kalitesi bakımından önemi çok fazladır. Bu araştırmada, üç farklı anaca aşılı (5BB, SO4 ve 11OR) 'Kokulu Kara Üzüm' (V. labrusca L.) ve 'Şiraz' (Vitis vinifera L.) çeliklerinin ağır killi toprak yapısına sahip fidanlık şartlarında köklenme ve fidan gelişim düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada anaçların kaynaştırama odası performansı, fidan randımanı ile bazı büyüme parametreleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler 'Tartılı Derecelendirme Metodu' kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucuna göre ağır bünyeli fidanlık toprağı şartlarında 5BB anacı Kokulu Kara Üzüm ve Şiraz çeşidi için en yüksek puanı almıştır. Grafted vines are the only option while establishing vineyards over the sites contaminated with phylloxera. Grafted vines will be used to establishment new vineyards should be well-developed, healthy and compatible with the scions. In the grafted vines production the importance of nursery soil on the yield and quality of grafted grapevine production is too much. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on rooting and vine vine growth of grafted cuttings of 'Foxy Grape' (Vitis labrusca L.) and 'Shiraz' (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes on three different rootstocks in the heavy clay nursery conditions. In the study, callusing room performance of the rootstock, grafted vine yield and root development and some growth parameters were investigated. The data were evaluated with using the Weighted Ranking Method. According to weighted ranking points, 5BB rootstock received the highest score for Vitis labrusca L. and Shiraz grapes in heavy textured soil conditions.

Flowering aerial parts of Stachvs citrina Boiss. et Heldr. sıtbsp. citrina (Lamiaceae) being endemic for Tıırkev were subjected to hvdrodistili ati on to obtain the essential oil which was further analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS, simultaneously. 36 constituents were determined in the oil, where a-pinene (29.8%) and f-phellandrene (13.6%) w ere identifıed as the maiti components. The anticandidal and antibaeterial effects of the oil were evaluated by ıısing mierodilution method. The oil showed weak inhibitorv effects against the tested bacteria panel (1.25 to 5.0 mg/mL, MIC) whereas the Candida strains were inhibited at lower concentrations of the oil. Especiallv C. glabrata was inhibited at a concentration of0.078 mg/mL of the oil

WOS: 000382009300009 The present study was conducted to determine the phenological changes in leaf nutrient contents in 10-years Vitis labrusca L. grapes grafted on 140Ru, 5BB and 5C rootstocks. In the experiment, changes of leaf macro and micro element contents from bud burst to post harvest period were investigated in the heavy clay soil conditions. Nutrient contents of leaf blades showed varied depending on the phenological stages and rootstocks (P < 0.01). P, K, Mg and Ca levels of leaf blade exhibited significant differences based on rootstocks and phenological periods between blooming and veraison. While Zn level was obtained sufficient on 5BB of grafted grapevines, it was found to be insufficient in grapevines grafted on 140Ru and 5C rootstocks. In general, grapevines were found insufficient for P, K and Mg nutrients. Total chlorophyll contents of leaves were found at high in the blooming period. Although the highest chlorophyll contents were found in the blooming period, it was determined at the lowest through to harvest. In the study, 5BB rootstock was evaluated to be favorable in terms of nutrient uptake.

Stachys cinsi (Lamiaceae) dunya uzerinde tanimlanmis yaklasik 300 turle genis bir yayilis gosterirken, bu cins ulkemizde %48 endemizm oraniyla 91 tur ve 116 taksa ile temsil edilmektedir. Anadolu’da “Deli adacayi” veya “Dag cayi” isimleriyle bilinen Stachys turleri sahip oldugu antibakteriyel, antienflamatuvar, antipiretik, antioksidan ve sitotoksik etkilerinden dolayi, halk arasinda cilt hastaliklari, ulser, kanser, solunum rahatsizliklari ve bobrek hastaliklarinda kullanilmaktadir. Yapilan calismalarda sekonder metabolitlerinin genellikle iridoit ve flavon glikozitleri ile diterpenler ve ucucu yaglar oldugu ortaya konmustur. Calismamizda Mersin ve civari icin endemik olan Stachys rupestris Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.’in cicekli toprak ustu kisimlarindan hidrodistilasyon ile elde edilen ucucu yagin kompozisyonu gaz kromatografisi/alev iyonlasma dedektoru ve gaz kromatografisi/kutle spektrometresi ile ortaya konmustur, Ana bilesenler a-pinen (%14.4), tetradekanoik asit (%10.3) ve β-karyofillen (%5.3) olarak saptanmistir. Ucucu yagin patojen bakteri ve maya turlerine karsi antimikrobiyal ozellikleri “Klinik ve Laboratuvar Standartlari Enstitusu”nun yayimladigi CLSI M27-A2 ve M7-A7 protokolleri uyarinca mikrodilusyon duyarlilik testleri ile ortaya konmustur. Yagin bakterilere kiyasla test edilen Candida turlerine karsi daha etkili oldugu gorulmus, Candida parapsilosis , C. zeylanoides ve C. krusei ’yi 31,25 µg/mL, C. zeylanoides ’i ise 15,0 µg/mL konsantrasyonda (MIK) inhibe ettigi belirlenmistir.

