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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, digitalization in speech language therapy has progressed rapidly. Teletherapy, in particular, has become part of regular speech language therapy, as it has been reimbursed by German health insurance companies since March 2020. At the same time, political innovations such as the E-Health Act (E-Health-Gesetz, 2015), the Act to Improve Healthcare Provision through Digitalization and Innovation (Digital Healthcare Act – DVG, 2019), and the law on digital modernization of healthcare (DVPMG) (2021) offered new opportunities but also generate (future) tasks for speech and language therapists. For example, since the DVG was approved, applications (apps) can be prescribed by physicians and the statutory health insurance pays for them. In addition, speech language therapists are also to be connected to the telematics infrastructure starting in 2026. These and other digital innovations offer a variety of opportunities for improved care in speech language therapy but also incorporate new duties and responsibilities in the professional range of tasks of speech and language therapists. In order to be able to specify requirements and critically accompany (new) technological developments, it is highly relevant that speech language therapists acquire a critically reflected attitude towards digital technologies to acquire or expand digital competence. In addition, goal-oriented political frameworks and specifications are of enormous importance for successful implementation of digital technologies in speech language therapy Keywords: aphasia

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is an important public health issue. White-matter alterations after SRC are widely studied by neuroimaging approaches, such as diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the exact anatomical location of the alterations may differ, significant white-matter alterations are commonly observed in long fiber tracts, but are never proven. In the present study, we performed streamline tractography to characterize the association between tract length and white-matter microstructural alterations after SRC. Sixty-eight collegiate athletes diagnosed with acute concussion (24-48 h post-injury) and 64 matched contact-sport controls were included in this study. The athletes underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 3.0 T MRI scanners across three study sites. DTI metrics were used for tract-based spatial statistics to map white-matter regions-of-interest (ROIs) with significant group differences. Whole-brain white-mater streamline tractography was performed to extract "affected" white-matter streamlines (i.e., streamlines passing through the identified ROIs). In the concussed athletes, streamline counts and DTI metrics of the affected white-matter fiber tracts were summarized and compared with unaffected white-matter tracts across tract length in the same participant. The affected white-matter tracts had a high streamline count at length of 80-100 mm and high length-adjusted affected ratio for streamline length longer than 80 mm. DTI mean diffusivity was higher in the affected streamlines longer than 100 mm with significant associations with the Brief Symptom Inventory score. Our findings suggest that long fibers in the brains of collegiate athletes are more vulnerable to acute SRC with higher mean diffusivity and a higher affected ratio compared with the whole distribution.

This study assessed classification accuracy of paper-and-pencil and computerized cognitive batteries at subacute (SA; 1-11 days) and early chronic (EC; ∼4 months) phases of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (pmTBI). Two statistical approaches focused on single-subject performance (individual task scores, total impairments) were used to maximize clinical utility.Two hundred thirty-five pmTBI and 169 healthy controls (HC) participants aged 8-18 were enrolled, with a subset (190 pmTBI; 160 HC) returning for the EC visit. The paper-and-pencil battery included several neuropsychological tests selected from recommended common data elements, whereas computerized testing was performed with the Cogstate Brief Battery. Hierarchical logistic regressions (base model: Parental education and premorbid reading abilities; full model: Base model and cognitive testing variables) were used to examine sensitivity/specificity, with diagnosis as the dependent variable.Number Sequencing and Cogstate One-Card Learning accuracy significantly predicted SA diagnosis (full model accuracy = 71.6%-71.7%, sensitivity = 80.6%-80.8%, specificity = 59.1%-59.6%), while only immediate recall was significant at EC visit (accuracy = 68.5%, sensitivity = 74.6%, specificity = 61.5%). Other measures (Letter Fluency, Cogstate Detection, and One-Card Learning accuracy) demonstrated higher proportions of impairment for pmTBI subacutely (pmTBI: 11.5%-19.8%; HC: 3.7%-6.1%) but did not improve classification accuracy. Evidence of multiple impairments across the entire testing battery significantly predicted diagnosis at both visits (full model accuracy = 66.2%-68.6%, sensitivity = 71.2%-78.9%, specificity = 54.3%-61.5%).Current results suggest similar modest diagnostic accuracy for computerized and paper-and-pencil batteries across multiple pmTBI phases. Moreover, findings suggest the total number of impairments may be more clinically useful than any single test or cognitive domain in terms of diagnostic accuracy at both assessment points. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure has been associated with differences in brain structure among younger active athletes, most often within the hippocampus. Studies of former athletes at early-midlife are limited. We investigated the association between RHI exposure and gray matter (GM) structure, as well as moderating factors, among former athletes in early-midlife. Former collegiate football players (n = 55; age = 37.9 + 1.5 years) completed magnetic resonance imaging to quantify GM morphometry and extensive structured interviews of RHI history (Head Impact Exposure Estimate). Linear regression models tested the association between RHI exposure and GM structures of interest. Interactions were tested for moderators: two estimates of intelligence quotient (IQ) (single word reading and picture vocabulary) and education history. Greater RHI exposure was associated with smaller hippocampal volume, β = -0.36, p = 0.004. Conversely, RHI exposure was not significantly associated with other GM outcomes ps > 0.05. Education history significantly moderated the association between RHI exposure and hippocampal volume, β = 0.31, p = 0.047. Among those with a bachelor's degree, greater RHI exposure was significantly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes, β = -0.58, p

