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Background. Laparoscopic and robot-assisted resection of the posterior kidney tumors can be performed through retroperitoneal and transperitoneal accesses. Supporters of retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy point to better results for neoplasms in this location. However, most surgeons use transperitoneal access.Aim. To perform comparative analysis of the results of laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial resection of anterior and posterior renal neoplasms.Materials and methods. The results of transperitoneal minimally invasive partial nephrectomy in 156 patients (86 (55.1 %) men and 70 (44.9 %) women) were analyzed. Anterior tumors (1st group) were diagnosed in 96 (61.5 %), posterior (2nd group) in 60 (38.5 %) patients. In the 1st group, mean tumor size was 3.4 ± 1.6 cm; in the 2nd group, 3.2 ± 1.4 cm. In the 1st group, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed in 70 (72.9 %), robot-assisted in 26 (27.1 %) patients; in the 2nd group in 40 (66.7 %) and 20 (33.3 %) patients, respectively. Comparative analysis of operating time, warm ischemia time, complications and glomerular filtration rate was performed.Results. No conversions into nephrectomy or open interventions were performed. Time of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the 1st group was shorter than in the 2nd: 108.6 min versus 120.5 min (р >0.05). In robot-assisted partial nephrectomy it was 90.5 and 112.6 min (р >0.05), respectively. For laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, mean warm ischemia time in the 1st group was 15.0 min, in the 2nd group it was 17.5 min (р >0.05); in robot-assisted operation it was 13.2 and 16.0 min (р >0.05), respectively. Blood loss volume was lower in the 1st group compared to the 2nd: 125 ml versus 230 ml (р 0.05). Postoperative complications in transperitoneal resection of anterior tumors were observed less frequently: 16.7 % versus 20.0 % (р >0.05). Grade I complications per the Clavien classification in the 1st and 2nd group were observed in 8 (8.3 %) and 6 (10.0 %) patients, grade II in 6 (6.3 %) and 5 (8.3 %) patients, grade III in 2 (2.1 %) and 1 (1.7 %) patients. After resection, urinary leakage through the drain was observed in 2 (2.1 %) patients of the 1st group and 1 (1.7 %) patient of the 2nd group; they underwent drainage of the upper urinary tract using a stent. Blood transfusion in the postoperative period was performed in 2 patients from each group (2.1 and 3.3 %, respectively). In the 1st group, glomerular filtration rate before and after surgery was 68 and 56 ml/min/1.73 m2, in the 2nd group 70.2 and 58.2 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively; no significant difference was observed (р >0.05).Conclusion. Transperitoneal access allows to safely perform minimally invasive resection of the anterior and posterior kidney tumors with results comparable to the perioperative results of retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is being actively implemented in the treatment of renal stones and other diseases. If necessary, RIRS can be combined with percutaneous procedures.To study the results of RIRS in patients with nephrolithiasis and various renal disorders.A total of 106 patients who undergone RIRS were included in the study. There were 66 men (63.4%) and 40 women (36.6%). Mean age was 46.8+/-15.6 years. The indication for RIRS in 84 (79.2%) patients was renal stones. Calculus in calyceal diverticulum were diagnosed in 6 (5.7%), encrusted stents in 8 (7.7%), urinary fistulas after partial nephrectomy in 5 (4.7%), pelvis tumors in 2 (1.9%), pelvis perforation after marsupialization of parapelvic cyst in 1 (0.9%) patient, respectively. Simultaneous retro- and antegrade procedures were performed in 27 (25.5%) cases. In those with nephrolithiasis and encrusted stents, lithotripsy was done with the removal of stone fragments. Two patients underwent endoscopic resection of the pelvis tumor. In six patients, the neck of the diverticulum was incised after lithotripsy, while in five cases retrograde endoscopically controlled percutaneous treatment urinary fistulae was performed. In one case, laser fulguration of the pelvis defect with stenting was done.RIRS was effective in 72 (85.7%) of 84 patients with renal stones. The operation time was 70.8+/-10.2 minutes. In 12 (14.3%) cases with residual fragments, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (n=7) and repeated RIRS (n=5) were performed. The efficiency of RIRS after two sessions was 91.7%. Complications were observed in 11 (10.4%) patients. With encrusted stents, the operation time was 95.0+/-16.5 min. After laser fragmentation of encrustations in the lower part of the stent, percutaneous lithotripsy was performed with antegrade removal of its upper half. The time for RIRS in those with diverticula was 60.0+/-8.5 min, the average stone size was 8 mm (from 6 to 10 mm). In all cases lithotripsy with mucosal fulguration was successfully done. The procedures for urinary fistulae were also effective (operation time was 45.0 +/- 20.5 minutes) and there were no complications.RIRS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with nephrolithiasis and other kidney disorders. Modern flexible ureteroscopes allows to examine the collecting system and to perform lithotripsy and removal of stone fragments.

Abstract The prostate gland (PG) is a small organ in the male reproductive system that is currently the focus of biomedical research due to its leading position in morbidity and mortality from the tissue-specific cancer prostate cancer (PC). The PG epithelium, which undergoes a cancerous transformation, is formed and functions under the control of androgens. At the beginning of the disease, epithelial cells produce an androgen receptor (AR) and are sensitive to androgen-deprivation therapy. However, such therapy inevitably leads to the transition of the disease to the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which manifests itself in metastasis and rapid mortality. In CRPC, the cells of the prostate epithelium change their phenotype, that may be associated with AR mutation and loss the sensitivity to specific therapy. The mechanism of PG phenotypic transformation may be hidden in the interaction and formation of the stromal and epithelial cells, which are evident during the establishment of the primary cultures. The aim of this study was to investigate the generation of human PG stromal cells in primary stromal and organoid cultures. We found that, in contrast to the rapid appearance and formation of a homogeneous population of mesenchymal cells in primary stromal cultures of most tissues, human PG cell cultures are formed initially from epithelial cells. They appear in the second week of cultivation and produce cytokeratins (CKs). A homogeneous population of mesenchymal cells producing vimentin is formed only at the end of the fourth week of cultivation. It is accompanied by the disappearance of epithelial cells. At the same time, some epithelial cells simultaneously produce CKs and vimentin. In PG organoid cultures, there is often a concomitant growth of epithelial, but not mesenchymal, cells on culture plastic. During the cultivation of epithelial cells arising from the organoid cultures, they, like the cells of the primary epithelium, exhibit the ability to spontaneous transformation into mesenchymal cells and simultaneously produce CKs and vimentin. Our data suggest that in primary and organoid PG cultures, stromal cells can be formed from epithelium due to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The tendency of PG epithelium toward spontaneous EMT may contribute to the mechanism of high sensitivity of prostate tissue to malignant transformation and metastasis. Understanding this mechanism may contribute to the development of effective antitumor therapy of prostate cancer.