Grafted vines are the only option while establishing vineyards over the sites contaminated with phylloxera. Furthermore, grafted vines used to establish new vineyards should be well-developed, healthy and compatible with the scions. In this research, we aimed to find out the most suitable rootstock for ‘Merzifon Karası’ using ten rootstocks (140 Ruggeri, 110 R, 99 R, 41B, 5C, 5BB, SO4, 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri and Rupestris du Lot) in 2010 and 2011. The effects on the callusing performance, growth parameters and graft development characteristics were evaluated by the modified weighted-ranking method. Significant differences were obtained in terms of callus formation, rooting capacity and growth characteristics of cultivar among the rootstocks. Callus formation rate (97.7%) and callus development level (3.7) were better on 8B grafted cuttings. Rooting percentage was found the highest on 1103 Paulsen rootstock (64.8%). While the shoot length and diameter differed according to the rootstocks (P, Filoksera ile bulaşık alanlarda bağ kurarken tek seçenek aşılı asma fidanı kullanmaktır. Bununla birlikte, yeni kurulacak bağlarda kullanılan aşılı asma fidanlarının iyi gelişmiş, sağlıklı ve üzerine aşılı çeşitle uyuşur olması gerekir. Bu çalışmada, ‘Merzifon Karası’ üzüm çeşidine en uygun olabilecek anaçların belirlenmesi için 2010 ve 2011 yılları arasında, on farklı asma anacı kullanıldı (140 Ruggeri, 110 R, 99 R, 41B, 5C, 5BB, SO4, 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri ve Rupestris du Lot). Anaçların kallus oluşturma performansı, gelişme özellikleri ve aşı gelişimi üzerine etkileri tartılı derecelendirme metodu ile değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı anaçların kallus oluşumu, köklenme kapasitesi ve çeşidin büyüme özellikleri üzerine istatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek kallus oluşum oranı (%97.7) ve kallus gelişim seviyesi (3.7) 8B anacına aşılı çeliklerden elde edilmiştir. En yüksek köklenme oranı ise 1103 Paulsen anacı üzerine aşılı çeliklerde gerçekleşmiştir (%64.8). Sürgün uzunluğu ve sürgün çapları anaçlara göre farklılık gösterirken, en yüksek sürgün uzunluğu ve sürgün çapı 41B üzerine aşılı fidanlarda tespit edilmiştir (sırasıyla 92.3 ve 9.2 cm). Tartılı derecelendirme sonuçlarına göre, anaçlar arasında en yüksek puanı 1103 Paulsen almıştır. Samsun koşularında elde edilen bu sonuçlara göre, ‘Merzifon Karası’ üzüm çeşidi için en uygun olabilecek anaç 1103 Paulsen olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Asmanın gelişimi üzerine etkili iklim faktörlerinin başında ışık ve sıcaklık gelmektedir. Işık ve sıcaklık asmada fotosentez, solunum, asimilasyon, transpirasyon, renk pigmentlerinin oluşumu, gölgelenme, tane tutumu, asitlik, verimlilik, çiçeklenme, suda çözünebilir kuru madde birikimi, sürgün gelişimi ve olgunluk üzerine doğrudan etki etmektedir. Sıcaklık bir bölgede ekonomik anlamda bağcılık yapılıp yapılamayacağını belirleyen en önemli parametrelerden biridir. Sıcaklık; asmada gözlerin uyanması, çiçeklenme, tane tutumu, renklenme, fotosentez, solunum, tanede şeker birikimi ve olgunlaşma gibi birçok fizyolojik olayı yönetmektedir. Işık, fotosentez başta olmak üzere pek çok fizyolojik ve kimyasal olayların gerçekleşmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle asmanın maksimum düzeyde fotosentez yapabilmesi için vejetasyon döneminde yeterli bir güneşlenme şarttır. Işık, karbondioksit (CO2) ve öteki etmenler sınırlayıcı olmamak şartıyla fotosentezi bir noktaya kadar arttırmaktadır. Işık miktarının azlığı kadar yüksekliği de, bitkinin gelişimi üzerine olumsuz etkide bulunabilmektedir. Düşük ışık sürgünlerde cılız gelişmeye neden olurken, yüksek ışık yoğunluğu klorofil yıkımı sonucu fotosentezi engellemektedir. Bağlarda en üst düzeyde güneşlenmeyi sağlayabilmek için uygun terbiye sistemi seçimine ve sürgün sıklığının ayarlanmasına dikkat edilmelidir., The light and temperature come at the beginning of the climatic factors that have an impact on the development of grapevine. Light and temperature have a direct impact on photosynthesis, respiration, assimilation, transpration, formation of color pigments, shading, berry set, acidity, productivity, shoot growth, blooming, soluble solid accummulation and maturation on the grapevine. Temperature is one of the most important parameters that determines whether viticulture can be made or not in an ecology. Temperature is driving several physiological processes such as bud burst, flowering, berry set, colorization, photosynthesis, respiration, sugar accimilation and ripening. In particular, in order to carry out maximum photosynthesis of vine should be sufficient sunshine in the vegetation period. On condition that carbon dioxide and other factors not be limitting, the light increases the photosynthesis up to a certain point. Not only the limited amount of the light, but also the excess of light intensity may have an adverse impact on the development of the plant. While low light causes poor development in the shoots, high light intensity prevents the photosynthesis as a result of chlorophyll degradation. In the vineyards to ensure the highest level of sunshine should be attention to the selection of appropriate training systems and canopy management