The neurotrophic herpesvirus cytomegalovirus is a known cause of neuropathology in utero and in immunocompromised populations. Cytomegalovirus is reactivated by stress and inflammation, possibly explaining the emerging evidence linking it to subtle brain changes in the context of more minor disturbances of immune function. Even mild forms of traumatic brain injury including sport-related concussion are major physiological stressors that produce neuroinflammation. In theory, concussion could predispose to the reactivation of cytomegalovirus and amplify the effects of physical injury on brain structure. However, to our knowledge this hypothesis remains untested. This study evaluated the effect of cytomegalovirus serostatus on white and gray matter structure in a prospective study of athletes with concussion and matched contact-sport controls. Athletes who sustained concussion (n = 88) completed magnetic resonance imaging at 1-, 8-, 15-, and 45-days post-injury; matched uninjured athletes (n = 73) completed similar visits. Cytomegalovirus serostatus was determined by measuring serum Immunoglobulin G antibodies (n = 30 concussed athletes and n = 21 controls were seropositive). Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for confounding factors between athletes with and without cytomegalovirus. White matter microstructure was assessed using diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics in regions previously shown to be sensitive to concussion. T1-weighted images were used to quantify mean cortical thickness and total surface area. Concussion-related symptoms, psychological distress, and serum concentration of C-reactive protein at 1-day post-injury were included as exploratory outcomes. Planned contrasts compared the effects of cytomegalovirus seropositivity in athletes with concussion and controls, separately. There was a significant effect of cytomegalovirus on axial and radial kurtosis in athletes with concussion but not controls. Cytomegalovirus positive athletes with concussion showed greater axial (p = 0.007, d = 0.44) and radial (p = 0.010, d = 0.41) kurtosis than cytomegalovirus negative athletes with concussion. Similarly, there was a significant association of cytomegalovirus with cortical thickness in athletes with concussion but not controls. Cytomegalovirus positive athletes with concussion had reduced mean cortical thickness of the right hemisphere (p = 0.009, d = 0.42) compared with cytomegalovirus negative athletes with concussion and showed a similar trend for the left hemisphere (p = 0.036, d = 0.33). There was no significant effect of cytomegalovirus on kurtosis fractional anisotropy, surface area, symptoms, and C-reactive protein. The results raise the possibility that cytomegalovirus infection contributes to structural brain abnormalities in the aftermath of concussion perhaps via an amplification of concussion-associated neuroinflammation. More work is needed to identify the biological pathways underlying this process and to clarify the clinical relevance of this putative viral effect.

Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge Birgit Campbell, Christina Scherb, and Marco Crovella for their technical assistance, Gabrielle Lederer (Cytogenetic Department, TUM) for karyotyping, Dr. Rupert Öllinger (TUM, Germany) for sequencing, Dr. David Elliott for sharing the ES03 and ES03-NKX2.5eGFP cell lines, Drs. Ed Stanley and Andrew Elefanty (MCRI, Australia) for advice in construct design and gene targeting, and Dr. Sasha Mendjan for advice and discussion. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) (grant 788381 to A.Mo. and grant 261053 to K-.L.L.), the Else-Kroener-Fresenius Stiftung (EKFS, to A.G.), the German Research Foundation (grant GO3220/1-1 to A.G.; Transregio Research Unit 152 to A.Mo. and K-.L.L.; Transregio Research Unit 267 to A.Mo., K-.L.L., and P.G.), the German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) (grant FKZ 81Z0600601 to A.Mo. and K-.L.L.; grant 81X3600607 to J.K.), the Fondazione Umberto Veronesi (to G.S.)., Funder: German Centre for Cardiovascular Reserach, Funder: Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (Else Kroner-Fresenius Foundation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003042, Cardiogenesis relies on the precise spatiotemporal coordination of multiple progenitor populations. Understanding the specification and differentiation of these distinct progenitor pools during human embryonic development is crucial for advancing our knowledge of congenital cardiac malformations and designing new regenerative therapies. By combining genetic labelling, single-cell transcriptomics, and ex vivo human-mouse embryonic chimeras we uncovered that modulation of retinoic acid signaling instructs human pluripotent stem cells to form heart field-specific progenitors with distinct fate potentials. In addition to the classical first and second heart fields, we observed the appearance of juxta-cardiac field progenitors giving rise to both myocardial and epicardial cells. Applying these findings to stem-cell based disease modelling we identified specific transcriptional dysregulation in first and second heart field progenitors derived from stem cells of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. This highlights the suitability of our in vitro differentiation platform for studying human cardiac development and disease.

The epicardium, the mesothelial envelope of the vertebrate heart, is the source of multiple cardiac cell lineages during embryonic development and provides signals that are essential to myocardial growth and repair. Here we generate self-organizing human pluripotent stem cell-derived epicardioids that display retinoic acid-dependent morphological, molecular and functional patterning of the epicardium and myocardium typical of the left ventricular wall. By combining lineage tracing, single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility profiling, we describe the specification and differentiation process of different cell lineages in epicardioids and draw comparisons to human fetal development at the transcriptional and morphological levels. We then use epicardioids to investigate the functional cross-talk between cardiac cell types, gaining new insights into the role of IGF2/IGF1R and NRP2 signaling in human cardiogenesis. Finally, we show that epicardioids mimic the multicellular pathogenesis of congenital or stress-induced hypertrophy and fibrotic remodeling. As such, epicardioids offer a unique testing ground of epicardial activity in heart development, disease and regeneration.

Objective Characterize the levels of various metrics of repetitive head impacts (RHI) in contact (CS) and non-contact (NCS) sport athletes and determine the extent to which they are associated with fluid cognition. Methods Collegiate-aged athletes (n = 176) completed semi-structured interviews about participation in contact sport. RHI was operationalized based on current sport (CS/NCS), the cumulative number of years of participation, age at first exposure (AFE), and based on recently proposed traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) categories. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery assessed fluid cognition. General linear models compared RHI metrics between CS and NCS athletes and tested associations of RHI measures with fluid cognition. Results CS athletes had more years of RHI exposure, higher rates of “extensive” exposure based on TES criteria, and were more likely to have AFE before age 12 relative to NCS (ps .05). Across all RHI metrics, more or earlier RHI was associated with better episodic memory (ps ≤ .05). Secondary analyses showed this effect was driven by women. Conclusions Current results find no evidence that RHI in collegiate-aged athletes is associated with worse neurocognition. Although there was extensive overlap among RHI measures, results demonstrate that categorizing athletes based on their current sport undercounts the lifetime RHI exposure in many NCS athletes.

Institutional Investors, such as insurance companies, pension funds, real estate funds, and mutual funds, have become critically important players in the Swiss financial market. They channel capital from a multitude of investors, such as households, businesses, and the government, into asset classes like equities, debt, commodities, and real estate. The social security system plays a key role in this, together with the state-run basic benefit plan, the mandatory occupational pension scheme, and private savings. Insurance companies, comprising life insurance, non-life insurance, and reinsurance business activities, along with the growing class of collective investment schemes, have become enormous sources of investment capital, deciding about their allocation—unfortunately not in the best interest of their contributors’ future, also because of increasingly comprehensive regulations.