Introduction In patients with long ureteral strictures, bowel substitution of the ureter or kidney autotransplantation can be performed, which are technically demanding. For recurrent uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and proximal ureteral strictures, substitution of the ureter using buccal graft may be an alternative. Aim to study the results of laparoscopic ureteral substitution in patients with long proximal ureteral strictures using buccal graft. Material and methods Laparoscopic ureteral substitution of the ureter using buccal graft was performed in 10 patients with long proximal ureteral strictures, 7 of them were men. The average age was 43.5 years. In 6 patients there was a recurrence after previous pyeloplasty, while 3 patients had ureteroscopy due to upper ureteral stone and one patient had ureteral trauma during laparoscopic excision of the kidney cyst. Three patients were admitted to the hospital with nephrostomy tube, seven with a ureteral stent. Using a laparoscopic approach, an affected part of the ureter was dissected along its length, then a stent was placed antegrade and the ureter was substituted with buccal graft using the onlay technique. Results All patients underwent laparoscopic intervention. There were no intraoperative complications. The duration of the procedure ranged from 170 to 340 minutes. There were no cases of anastomotic leakage. Fever was observed in one patient without nephrostomy drainage (Clavien grade I). On intravenous pyelography and computed tomography, the neoureter was wide and patent. In patients with PUJO, a severity of dilation of the collecting system was decreased over time. Clinically, all procedures were successful, as patients were free of nephrostomy tube and symptoms of upper urinary tract obstruction. Conclusion Ureteral substitution using buccal graft may be the method of choice in patients with long proximal ureteral strictures. It is relatively easy, since it does not require extensive dissection of the ureter and provides for the possibility of using buccal graft of the desired length.

Aim To present the technical features and results of intestinal and appendicular ureteral replacement. Material and methods From 1998 to 2020, a total of 196 patients aged 18 to 77 years (mean age 49.5 +/- 1.2 years) were undergone to intestinal and appendicular ureteral reconstruction in our clinic. There were 123 women (62.8%). The most frequent indications for surgery were complications of open and endoscopic ureteral procedures, radiation-induced ureteral stricture, and iatrogenic injuries of the ureters during gynecological and surgical interventions (81.6%). In 165 (84.2%) patients, for ureteral replacement the ileal segment was used, while in 4 (2.0%) and 27 (13.8%) cases the colon segment and the appendix were chosen, respectively. Unilateral ileal ureteral replacement was performed in 131 (79.4%) cases, while in 34 (26.6%) patients a bilateral procedure was done. Partial and complete ureteral replacement was performed in 107 (81.7%) and 24 (18.3%) cases, respectively. Laparoscopic intestinal and appendicular ureteral replacement was performed in 44 (22.4%) patients, while two patients were undergone to robot-assisted procedure (1.0%). Results Early postoperative complications were noted in 17 (8.7%) cases. The most severe included acute bowel obstruction, leakage of entero-ureteral anastomoses, necrosis of the ileal graft and bleeding in 10 (5.1%) patients. In all cases, repeat intervention was performed. There were no lethal complications. Late postoperative complications developed in 24 (14.3%) patients. Conclusion Today our clinic has the worlds largest experience in intestinal and appendicular ureteral reconstruction, including original procedures, confirmed by 5 patents for inventions. The minimum number of postoperative complications, the absence of deaths and good long-term results provide the basis for the introduction of ileal and appendicular ureteral replacement into clinical practice.

Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal orthotopic neobladder creation is a complex surgical procedure, which is gradually becoming an alternative to open surgery.To compare the perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes of open radical cystectomy (ORC) and RARC.RARC with ileocystoplasty was performed in 25 patients, including 24 men. The average age was 65.5 years. ORC was done in 30 patients (28 men; control group) with the mean age of 67.2 years. In RARC, the ureters were isolated at the level of lower thirds, the bladder was dissected from the rectum on both sides, then the bladder vessels were divided using clips, and the urethra was cut off. After pelvic lymph node dissection, 50 cm of the ileum was resected. Then two distal segments were folded in a U-shape, a 1.5 cm incision was made in the lower part, and an anastomosis with the urethra was carried out. Further, these segments were detubularized and a modified Studer reservoir was created. The ureters were implanted into the tubular part. In ORC, urine diversion was also done using Studer technique. In both groups, the operation time, the volume of blood loss, the number of complications, the duration of hospitalization, the proportion of daytime and nighttime continence were evaluated.The mean time for RARC and ORC was 380 (320-580) and 260 (220-320) min, respectively (p0.05). In the group of RARC, the volume of blood loss was 85 (50-250) ml and no blood transfusion was performed, while in ORC, the volume of blood loss was 520 (350-1400) ml, an average of 480 (0-840) ml of blood was transfused (p0.05). After RARC, 30- and 90- complications rate was 32.0% (n=8) and 24.0% (n=6), respectively, compared to 40.0% (n=12) and 30.0% (n=9) in ORC. One patient died due to myocardial infarction during the 90-day follow-up period after RARC (grade V complication according to Clavien). The average number of removed lymph nodes in the RARC group was 15 (10-18). One patient had lymph node metastases. There were no cases of local recurrence. In ORC, the average number of lymph nodes was 16 (11-20), metastases were detected in 2 patients. One of them was subsequently diagnosed with local recurrence. There was no significant difference in the number of lymph nodes removed between two groups. After RARC, 20 (80.0%) patients had complete urinary continence, while 5 patients (20.0%) used 1-2 pads per day. Night continence was preserved in 15 cases (60.0%). After ORC, complete urinary continence was seen in 23 cases (76.7%). Five patients (20.0%) used 1-2 pads per day and two patients (6.7%) used 2-3 pads per day. Night continence after ORC was preserved in 17 cases (56.7%).RARC is a minimally invasive method of surgical treatment of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Compared with ORC, a significantly lower rate of complications and blood transfusions is documented, but RARC requires a longer operation time. Both interventions provide the equivalent oncological and functional outcomes, which are in line with published data.