Bağcılık yapılacak alanların belirlenmesinde iklim faktörlerinin önemi büyüktür. Birçok bölgede ilkbahar geç donları bazı yıllar önemli miktarlarda ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. 2014 yılı Mart ve Nisan aylarında ülkemizin pek çok bölgesinde don olayları yaşanmıştır. Samsun sahil kuşağı Karadeniz Bölgesi iklimine sahip olsa da bazı yıllar meydana gelen geç donlar ürünlerde ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi kampüs alanında bulunan Araştırma ve Uygulama Bağındaki bazı üzüm çeşitlerinin ilkbahar geç donlarından etkilenme durumları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada erkenci üzüm çeşitlerinden biri olmasına rağmen Yalova İncisi geç donlardan en az zarar görürken, Çavuş ve Trakya İlkeren ise en fazla zarar gören üzüm çeşitleri olarak tespit edilmiştir. Determining the climatic factors of viticultural areas have great importance. The late spring frost cause significant amount of economic losses in some years in many of areas. In March and April of 2014 has experienced frost damage in many parts of our country. Although Samsun coastal zone has the Black Sea region climate, in some years late spring frost causes economic losses in some important products. In this study, several grape varieties grown in the research and application vineyard located in The Ondokuz Mayıs University Campus area have studied to determine the frost damage by the late spring frost. In the present study, Yalova İncisi, one of the early grape variety has at least frost damage, çavuş and Trakya İlkeren grape varieties has the most frost damage.

WOS: 000342606600009 Heavy rainfall in Turkey's northern Black Sea Region in spring and autumn, combined with insufficient sunshine during the vegetation period, results in poor ripening of European grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Compared to other coastal provinces in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region, Samsun receives relatively little rainfall. This study evaluated the adaptation of Vitis vinifera L. and Pins labrusca L. grapes to Samsun by examining the phenology and ripening characteristics of these cultivars in 2010 and 2011 and calculating climatic indices using long-term data for Samsun in order to assess the potential for viticulture in the area. The following climatic characteristics were identified: annual sunshine duration, 1 836 hours; Branas Heliothermic Index (BHI), 3.0; Hydrothermic Index (Hyl), 4 053.7 degrees C mm; Winkler Index (WI growing degree days) 1 832/Region III "Warm"; and Huglin Index (HI) 1 978 degrees C/HI-1 "Temperate". Phenological cycles (budburst to harvest) varied between 120 and 176 days, with Trakya Ilkeren and Yalova incisi the most precocious varieties and Favli the latest variety in both years. Heat summation requirements ranged from 1 210 to I 844 GDD, with Trakya Ilkeren requiring the least and Narince the most heat summation. Total soluble solid (TSS) values ranged from 15.1 degrees Brix (Trakya Ilkeren) to 21.4 degrees Brix (Labrusca). Although Favli was the last to ripen, the TSS value for this variety was only 17.1%. These findings indicate that, with the exception of Favli, all the varieties examined are capable of maturing under the climatic conditions in the study area, suggesting that the coastal areas of Samsun province are suitable for early and mid-season Vitis vinifera L. grape viticulture.