The Swiss National Bank (SNB) is Switzerland’s reliable, conservative, and independent central bank. Its mandate is to ensure price stability with due consideration for the economy’s development. As the nation’s monetary authority, ultimate source of bank liquidity, and lender of last resort, the SNB has kept Switzerland’s inflation low relative to other countries, mitigated systemic financial risks, provided efficient payment services, participated in multilateral global organizations, and compiled useful statistical data. The SNB’s effectiveness, combined with Switzerland’s lack of commercial and financial restrictions, political neutrality, direct democracy, moderate taxes, and fiscally disciplined governments, have appreciated the Swiss franc’s value and made it a haven in times of international turmoil. Digitalization, cryptocurrencies, and central bank digital currencies are challenges the SNB faces.

Switzerland was once one of the poorest countries in Europe because it had generally infertile agricultural land and neither mineral resources nor access to the sea. It was only during the first decade of the twentieth century that Switzerland founded its central bank and created the Swiss franc. Switzerland’s stable monetary environment, functioning financial system, and an economy unharmed by wars allowed it to become one of the world’s wealthiest and most prosperous countries. Significant legislative, regulatory, and operational improvements aided the transformation. Unfortunately, this increasing strength encouraged certain Swiss banks’ adoption of Wall Street’s casino mentality, resulting in substantial Swiss bank losses. A wave of new regulations ensued, sacrificing financial freedoms that were once hallmarks of Switzerland’s financial, social, and economic systems.

Since around 1990, the Swiss stock market has faced global competition, deregulation, automation, and enormous growth of structured products and exchange-traded funds. Driven by increased capital mobility, the market has become highly correlated with other well-developed stock markets, reducing diversification benefits for investors. Despite massive market capitalization growth, the stock market has returned more capital to investors than it has raised. During the same period, the number of listed foreign securities decreased. Today, Switzerland exhibits one of the world’s highest stock-market-capitalization-to-GDP ratios, which shows the importance of a well-functioning financial market for the country’s economy. Unlike the impact of the US-subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, the COVID-19 pandemic had no lasting effect on the Swiss stock market.

The stable Swiss franc currency, low-interest rates, high market liquidity, and long-term funding opportunities have made Swiss debt markets an attractive source of capital for borrowers, such as businesses, governments, and supranational organizations. The exceptionally well-developed long-term debt market has reduced the need for short-term financing and has proven highly resilient during times of turmoil. Today, Switzerland has a non-public borrowers’ market that is larger than the public borrowers’ segment, partly due to the federal debt brake. A distinctive feature is the Pfandbrief market which has remained loss-free during its 90-year history. While the share of foreign bonds has decreased over time, Sustainable Bonds, comprising Green Bonds, Social Bonds, and bonds linked to sustainability have emerged as a new important bond type.

The value chains of Switzerland’s incumbent market players, such as banks and insurance companies, will be increasingly challenged by new technologies and competitors like FinTech, InsurTech, and RegTech firms. Digitalization, artificial intelligence, big data, machine learning, smart contracts, data analytics, distributed ledger technologies, robotics, biometrics, and gamification are just a few ingredients spurring the FinTech revolution and breaking up existing value chains. These developments will fuel the consolidation of processes and collaborations with third parties and shift the boundaries between financial services providers. To support new business models in banking and insurance, the Swiss finance sector has invested in its infrastructure to trade digital assets. It has also been one of the very few early movers globally in providing a comprehensive and solid DLT regulation.

Swiss financial intermediaries are regulated by an assortment of interconnected federal and cantonal laws and authorities. The Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) is Switzerland's primary financial regulator, but it is supported by regulatory powers, such as the Swiss National Bank. The FINMA regulates banks, security exchanges, other financial market infrastructures, securities firms, collective investment schemes, insurance companies, mortgage issuance banks, fund management companies, asset managers and trustees, and trade assayers. Its responsibilities include fighting money laundering, ensuring financial transparency, resolving conflicts, and ensuring that financial institutions’ self-regulatory activities meet at least minimum standards. It also licenses banks operating in or from Switzerland. During the twenty-first century, the Swiss government passed significant legislation that laid the foundation and changed the competitive landscape for Swiss financial institutions.