A description of the successful surgical treatment of a patient with irreversible changes in both ureters and bladder resulting from a severe form of Ormond's disease and interstitial cystitis, resulting in contracted bladder, is presented. For the first time in clinical practice, a one-stage cystectomy, a bilateral ureterectomy with complete replacement of both ureters and the bladder with two isoperistaltic small bowel segment was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the kidneys and newly formed urinary tract revealed good excretory function. The patient was discharged in a satisfactory condition on the 22nd day after the procedure with recommendations for taking 10 g of an aqueous solution of soda daily. At the follow-up after 3 months, she had complaints of slight weakness and voided voluntary up to 8 times a day; clinical and biochemical blood tests were normal. This clinical observation indicates the presence of two different diseases in one patient, namely interstitial cystitis and Ormond's disease. The possibility of one-stage complete replacement of both ureters and the bladder with a good immediate result is shown.

Introduction. Rapidly developing highly specialized medical care and the emergence of new medical technologies determine the trend in surgical, minimally invasive treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to prostatic hyperplasia. Drug therapy in elderly patients with somatic diseases poses a problem of poor compliance due to pronounced side effects caused by a drug. In this group of patients, surgical treatment of prostate hyperplasia is the most preferred solution. A doctors task is to choose the optimal method of surgery which will not only provide a long-term clinical effect, but also will minimize the economic costs of both surgical intervention and the postoperative period. The emergence of various types of energies for enucleating the prostate gland in urological practice has become an attractive alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). However, when choosing surgical endoscopic intervention, it is important to consider the economic factor, which is considered to be a crucial problem in the medical care in Russia. Modern treatment options can not only prevent serious complications, and additional surgical interventions, but also improve the quality of patients lives. However, the introduction of new technologies is impossible without taking into account data on their cost-effectiveness. Purpose. To compare the results and evaluate cost-effectiveness of two types of BPH endoscopic surgical treatment (bTURP, HOLEP) in elderly patients (60 years old). Materials and methods. The study includes patients who underwent two different methods of endoscopic treatment of HPV (bTURP, HOLEP) from October 2017 to September 2018. The inclusion criteria were the presence of moderate or severe obstructive symptoms of the lower urinary tract, prostate volume 40 cm3, maximum urine flow 15 ml/sec. The exclusion criteria were the presence of cystostomy drainage, oncological process of the urinary system, active inflammatory process of the genitourinary system, previous surgical interventions on the organs of the urinary system, and symptoms of an overactive bladder. In each group of the patients the following indicators were evaluated the international system for the total assessment of prostate diseases (IPSS and QoL), the international index of erectile function, the dynamics of postoperative changes in prostate-specific antigen, the maximum urine flow, the residual volume, safety of the operation, intraoperative and postoperative economic expenses as well as socio-economic consequences. Cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out by calculating the indicators cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, net monetary benefit. 20-year prediction of the results was carried out by building the Markov chain model. Results. 150 patients operated within a year were examined. HOLEP has showed its clinical efficacy before bTURP in terms of the duration of surgery, the volume of tissue removed, the time of postoperative catheterization and the length of hospital stay which was significantly lower in the HOLEP group. However, the economic expenses associated with HOLEP were also higher compared to the bTURP group. Conclusions. Holmium laser enucleation is the preferred method for surgical treatment of prostatic hyperplasia in the prostate of more than 40 cm3, from the point of view of surgical safety, effectiveness, and also the length of the patients recovery period in elderly patients. Moreover, laser operations are considered to be economically reasonable in comorbid patients associated with a minimal risk of complications.

Introduction Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal neobladder formation is a complex surgical procedure. Aim To describe the main stages of RARC and to analyze its short-term results. Materials and methods RARC with ileocystoplasty was performed in 16 patients, most of whom were men (n=14). In 15 patients, the indication for surgery was bladder cancer (BCa), while one patient has radiation-induced sigmoid fistula with a formation of small, contracted bladder. During radical cystectomy (RC), the lower ureters were dissected, followed by posterior dissection of the bladder with mobilization from both sides to the pelvic fascia, clipping and transection of the vesical pedicles, and suturing of the dorsal venous complex with urethral dissection. After pelvic lymph node dissection, 40 cm of the ileum was resected, after that two distal segments of 15 cm were U-shaped, and a 1.5 cm incision was made in the lower part of the bowel, followed by a formation of the urethral anastomosis. Then bowel segments were detubularized, and continuous suture on the posterior and anterior walls of the neobladder was done. Ureters were implanted in the proximal tubular part of the resected colon according to the Nesbit technique. Results The mean operation time was 380 minutes. The blood loss ranged from 80 to 200 ml; however, blood transfusion was not performed. Complications during 30-days after RARC were observed in 7 (43.7%) patients, including 4 (25%) of class I-II according to Clavien - Dindo, and 3 (18.7%) of class III-IV. In patients with leakage at the uretero- intestinal anastomosis (n=2) and urethro-neobladder anastomosis (n=1), percutaneous drainage was performed, which allowed to resolve these complications. There were no cases of bowel obstruction. One patient with gastrointestinal bleeding required blood transfusion. The 90-day late complications occurred in 6 (37.5%) patients, including 2 cases of upper urinary tract infection. One patient died of acute myocardial infarction. Conclusion RARC is a contemporary minimally invasive method for muscle-invasive BCa. Stepwise approach to RARC with intracorporeal neobladder formation may reduce the operation time and the rate of complications.

Introduction The problem of impaired urodynamics of the lower urinary tract after reconstructive surgery of the pelvic ureter remains almost unexplored in modern literature. There are only a few publications about the effect of operations in the area of the ureterovesical segment on bladder function. Aim To study the function of bladder after replacing the pelvic ureter with bladder flap, small intestine or appendix. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of reconstructive operations of the distal ureter, which were performed in 273 patients. Boari flap or its modifications were used in 142 (52%) cases; ureteroappendicocystanastomosis - 23 (8.4%) patients, and replacement of the pelvic ureter with small intestine in 105 (38.5%) cases. A follow-up urodynamics was carried out on the 10-14th day of the postoperative period, after 3 months, then after 6 and 12 months. We evaluated: uroflowmetry, cystometry, and pressureflow study. Results In 75 (53%) of 142 patients who underwent Boari flap or its modifications, varying degrees of disturbance of bladder urodynamics were observed. After isoperistaltic intestinal ureteroplasty in 2 (2.5%) of 79 patients, detrusor hyperactivity was observed, which was regressed following conservative therapy. Urodynamics of bladder did not suffer after appendicoplasty. Conclusion Deformation, denervation and devascularization of detrusor are the main causes of bladder dysfunction after flap operations. Ileal ureter substitution with isoperistaltic position of the graft provides physiological passage urine from the kidney to the bladder, following good bladder function. The inclusion of antiperistaltic ileal loop in the urinary tract negatively affects the urodynamics.