WOS: 000304625900009, In this study, the detailed pollen morphological structures of some endemic Turkish species of Centaurea amaena Boiss., C. antalyense H. Duman & A. Duran, C. aphrodisea Boiss., C. hierapolitana Boiss., C. luschaniana Heimerl, C. lycia Boiss., C. tossiensis Freyn. Et Sint., and C. wagenitzii Hub.-Mor. (Asteraceae, section Phaloletis) were studied under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the first time. LM and SEM investigations showed that the pollen grains of eight taxa are more or less spheroidal-subprolate, the amb triangular and tricolporate. The exine sculpture is tectate, microechinate-scabrate in the pollen of Centaurea taxa. Spinules are less dense in Centaurea amaena, C. antalyense, C. hierapolitana, and C. lycia, but they are more dense in C. aphrodisea, C. luschaniana, C. tossiensis, and C. wagenitzii. Spinule dimensions are different from each other. The exine has one layer of columellae beneath the spines. We determined all taxa that have the Helianthoid type. Exine sctructure and sculpture as well as spine density and dimensions in Asteraceae are the most reliable characteristics for discriminating taxa.

WOS: 000297013200022, PubMed ID: 22083927, Hydrodistallation of the aerial parts of Nepeta transcaucasica Grossh. (Lamiaceae), collected in Agri, Dogubayazit Province, afforded an essential oil that was characterized by GC and GC/MS analyses. Twenty-seven compounds, representing 97.69% of the total oil composition, were identified, and 4aa,7a,7a beta-nepetalactone (1; 39%), 4aa,7a,7aa-nepetalactone (2; 28%), and germacrene D (3; 15%) constituted the major components. The anticandidal effects of the oil were evaluated against seven Candida strains by using the broth microdilution method. The oil showed good inhibitory effects against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.09 and 0.375 mg/ml, respectively.

WOS: 000281551400014, Centaurea cadmea Boiss. subsp. pontica Wagenitz ex Y.B. Kose & Ocak (Asteraceae), a new subspecies occuring in north Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new subspecies grows in rocky places in the Zonguldak province. It is closely related to C. cadmea subsp. cadmea, but differs in its involucrum, achen, appendage and radiant flowers. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and notes are presented on ecology and conservation status. In addition, the pollen characteristics of both subspecies have been examined by SEM.

WOS: 000268255900040, …

WOS: 000264939600006, A new Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey is described and illustrated. Centaurea dursunbeyensis Uysal & Kose exists on limestone crevices in ancient Dursunbey Forest (Balikesir) in western Anatolia. It belongs to C. sect. Phalolepis (Cass.) DC.. and taxonomically its closest relatives are C. aphrodisea Boiss. and C. cadmea Boiss. Diagnostic morphological characters from very similar taxa are provided, and a key is provided that includes related species of sect. Phalolepis from Turkey. The geographical distribution of the new species and species of other related taxa of the same section are mapped. The chromosome number of C. dursunbeyensis, 2n = 36, counted in root tips, is also reported and illustrated.

WOS: 000257300800012, The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation front three endemic Centaurea species (Asteraceae) in Phalolepis (Cass.) DC. Section; C. wagenitzii Hub.-Mor., C. tossiensis Freyn et Sint. and C. luschaniana Heimerl front Turkey were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GUMS), simultaneously. Main constituents of the oils were found its hexadecanoic acid (25.6%, 50.6% and 40.0%, respectively). Fatty acids and their esters were identified as the main constituent groups of the three species.

WOS: 000246483500021, PubMed ID: 17329038, Composition of the water-distilled oil of the aerial parts of Centaurea aladagensis, endemic in Turkey, was analysed by GC-MS. Hexadecanoic acid (39.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.6%) and hexahydrofamesyl acetone (4.3%) were found as main constituents in the oil. The oil was tested against 7 human pathogenic microorganisms.