STUDY DESIGN Population-based prospective study. OBJECTIVES To provide a population-based description of length of stay (LOS) and person-related risk factors following unplanned hospital admission due to a secondary health condition (SHC) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING Specialized SCI hospital and rehabilitation center in Switzerland. METHODS Descriptive analysis of LOS using routine clinical data of persons with SCI, who were acutely hospitalized between 01.01.2017-30.06.2018. Multivariable regression analysis was used to derive marginal predictions of LOS by acute SHCs and person characteristics. RESULTS The study included 183 persons, 83% were male, and the median age was 57 years (interquartile range, IQR, 49-67 years). SCI cause was traumatic in 160 (88.4%) cases, 92 (50.3%) were persons with tetraplegia, 147 (80.3%) were classified as motor complete lesions (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) A or B) and median time since injury (TSI) was 24 (IQR 13-34) years. Median LOS was 19 (IQR 9-39) days, varying from 74 (IQR 39-92) days for pressure ulcers, 13 (IQR 8-24) days for urinary tract infections (UTI), to 27 (IQR 18-47) days for fractures. LOS was prolonged in persons with multiple co-morbidities or those developing complications during hospitalization. Sex, SCI etiology and lesion level were not associated with LOS. CONCLUSIONS This population-based description identified substantial variation in LOS between acute SHCs and clinical complications as the main, potentially modifiable, person-related risk factors for extended hospital stay.

During the past forty years, Switzerland’s financial system has transformed itself from an outdated assortment of trading, clearing, settlement, and payment systems into “Finanzplatz Schweiz” (i.e., “Finance Center Switzerland”), a wholly integrated and fully automated electronic securities trading and post-trading infrastructure, operated and managed by the SIX Group. Because the nation’s financial system competes in a high-stakes global environment, where survival is based on successful risk management and state-of-the-art handling of financial instruments, doing so meant modifying and modernizing Swiss regulators and regulations. Customers expect ever-improving financial depth, breadth, and sophistication. These strengths form the basis for all value-added services the Swiss financial industry offers and enable Swiss financial institutions to compete internationally despite their home country’s diminutive geographical size.

Switzerland's federal government got the right to impose indirect taxes in 1848, and only under the pressure of war expenditures, in 1940, was it authorized to levy direct taxes. Government spending and tax revenues have grown since then. Unlike stories of a tax paradise, Switzerland's total tax burden is only slightly below the OECD's European average and often not in the best interest of future economic development. The country's tax laws favor debt over equity financing. Its Tax and Social Security systems support the retired generation. Stamp and withholding taxes hamper the development of Swiss capital markets, and not allowing tax credits from losses for more than seven years heavily burdens innovative start-ups, constituting an intergenerational transfer of assets and opportunities.

Swiss banking secrecy dates back more than 300 years. In 1934, the Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks made the unauthorized disclosure of confidential bank customer information a federal crime. Because bank secrecy could shield illegal financial activities, the Swiss government, Swiss banks, Swiss Bankers Association, and central bank have taken significant steps to halt tax evasion, insider trading, market and share price manipulation, money laundering, organized crime, financing terrorism, and corruption (bribery). In December 2015, the government implemented the Federal Act on the International Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters (AEOIA) to assist foreign governments. Banking secrecy issues intersect with other important topics, such as whistleblower legislation and Swiss neutrality.

Historically, Swiss banks developed mainly to export domestic savings and act as financial turntables for foreign capital inflows. The first banking law to provide federal supervision of domestic banks was the Swiss Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks (1934). Switzerland built its financial sector on the belief that self-regulation is the most effective way to manage financial entities. Nevertheless, federal supervision has become tighter in the twentieth century, turning Switzerland’s financial system into one of the world’s most closely regulated. Among the formidable challenges facing Switzerland’s banking system are increasing digitalization, gaining access to foreign financial markets, engaging in sustainable finance, changing anti-competitive tax rules, dealing with volatile interest rates, managing systemically important financial institutions, and protecting the financial system from paradigm-changing events.

Efficient financial infrastructures for securities trading and payment services have been (and will be) vital to Switzerland as a world financial leader. Historically, banking secrecy was thought to be a critical element in the development of Switzerland's financial sector. Today, the interplay of different types of financial intermediaries and institutional investors and the country's vital interest in having an independent central bank and a stable Swiss franc is at its core. These attributes form the basis for the country's well-functioning debt, equity, and derivatives markets. Switzerland has succeeded despite many counterproductive regulations and taxes. To secure its standard of living, digital transformation and global competition make it more important than ever to channel investments into undertakings at the forefront of technological innovation.