To study the pathogenetic factors in the development of postcoital cystitis and the efficiency of extravaginal transposition of the urethra.Literature data and our point of view on the causes of postcoital cystitis are described. Case histories of 438 patients aged 18 to 61 (mean 24+/-1.3) were analyzed. The efficiency of extravaginal transposition of the urethra for the prevention of recurrence of postcoital cystitis was evaluated.The long-term results of operations in 315 patients were studied. A positive effect was noted in 297 (94.3%), which means the complete recovery or reduction in the frequency of cystitis to 2 or less times a year, while complete recovery occurred in 214 patients. In 18 (5.7%), the surgical procedure was ineffective, which required repeated interventions.According to our observations, the external opening of the urethra is located in patients with postcoital cystitis and in healthy women at the same level - before the introitus. During sexual intercourse, everyone experiences vestibulo-vaginal frictional dislocation of the urethra, however, exacerbations of the inflammatory process in the bladder occur only in some females, which is associated with the multifactorial nature of the disease.Postcoital cystitis develops as a result of a complex of factors, the most significant ofwhich are the state of the vaginal microflora, the virulence of uropathogenic bacteria, the anatomical features of the urethra and vagina, its narrowness with a mismatch with the penile size, the intensity and duration of sexual intercourse, severe, complicated childbirth and surgical procedures in this area. Performing extravaginal transposition of the urethra according to Komyakov demonstrated high efficiency in the prevention of recurrence of postcoital cystitis.

Clamping of the renal artery during partial nephrectomy leads to renal ischemia and a deterioration of its function. An alternative to total ischemia is to isolate and clamp the segmental branch of the renal artery supplying the tumor.To evaluate the efficiency of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) with selective renal ischemia.A total of 42 patients with renal tumors of stage T1a (n=34) and T1b (n=8) undergoing RAPN were included in the study. There were 25 men (59.5%) and 17 women. The mean age was 56.0 +/- 7.5 years, the tumor size ranged from 2.5 to 6.8 cm. Patients with a solitary kidney, multiple tumors, and those who underwent partial nephrectomy with clamping of the renal artery were excluded from the study. CT angiography with 3D reconstruction were used to detect the segmental branches of the renal artery, that supply the tumor. To determine the complexity of renal tumors, the RENAL nephrometric scale was used. Complications were assessed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. In addition, mean operative time and volume of blood loss, warm ischemia time, pre- and postoperative renal function, and oncological outcomes were analyzed. The RAPN was considered successful if it was performed with selective clamping of the artery.RAPN with selective ischemia was effective in 38 (90.5%) of 42 patients. In 4 (9.5%) cases with tumors of T1b stage and high RENAL scores (8), total ischemia was eventually used in order to control bleeding. According to CT angiography, these patients had more or equal 2 branches of renal artery, supplying the tumor. Mean operation time, volume of blood loss and warm ischemia time were 130.0+/-35 min, 185.0+/-80.0 ml and 14.0+/-3.2 min, respectively. In one case, there was an injury to the renal vein, which was sutured. Postoperative complications were observed in 5 (12.0%) patients. The glomerular filtration rate pre- and postoperatively was 76.5 and 72.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, and its decrease 1 month after RAPN was not significant (p0.05).Preoperative evaluation of renal arterial anatomy allows to detect the segmental branch that supplies the tumor. By its clamping, it is possible to perform efficient and safe robot-assisted partial nephrectomy without total ischemia.

The results of organ-preserving interventions are analyzed in 12 patients (7 males and 5 females) with neoplasms of the renal pelvis and ureter. Endoscopic operations were performed in 4 patients with the normally functioning contralateral kidney and in one patient with the single kidney. Early complications developed in 2 of the 12 patients and were infectious and inflammatory. The mean duration of endoscopic surgery was 32.8±4.9 min; intraoperative blood loss is 83.0±15.3 ml; the duration of open surgery averaged 157.2±29.7 min and intraoperative blood loss was 1930±69.3 ml. After 4 years of a follow-up, the frequency of tumor relapse was 40%; 5-year survival was 80%. Thus, in patients with upper urinary tract neoplasms, organ-preserving operations are a justifiable alternative to nephroureterectomy with urinary bladder resection and most reasonable in uni- and bilateral renal tumor. Urinary tract endoscopic examination assessing the possibilities of freely manipulating an endoscope in the ureteral lumen and renal cavitary system for biopsy of a tumor and its further removal is a major and determining factor in defining indications for this type of intervention.

AIM to determine the efficiency of using a non-biological dismountable 3D-model of the collecting system with color segmentation for better understanding of its anatomy by residents and to determine the optimal tactics of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D-models of the collecting system were developed based on CT data of 5 patients with staghorn stones, for whom PNL was planned. CT images were obtained in the Dicom format. RadiAnt DICOM Viewer was used for delineation and segmentation of the collecting system with 3D visualization. Using slicer 4.8.1 software, virtual models were processed to convert DICOM files to STL format. Then, virtual color extraction of each group of calyxes was performed for convenient disassembling and intraluminal study of the anatomy of the collecting system. The final stage included the printing of each area by the method of layer-by-layer deposition using a 3D printer Picaso designer X. To assess the efficiency of the dismountable 3D-model that simulates a certain collecting system, a questionnaire was used. It allowed to evaluate the understanding of the anatomy of the collecting system by residents, as well as the ability to determine the optimal calyx for PNL by comparing the answers with the result of a survey of practicing urologists who had performed more than 50 cases. RESULTS After studying 3D-models by residents, determination of the number of calyxes in each group was not statistically significantly different from those for practicing urologists who used CT images. The choice of the calyx for primary puncture was not different between groups. However, residents chose the calyx for additional access worse (p=0.009). CONCLUSION The dismountable 3D-model of the collecting system is promising for training of residents and planning PNL. Studying the anatomy of a single group of calyxes as well as the entire collecting system allows to choose the optimal calyx for percutaneous puncture during PNL.

