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The Bacau region, known for the diversity of its agricultural landscapes, is essential for vegetable production in Romania. Among the many factors influencing vegetable cultivation, insects contribute significantly to crop health and yield, especially those in the Pentatomidae family. This study investigates the role of Pentatomidae insects in vegetable agroecosystems from the Bacau region. Through systematic field surveys and data analysis conducted during 2021, 2022 and 2023, we examine the population dynamics, species composition, and behavioral patterns of Pentatomidae insects. The study aims to elucidate their impact on vegetable crops, including potential damage, feeding habits, and ecological interactions. In addition, we explore the implications of these findings for sustainable pest management strategies in vegetable agriculture in Bacau. This study increases knowledge about Pentatomidae insects and provides practical guidance for local farmers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laundry detergents are mixtures of chemical compounds commonly used as cleaning agents for clothes and various objects. Their different degree of decomposition and transformation make wastewater to contain a variable proportion of such contaminants. There is a possibility of contamination of the soil, but also of plant crops with detergents, if these insufficiently treated waters are used in irrigation.The aim of this study is to evaluate the degree of phytotoxicity of lavender powder detergent on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The effect of the detergent was highlighted through the germination of seeds and the growth of lettuce seedlings.The use of lettuce as a test plant is recommended by OECD 208 and is a species that can be easily handled in pilot conditions but also in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cole crop vegetables (Brassica oleracea L.) are cool-season crops that include broccoli (B. oleracea Italica), cauliflower (B. oleracea Botrytis), and cabbage (B. oleracea Capitata). Brassica oleracea, convar. botrytis, var Italica, Fam. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), is grown for its dark green inflorescences. Its English name derives from the Italian “brocco” and the Latin “bracchium”, which means arm or branch (Boswell, cited by Singh et al., 2004). Biotechnology is part of the broader field of genetic mapping, analysis and research called genomics. In contrast to earlier methods of plant breeding, the new techniques allowed a much wider set of traits to be introduced into plants, in a much shorter period of time. These included resistance to herbicides, pest resistance, cold and drought tolerance, tolerance to salt in soils, enhanced nutrition and vitamin content and many other traits. Brassica biotechnology includes organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, microspore culture and doubled haploids, somatic cell fusion, molecular markers for genetic fidelity of in vitro-grown plants, marker-assisted selection, and transformation. In the present mini-review we outline the main achievements presented by the literature on the main and more often employed techniques used as tools for amplifying classic breeding results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]