Contains fulltext : 291660.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) is emerging as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for complex colorectal lesions. Previous studies have demonstrated favorable safety results; however, large studies representing a generalizable estimation of adverse events (AEs) are lacking. Our aim was to provide further insight in AEs after eFTR. METHODS: Data from all registered eFTR procedures in the German and Dutch colorectal full-thickness resection device registries between July 2015 and March 2021 were collected. Safety outcomes included immediate and late AEs. RESULTS: Of 1892 procedures, the overall AE rate was 11.3% (213/1892). No AE-related mortality occurred. Perforations occurred in 2.5% (47/1892) of all AEs, 57.4% (27/47) of immediate AEs, and 42.6% (20/47) of delayed AEs. Successful endoscopic closure was achieved in 29.8% of cases (13 immediate and 1 delayed), and antibiotic treatment was sufficient in 4.3% (2 delayed). The appendicitis rate for appendiceal lesions was 9.9% (13/131), and 46.2% (6/13) could be treated conservatively. The severe AE rate requiring surgery was 2.2% (42/1892), including delayed perforations in .9% (17/1892) and immediate perforations in .7% (13/1892). Delayed perforations occurred between days 1 and 10 (median, 2) after eFTR, and 58.8% (10/17) were located on the left side. Other severe AEs were appendicitis (.4%, 7/1892), luminal stenosis (.1%, 2/1892), delayed bleeding (.1%, 1/1892), pain after eFTR close to the dentate line (.1%, 1/1892), and grasper entrapment in the clip (.1%, 1/1892). CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal eFTR is a safe procedure with a low risk for severe AEs in everyday practice and without AE-related mortality. These results further support the position of eFTR as an established minimally invasive technique for complex colorectal lesions.

Complex three-dimensional in vitro organ-like models, or organoids, offer a unique biological tool with distinct advantages over two-dimensional cell culture systems, which can be too simplistic, and animal models, which can be too complex and may fail to recapitulate human physiology and pathology. Significant progress has been made in driving stem cells to differentiate into different organoid types, though several challenges remain. For example, many organoid models suffer from high heterogeneity, and it can be difficult to fully incorporate the complexity of in vivo tissue and organ development to faithfully reproduce human biology. Successfully addressing such limitations would increase the viability of organoids as models for drug development and preclinical testing. On April 3-6, 2022, experts in organoid development and biology convened at the Keystone Symposium "Organoids as Tools for Fundamental Discovery and Translation" to discuss recent advances and insights from this relatively new model system into human development and disease.

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent an excellent

Objective:Retrospective self-report is typically used for diagnosing previous pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). A new semi-structured interview instrument (New Mexico Assessment of Pediatric TBI; NewMAP TBI) investigated test–retest reliability for TBI characteristics in both the TBI that qualified for study inclusion and for lifetime history of TBI.Method:One-hundred and eight-four mTBI (aged 8–18), 156 matched healthy controls (HC), and their parents completed the NewMAP TBI within 11 days (subacute; SA) and 4 months (early chronic; EC) of injury, with a subset returning at 1 year (late chronic; LC).Results:The test–retest reliability of common TBI characteristics [loss of consciousness (LOC), post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), retrograde amnesia, confusion/disorientation] and post-concussion symptoms (PCS) were examined across study visits. Aside from PTA, binary reporting (present/absent) for all TBI characteristics exhibited acceptable (≥0.60) test–retest reliability for both Qualifying and Remote TBIs across all three visits. In contrast, reliability for continuous data (exact duration) was generally unacceptable, with LOC and PCS meeting acceptable criteria at only half of the assessments. Transforming continuous self-report ratings into discrete categories based on injury severity resulted in acceptable reliability. Reliability was not strongly affected by the parent completing the NewMAP TBI.Conclusions:Categorical reporting of TBI characteristics in children and adolescents can aid clinicians in retrospectively obtaining reliable estimates of TBI severity up to a year post-injury. However, test–retest reliability is strongly impacted by the initial data distribution, selected statistical methods, and potentially by patient difficulty in distinguishing among conceptually similar medical concepts (i.e., PTA vs. confusion).