Background. Radical cystectomy uses laparoscopic and robotic approaches along with the open ones.Objective: to study immediate results of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal orthotopic cystoplasty.Materials and methods. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal orthotopic cystoplasty was performed in 15 patients (13 male, 2 female), aged 64–76 years. Fourteen patients had bladder cancer, 1 female – a postradiation bladder fistula and microcystis. T2 stage was detected in 8 (57.1 %) patients, T3 – in 6 (42.9 %). After the operation we evaluated operation time, blood loss volume, hospital stay, functional and oncological results.Results. Average operation time was 380 (320–560) minutes, blood loss volume – 80–200 ml, blood transfusion was not performed. Early complications (up to 30 days) were observed in 7 patients (46.7 %), late ones (90‑days) – in 6 (40.0 %). There were no cases of intestinal obstruction. Patients with ureteral-intestinal (n = 2) and reservoir-urethral (n = 1) anastomosis failure underwent percutaneous renal drainage. One patient died of acute myocardial infarction. Daytime continence was 80.0 %, nocturnal – 53.3 %. One patient died of disease progression within 7.6 observation months.Conclusion. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urine diversion is a modern and minimally invasive method for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. More experience in this field will allow to reduce surgery time and number of complications.

Introduction Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) is considered as the main treatment method of patients with large and staghorn kidney stones. In some cases, laparoscopic pyelolithotomy (LP) may be an alternative option to PNL. The aim of our work was to compare the results of these surgical methods for treatment of large pelvis stones. Materials and methods The results of surgical treatment of 60 patients with large pelvis stones were reviewed. In 40 patients (66.7%) PNL were performed, while in 20 cases (33.3%) LP were done. In the PNL group, the average stone size was 2.7 (2.5-3.8) cm and in the LP group it was 3.0 (2.6-4.2) cm. Four patients in the LP group had kidney malrotation, one patient had pelvic dystopia, and in another case a horseshoe kidney was diagnosed. The operative time and stone-free rate, intra- and postoperative complications, the amount of blood loss and the length of hospitalization were compared. Results There was no conversion in both groups. There were no significant differences in the mean length of hospitalization (4.5+/-1.5 vs 4.4+/-1.4 days) and analgesic use (2.2+/-0.9 vs 2.4+/-1.0 days) and stone-free rate (100 vs 90%) between groups. The mean operative time was significantly higher at the PL (110.0+/-25.0 vs 65.4+/-24.5 min; p less or equal 0.05), but the amount of blood loss was significantly lower (70+/-28 versus 160.0+/-55 ml; p less or equal 0.05) compared to the PNL group. Conclusions PNL remains the main treatment method for patients with large kidney stones. However, abnormal kidneys, concomitant ureteropelvic junction obstruction or endoscopic treatment failure can be indications to LP.

To investigate long-term results after radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer.Since 1997 to 2020 yy. we have performed 404 radical cystectomy with different methods of derivation for patients with bladder cancer in our clinic. There were 342 (86,4%) men and 62 (13,6%) women. Laboratory study, ultrasound, X-ray, CT. MRI investigations were performed in all patients.Mortality rate was 2,9%. Early and late postoperative complications have occurred in 136 (33,6%) and 98 (41,8%) cases, respectively. Local recurrence has occurred in 33 (8,5%) patients. 10-years overall and cancer-specific survival were 43,4% and 47,2%, respectively. In lymph-negative patients 2-years and 5-years overall survival were 81,2% and 67,2%, respectively. In lymph positive patients 2-years and 5-years overall survival were 46,9% and 13,9%, respectively. In lymph-negative patients 2-years and 5-years cancer-specific survival were 83,6% and 70,7%, respectively. In lymph positive patients 2-years and 5-years cancer-specific survival were 51,0% and 15,1%, respectively. Overall and cancer -specific survival decreased according to increasing pT-stage and histopathologic grade.pT-stage (pT), lymp nodes status (pN), histopathologic grade ( pG) have a significant independent influence on overall and cancer-specific survival of bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy.

A description of the successful surgical treatment of a patient with irreversible changes in both ureters and bladder resulting from a severe form of Ormond's disease and interstitial cystitis, resulting in contracted bladder, is presented. For the first time in clinical practice, a one-stage cystectomy, a bilateral ureterectomy with complete replacement of both ureters and the bladder with two isoperistaltic small bowel segment was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the kidneys and newly formed urinary tract revealed good excretory function. The patient was discharged in a satisfactory condition on the 22nd day after the procedure with recommendations for taking 10 g of an aqueous solution of soda daily. At the follow-up after 3 months, she had complaints of slight weakness and voided voluntary up to 8 times a day; clinical and biochemical blood tests were normal. This clinical observation indicates the presence of two different diseases in one patient, namely interstitial cystitis and Ormond's disease. The possibility of one-stage complete replacement of both ureters and the bladder with a good immediate result is shown.

patients with urinary stone disease during consultation often cannot realize their condition and features of upcoming procedure. Creation of 3D printed models is also not always available or too expensive.to create a special program that allows for virtual intrarenal visualization of the collecting system and kidney stone on devices based on the Android operating system and evaluate its efficiency in counseling patients before the upcoming percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).a total of 15 patients who were scheduled to PCNL, were included in the study. All of them had two consultations. During the second consultation, the newly developed program was used. Patient data from DICOM (computed tomography) format were converted to stereolithography (STL) format in order to display it in the application. Each patient assessed the quality of the consultation using a questionnaire.patients understanding of the kidney anatomy improved by 55% (from 34 to 75 points, p=0.0001), and stone localization by 51% (from 37 to 75 points, p=0.0001). The stages of PCNL became clearer by 57% (from 32 points to 75, p=0.0001), and understanding of possible intra- and postoperative complications was improved by 48% (from 38 to 73 points, p=0.0002). Overall patient satisfaction with counseling improved by 53% (from 35 to 74 points, p=0.0001), and the number of patients who desired for better repeated counseling decreased by 89% (from 9 to 1, p=0.006).The InsKid app is an affordable and easy-to-use program, which doesnt require significant costs and allows patients to understand their disease and upcoming procedure.

Prostate cancer is an actual problem among males of older age groups, while the concomi-tant premorbid background of this category of patients often leads to the development of postopera-tive complications using the standard surgical method. The article presents the results of using low-pressure pneumoperitoneum with anterior abdominal wall lifting for laparoscopic radical prostatec-tomy in elderly patients with a localized form of prostate cancer. Convincingly shown that the use of low-pressure techniques pneumoperitoneum with lifting anterior abdominal wall ensures satis-factory operating field, obtains stable indicators of operational monitoring and allow to reduce the duration of the operation, as well as reduce the duration of hospitalization and incidence of postoperative complications.Рак предстательной железы является актуальной проблемой у мужчин старших возрастных групп, при этом сопутствующий преморбидный фон данной категории пациентов зачастую приводит к развитию послеоперационных осложнений при применении стандартного оперативного метода. В статье приведены результаты применения пневмоперитонеума низкого давления с лифтингом передней брюшной стенки при лапароскопической радикальной простатэктомии у пациентов пожилого возраста с локализованной формой рака предстательной железы. Убедительно показано, что использование этой методики позволяет обеспечить удовлетворительное операционное поле, получить стабильные показатели операционного мониторинга и при этом уменьшить длительность самого оперативного пособия, а также уменьшить длительность госпитализации и частоту встречаемости послеоперационных осложнений.

The problem of impaired urodynamics of the lower urinary tract after reconstructive surgery of the pelvic ureter remains almost unexplored in modern literature. There are only a few publications about the effect of operations in the area of the ureterovesical segment on bladder function.To study the function of bladder after replacing the pelvic ureter with bladder flap, small intestine or appendix.We performed a retrospective analysis of reconstructive operations of the distal ureter, which were performed in 273 patients. Boari flap or its modifications were used in 142 (52%) cases; ureteroappendicocystanastomosis - 23 (8.4%) patients, and replacement of the pelvic ureter with small intestine in 105 (38.5%) cases. A follow-up urodynamics was carried out on the 10-14th day of the postoperative period, after 3 months, then after 6 and 12 months. We evaluated: uroflowmetry, cystometry, and pressureflow study.In 75 (53%) of 142 patients who underwent Boari flap or its modifications, varying degrees of disturbance of bladder urodynamics were observed. After isoperistaltic intestinal ureteroplasty in 2 (2.5%) of 79 patients, detrusor hyperactivity was observed, which was regressed following conservative therapy. Urodynamics of bladder did not suffer after appendicoplasty.Deformation, denervation and devascularization of detrusor are the main causes of bladder dysfunction after flap operations. Ileal ureter substitution with isoperistaltic position of the graft provides physiological passage urine from the kidney to the bladder, following good bladder function. The inclusion of antiperistaltic ileal loop in the urinary tract negatively affects the urodynamics.

Background. Kidney damage caused by long warm ischemic time is one of the most important factors affecting kidney function. Compression of only the segmental artery leading to the tumor is an alternative to total ischemia. Оbjective: to evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) with selective kidney ischemia. Materials and methods. The results of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in 68 patients with Т1а (n = 60) and Т1b (n = 8) disease stages and a healthy contralateral kidney were analyzed. Patients with tumors of the solitary kidney weren’t included. The study included 38 (55.9 %) men and 30 (44.1 %) women. Mean age was 58.4 ± 7.8 years. In 36 (52.9 %) patients LPN was performed with compression of the main renal artery (1st group), in 32 (47.1 %) patients the segmental artery was clipped (2 nd group). Mean tumor size in the 1st group was 3.6 ± 1.5 cm (2.5–5.8 cm), in the 2 nd group – 3.2 ± 1.2 cm (2.3–5.2 cm). Surgery duration, warm ischemia time, blood loss volume, and glomerular filtration rate prior to surgical intervention and after it were studies. Results. All LPNs were concluded with laparoscopic access. There were no conversions to open surgery and nephrectomy. However, in 5 of 32 patients in the 2 nd group, the second branch of the renal artery was compressed due to large blood loss after clipping of one small artery. Surgery duration in the 1 st group was 90.0 ± 18.6 min (65–120 min), in the 2 nd group – 100.0 ± 22.0 min (70–135 min) (р >0.05). Warm ischemia time in the 1st group was significantly lower (16.0 ± 4.2 min versus 22.0 ± 4.6 min). Blood loss volume in the 1st group was 160.0 ± 80.6 ml, in the 2 nd group – 240 ± 160 ml. Glomerular filtration rate before the surgery was 42.4 ± 4.2 ml/min in the 1st group and 42.6 ± 4.2 ml/min in the 2 nd group; 3 months after the surgical intervention, it was 30.6 ± 3.4 and 35.8 ± 3.6 ml/min, respectively (р

In case of stricture of the lower third of ureter in patients with duplex kidney, ureteroneocystostomy or transureteroureterostomy can be used. Anastomosis of the injured ureter of the upper pole with the pelvis of the lower pole is considered nontypical. In this clinical observation, a 46-year-old patient with iatrogenic trauma of the pelvic part of the upper pole of a duplex kidney successfully undergone laparoscopic ureteropyelostomy. There were no complications; the stent was removed after 4 weeks. During the follow-up examination, the function of both kidneys was within normal range and there were no disturbances in the urine passage in the upper urinary tract. Thus, laparoscopic ureteropyelostomy provided an adequate urine passage from the duplex system kidney through the healthy ureter.

Aim To analyze the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LAE) in patients with adrenal gland tumors. Materials and methods From 2011 to 2016, 24 patients (15 men, 9 women), mean age 49.6 +/- 8.2 years, underwent LAE. The right, left and bilateral LAE was performed in 12, 10 and 2 patients, respectively. Indications for surgery were mainly primary and metastatic adrenal tumors. The operations were performed using a transperitoneal 4-port approach. Results Twenty six LAE were successfully performed in 24 patients. There were no conversions. Blood transfusion was used only in 1 patient, who had a history of the laparoscopic left nephrectomy for the renal cell carcinoma 2 years earlier. She had bleeding due to a spleen injury during the left LAE. She also developed acute postoperative pancreatitis, resolved by conservative therapy. The mean intra- and postoperative blood loss was 160 (120-750) ml, the operative time was 135 (100-205) min, and the length of hospital stay was 4 (3-5) days. Histological examination revealed adenocarcinoma and adenoma in 20 (73.1%) and 6 (26.9%) removed adrenal glands, respectively. Conclusion Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an effective and safe surgical modality to treat patients with adrenal tumors.

The article presents a case of laparoscopic antevasal correction of the retrocaval ureter in a 16 year old patient, who was admitted to the hospital with complaints of aching pain in the right lower back. His history was noteworthy of early age onset of intermittent fever accompanied by abdominal and lumbar pain. Blood count and urinalysis were within normal limits, and he was treated symptomatically. However, no renal ultrasound scan was done. Intravenous urography and MSCT showed a retrocaval ureter. The diagnosis was confirmed by retrograde ureteropyelography. With the patient placed in the lateral position, the right ureter was mobilized by transperitoneal access, transected and mobilized from under the inferior vena cava. Anterior uretero-ureteral anastomosis on the stent was performed, drainage was established. The operating time was 90 minutes, blood loss was 60 ml. There were no postoperative complications. Drainage was removed 2 days after surgery and the patient was discharged for outpatient treatment. The stent was removed 6 weeks postoperatively. Control urography showed normal function of both kidneys, no urodynamic abnormality of the upper urinary tract was identified.

AIM To present the results and technical features of forming the ureterointestinal anastomoses in intestinal ureteral substitution. MATERIAL AND METHODS From 1998 to December 2016, 168 patients (mean age 51 +/- 8.7 years) underwent ureteral substitution using intestinal segments at the Urology Clinic of the I.I. Mechnikov NWSMU. Of them, 76 (45.2%) were males. In 119 (70.8%) patients, intestinal segments were used to replace various parts of the ureters (iliac in 92, colonic in 4, appendix in 23), and in 49 (29.2%) patients ureteroplasty was combined with orthotopic ileocystoplasty. 96 patients underwent isolated ureteral substitution with segments of the small and large bowel. RESULTS Among the 96 patients, early postoperative complications occurred in 8 (8.3%) patients, whereof 5 (5.2%) required reoperations. Among them, 2 (2.1%) had a proximal anastomotic failure. Late postoperative complications occurred in 7 (7.3%) patients whereof 4 (4.2%) required surgical treatment. These patients developed strictures of the proximal ureter-intestinal anastomoses over 3 or more months after the operation. The urinary flow was restored by antegrade dilation. Vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 2 (2.1%) patients. However, it was not clinically evident and was not accompanied by hydroureteronephrosis and recurrent urinary tract infection. CONCLUSION A perfect ureterointestinal anastomoses should be easy to create and have a low risk of stenosis and reflux. These requirements are met by direct anastomosis, which is associated with a minimal risk of stricture, and with isoperistaltic positioning and sufficient length (not less than 15 cm) of the graft provides antireflux protection. It should be noted that proximal (ureterointestinal) anastomoses are vulnerable in these operations and prone to the stricture formation. Unlike proximal, the distal anastomosis of the graft with the bladder is always wider, and therefore the risk of its narrowing is minimal. Isoperistaltic positioning of the graft prevents reflux formation.

Development of local or generalized forms of prostate cancer (PC) depends on metastasis formation which biological nature is based on the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). ЕМТ presents a highly conservative reversible program maintained by specific transcription factors suppressing E-cadherin expression and supporting production of mesenchymal polarity factors. The goal of this work was to study functionally distinct markers in malignant prostate tissue of patients with prostate cancer using histological evaluation, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Our results showed that most evident alterations in the prostate tissue of patients with prostate cancer were related to the basal-cell layer. Expression of Е-cadherin and СК5 markers decreased, while AMACR expression increased. These results support the idea that the primary targets of tumor transformation are basal cells. During cancer progression, these cells acquire a luminal phenotype. Functional analysis of these changes may be performed in the future using isolated prostate cancer stem cells.

Aim To present the results and technical features of different methods of simultaneous ileal ureteral and bladder substitution. Materials and methods From 2001 to 2016, 154 patients (mean age 52+/-9.2 years) underwent ileal and appendicular ureteroplasty. Of them, 70 (45.4%) were men and 84 (54.6%) women. Among them, 49 (31.8%) patients underwent ureteroplasty concurrently with orthotopic ileocystoplasty. The Studers ileal-ureter cystoplasty and Y-shaped bladder and ureteral reconstruction were performed in 38 (77.5%) and 11 (24.5%) cases, respectively. Results Early postoperative complications occurred in 8 (16.3%) patients: 4 of them suffered recurrent bouts of pyelonephritis, 3 experienced an acute adhesive intestinal obstruction, and another one had a failure the right-sided pouch-ureteral anastomosis. Late postoperative complications occurred in 7 (14.3%) patients. Of them, 3 suffered recurrent bouts of chronic pyelonephritis, 2 developed a pouch-ureteral-pelvic reflux, and 2 had strictures of ileoureteral anastomosis, requiring antegrade dilation with ureteral stenting. Conclusion Simultaneous ureteral and bladder substitution is one of the most challenging and traumatic surgical interventions. Sometimes, due to severe comorbidities, disorders of upper tract urodynamics and decreased renal function, two-stage surgery may be necessary. At the first stage, cystectomy with cutaneous ureterostomy should be performed, and then, after the patients stabilization ileal substitution of the bladder and pelvic parts of ureters may be done.

to determine the efficiency of using a non-biological dismountable 3D-model of the collecting system with color segmentation for better understanding of its anatomy by residents and to determine the optimal tactics of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL).3D-models of the collecting system were developed based on CT data of 5 patients with staghorn stones, for whom PNL was planned. CT images were obtained in the Dicom format. RadiAnt DICOM Viewer was used for delineation and segmentation of the collecting system with 3D visualization. Using slicer 4.8.1 software, virtual models were processed to convert DICOM files to STL format. Then, virtual color extraction of each group of calyxes was performed for convenient disassembling and intraluminal study of the anatomy of the collecting system. The final stage included the printing of each area by the method of layer-by-layer deposition using a 3D printer Picaso designer X. To assess the efficiency of the dismountable 3D-model that simulates a certain collecting system, a questionnaire was used. It allowed to evaluate the understanding of the anatomy of the collecting system by residents, as well as the ability to determine the optimal calyx for PNL by comparing the answers with the result of a survey of practicing urologists who had performed more than 50 cases.After studying 3D-models by residents, determination of the number of calyxes in each group was not statistically significantly different from those for practicing urologists who used CT images. The choice of the calyx for primary puncture was not different between groups. However, residents chose the calyx for additional access worse (p=0.009).The dismountable 3D-model of the collecting system is promising for training of residents and planning PNL. Studying the anatomy of a single group of calyxes as well as the entire collecting system allows to choose the optimal calyx for percutaneous puncture during PNL.

To obtain the information about functional state of kidneys in patients with urolithiasis before and after treatment, as well as to study the damaging effect of different types of energy used for fragmentation of high-density stones.A total of 105 patients aged from 25 to 62 years with high-density stones were undergone to lithotripsy. In Group 1 (n=38), Group 2 (n=32) and Group 3 (n=35) contact laser lithotripsy, contact ultrasound lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy was used, respectively. In all cases the clinical and biochemical blood and urine tests were performed as well as leukocyte migration inhibition test, selective proteinuria, a urine level of inteleukin-18 (IL-18) and urine NGAL (lipocalin-2) were assessed. The first examination was done the day before lithotripsy and the next ones were performed after 3 hours, on the 1st and 5th day after the intervention.In all cases dense unilateral kidney stones of size 0.8-2 cm were detected. The stone-free rate after contact lithotripsy was 92.8%. After ESWL, the stone-free rate after two weeks was 94.9%. The average duration of lithotripsy in the Group 1, 2 and 3 was 40+/-3.8 min, 35+/-2.3 min and 32+/-3.6 min, respectively. Based on the level of biomarkers of AKI, laser lithotripsy allows to achieve stone fragmentation with the least damage.Our study proves that IL-18, NGAL, leukocyte migration inhibition test and selective proteinuria allows to diagnose AKI at early stages, as well as to objectively assess the functional state of the kidneys after lithotripsy. The obtained data proves that laser lithotripsy is the safest method as assessed by damaging effects on the kidney parenchyma.

Objective: to investigate survival in patients with bladder cancer (BC) after radical cystectomy (RCE). Subjects and methods. Our clinic performed RCE using different urine derivations in 375 patients with BC. There were 324 (86.4%) men and 51 (13.6%) women. All the patients underwent clinical, laboratory, ultrasound, X-ray, and radiation studies. Results. The 10-year overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 43.4 and 47.2%, respectively. In patients without regional lymph node (LN) metastases, the 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 81.2 and 67.2%. In those with regional LN metastases, the 2- and 5-year overall survival rates were 46.9 and 13.9%. In the negative LN group, the 2- and 5-year cancer-specific survival rates were 83.6% and 70.7%, respectively. In the positive LN group, these were 51.0 and 15.1%. The overall and cancer-specific survival rates also declined with higher tumor stage and grade. Conclusion. Tumor stage, regional LN metastases, and histopathological grade have a considerable independent impact on the overall and cancer-specific survival rates of patients with BC following RCE.

Development of local or general forms of prostate cancer (PC) depends on formation of metastasis the biological nature of which is based on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). ÅÌÒ presents highly conservative reversible program that is maintained by specific transcription factors which suppress E-cadherin expression and support production of mesenchymal polarity factors. The goal of this work was to study the functionally distinct markers in malignant prostate tissue of patients with prostate cancer using the histological evaluation, reverse polymerase chain reaction and immunobloting. Our results showed that mostly evident alterations in prostate tissue of patients with prostate cancer were associated with the cells of basal layer. Expression levels of the markers of this layer: Å-cadherin and ÑK5, were decreased, while that of AMACR — increased. These results support an idea that the basal cells are primarily targeted during transformation and acquired the luminal phenotype in the course of the following differentiation. The functional analysis of these results may be performed in future using selected prostate cancer stem cells.

To compare the results of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy.From February 2000 to June 2016, 178 patients (mean age 58.2 years) with stage T1 kidney tumors underwent partial nephrectomy. This cohort included 106 (59.5%) men and 72 (40.5%) women. Open partial nephrectomy was performed in 102 (57.3%) patients (group 1) and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPL) - 76 (42.7%, 2nd group). The majority (92.2%) of patients underwent resection for elective and 14 (7.8%) for absolute indications. Preoperatively, 163 (91.6%) and 15 (8.4%) patients had stage T1a stage T1b, respectively. The tumor size ranged from 2.4 to 6.2 cm and from 2 cm to 5.4 cm in group 1 and 2, respectively. A comparative analysis included operative time, warm ischemia time, blood loss, duration of drainage and the length of hospital stay.Open partial nephrectomy was associated with shorter operative time (105 min versus 125 min) and warm ischemia time (14.5 vs. 20.8 min) compared with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was characterized by a smaller blood loss (180 ml vs. 365 ml, p0.05) and a shorter length of hospital stay (2.5 days vs. 5.6 days, p0.05). One patient from each group was found to have positive surgical margins.Currently, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is the method of choice for stage T1 kidney tumors. Despite the comparatively longer operative time and warm ischemia time, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy leads to faster patient recovery and fewer complications.

To determine the incidence of spreading bladder transitional cell carcinoma and primary adenocarcinoma to the prostate in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy.From 1995 to 2016, 283 men underwent radical cystectomy with removal of the bladder, perivesical tissue, prostate, seminal vesicles and pelvic lymph nodes. Prostate sparing cystectomy was performed in 45 (13.7%) patients. The whole prostate and the apex of the prostate were preserved in 21 (6.4%) and 24 (7.3%) patients, respectively.The spread of transitional cell cancer of the bladder to the prostate occurred in 50 (15.2%) patients. Twelve (3.6%) patients were found to have primary prostate adenocarcinoma. Clinically significant prostate cancer was diagnosed in 4 (33.3%) patients.We believe that the high oncological risk of prostate sparing cystectomy, despite some functional advantages, dictates the need for complete removal of the prostate in the surgical treatment of bladder cancer.

The purpose of the investigation was to study the long-term results of reconstructive surgery in patients who had undergone simultaneous ureteral and bladder intestinoplasty. The investigation enrolled 33 patients with different bladder diseases complicated by secondary hydroureteronephrosis. After radical cystectomy, the U. E. Studer method was used to form a low-pressure orthotopic reservoir from the ileum with an afferent tubular segment in 23 (69.7 %) patients. Y-shaped ileoureterocystoplasty was carried out to recover extensive ureteral and bladder defects in 10 (30.3 %) cases. Long-term surgical results were assessed on the basis of a comprehensive examination involving laboratory, X-ray, radionuclide, and endourological studies. An isolated loop of the small bowel is a universal plastic material that may be used not only to bilaterally replace any ureteral defect, but also to simultaneously repair the bladder, by preserving independent urination.

The paper gives the results of surgical treatment in patients with renal cancer, by applying its resection method developed at the Department of Urology, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University. The proposed method was used to operate on 2 patients. In both cases, organ-sparing surgery was performed, as absolutely indicated. The postoperative follow-up revealed neither recurrent cancer nor signs of tumor dissemination; the function of the operated kidney was satisfactory. The proposed renal resection procedure can reduce the risk of complications observed during renal autotransplantation and minimize volemic, metabolic, and hypothermic disorders developing after use of other methods for long-term anti-ischemic defense of the organ during surgery.