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Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Scientific Research Projects (AIBU-BAP) Lichens have been commonly used in traditional medicine. Biological potential (anti-proliferative, antioxidant and anti-bacterial) and chemical content of five lichen species (E. divaricata, L. vulpina, L. pulmonaria, R. fraxinea and U. florida) were assessed in relation to traditional knowledge. Consistent with folkloric usage, the strongest anti-proliferative activity was observed with L. pulmonaria against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell line. L. pulmonaria also showed the highest antioxidant capacity. While E. divaricata had the most phenolic content, the highest flavonoid content was determined in L. pulmonaria. All lichen extracts showed the best antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and only R. fraxinea had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that L. pulmonaria and U. florida were the best sources of stictic acid and usnic acid, respectively. Traditional usages of tested lichens were justified with this study and nutraceutical potentials of them were revealed. Studiul prezintă potențialul biologic (antiproliferativ, antioxidant și antibacterian) și conținutul chimic a cinci specii de licheni (E. divaricata, L. vulpina, L. pulmonaria, R. fraxinea și U. florida) care au fost evaluate în raport cu utilizările tradiționale. Cea mai intensă activitate antiproliferativă a fost observată pentru L. pulmonaria asupra liniei celulare de carcinom hepatocelular uman (HepG2/C3A). L. pulmonaria a prezentat, de asemenea, cea mai pronunțată capacitate antioxidantă. În timp ce E. divaricata a prezentat cel mai mare conținut fenolic, cel mai mare conținut de flavonoide a fost determinat în L. pulmonaria. Toate extractele de lichen au prezentat cea mai bună activitate antibacteriană împotriva bacteriilor Gram-pozitive și doar R. fraxinea a avut un spectru larg de activitate antibacteriană. Analiza HPLC-DAD a arătat că L. pulmonaria și U. florida reprezintă cele mai bune surse de acid stictic și, respectiv, acid usnic. Utilizările tradiționale ale lichenilor testați au fost justificate prin acest studiu și au fost dezvăluite potențialele nutraceutice ale acestora. Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Scientific Research Projects (AIBU-BAP) [BAP 2014.03.01.702, OBAP 2013.03.01.591]

Rosewood, Aniba rosaeodora is an endangered species in Amazon forests and its natural stands have been heavily depleted due to over-exploitation for the cosmetic industry. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 90 rosewood accessions from eight localities in the Peruvian Amazon through 11 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers. The ISSR primers produced a sum of 378 bands, of which 375 (99.2%) were polymorphic, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.774. The mean effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon informative index (I), gene diversity (He) and total gene diversity (Ht) were 1.485, 0.294, 0.453 and 0.252, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed the presence of maximum variability within populations (88%). The Structure algorithm, neighbor joining and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped the 90 rosewood accessions into three main populations (A, B and C). Diversity indices at the inter-population level revealed a greater genetic diversity in population A, due to higher gene flow. The neighbor-joining analysis grouped populations A and B, while population C was found to be divergent at the inter population level. We concluded that population A reflects higher genetic diversity and should be prioritized for future management and conservation plans. RESUMEN Palo de rosa, Aniba rosaeodora es una especie en peligro de extinción en los bosques amazónicos. Sus rodales naturales se han agotado debido a la sobreexplotación para la industria cosmética. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la diversidad genética y estructura poblacional de 90 accesiones de palo de rosa de ocho localidades en la Amazonía Peruana utilizando 11 marcadores de Inter Secuencias Simples Repetidas (ISSR). Los marcadores ISSR produjeron una suma de 378 bandas, de las cuales 375 (99,2%) fueron polimórficas, con un valor promedio de contenido de información de polimorfismo (PIC) de 0,774. El promedio del número efectivo de alelos (Ne), índice informativo de Shannon (I), diversidad genética (He) y diversidad genética total (Ht) fueron 1,485; 0,294; 0,453 y 0,252; respectivamente. El análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA) mostró la presencia de máxima variabilidad dentro de las poblaciones (88%). El algoritmo Structure, neighbor joining y análisis de coordenadas principales (PCoA) agruparon las 90 accesiones de palo de rosa en tres poblaciones principales (A, B y C). Los índices de diversidad a nivel interpoblacional revelaron una mayor diversidad genética en la población A, debido al mayor flujo de genes. El análisis de neighbor joining agrupó las poblaciones A y B, mientras la población C fué divergente a nivel interpoblacional. Concluimos que la población A refleja mayor diversidad genética y debería priorizarse para futuros planes de manejo y conservación.

Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family. Two independent experiments were performed to improve the productivity of the plant regeneration. Firstly, the most efficient in vitro culture system of M. officinalis was determined using 7 different explant types (leaf, petiole, stem, root, axillary buds, shoot buds and cotyledon buds) on medium containing Murashige and Skoog minimal organics (MSMO) medium with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Micropropagation was obtained only with explants containing meristematic cells (axillary buds, shoot tip buds and cotyledon buds). Lemon balm had a very low regeneration capacity and in the second part of the experiment, enhancement of regeneration was aimed with the applications of different magnetic fields (MFs). Two different MFs (50 and 100 mT) were generated using neodymium block magnets. There was no MF exposure with control treatment. Three different explants (axillary, shoot tip and cotyledon buds) were cultured on media including BA in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with the application of two different MFs at 1 hour duration. As a result, it was determined that MF applications enhanced the regeneration capacity of M. officinalis and the best shoot formation was observed with axillary bud explant cultured in 1.5 mg/L BA at 100 mT MF application for 1 hour duration.

Bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu Bölgesi'nde 10 ilde üretilen 156 önemli yerel fasulye ekotipi 2015 yılında toplanmış ve ekotipler arasındaki biyolojik çeşitliliği araştırmak ve karakterize etmek için 2016 yılında Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi'nde tarla denemesi yürütülmüştür. İncelenen karakterler açısından en belirgin değişim kuru sap ve tane veriminde kaydedilirken bunu bitkide bakla sayısı, baklada tane sayısı, bitki boyu ve yüz tane ağırlığı takip etmiştir. En yüksek bitki başına tane verimi MGL-30 (145.6 g), MGL-38 (101.7 g), ANT-43 (87.8 g) ve MGL-26 (81.9 g) genotiplerinden elde edilmiştir. Temel bileşen analizinde, 17 bileşen yerel fasulye genetik kaynaklarındaki varyasyonun %74.9’unu izah etmiştir. Bakla rengi, bitki tipi ve sarılma özelliği en fazla katkı sağlayan özellikler olmuştur. Bitki boyu ve olgunlaşma gün sayısı, biplot analizinde tane verimi ile aynı yönde ve en dar açıya sahip vektörler olmuştur. Morfolojik özellikler kullanılarak üretilen benzerlik dendogramı genotipleri iki ana gruba (A ve B) ve dört alt gruba (A1, A2, B1 ve B2 ) ayrılmıştır. Morfolojik özellikler açısından en uzak gruplarda yer alan MGL-01, KTH-01, MNS-01 ve ANT-13 ile UŞK-01, ANT-01, MGL-05 ve AYD-02 ekotipleri kullanılarak melezleme ıslahı ile yeni çeşitler geliştirilebilir. In this study, 156 important local bean ecotypes produced in 10 provinces in the Western Anatolia Region were collected in 2015, and field trial was conducted in 2016 at Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture in order to investigate and characterize biodiversity. The highest variation was recorded for straw yield and seed yield per plant followed by pod number per plant, seed number per pod, plant height and 100 seed yield. MGL-30 (145.6 g), MGL-38 (101.7 g), ANT-43 (87.8 g) and MGL-26 (81.9 g) gave the highest seed yields per plant. In principle component analysis, 17 components explained 74.9% of genetic variation in local bean genetic resources. Pod color, plant growth and speed of climbing were the most important traits contributing to diversity. In biplot vector analysis, plant height and days to maturity were of the closest and parallel vector angle to seed yield. Hierarchal constellation cluster analysis on the bases of morphological traits produced two main groups (A and B) and 4 subgroups (A1, A2, B1, and B2). Most distant landraces of MGL-01, KTH01, MNS-01, and ANT-13 to the genotypes of UŞK-01, ANT-01, MGL05 and AYD-02 may be used in a hybridization program.

Ülkemizde fasulye genetik kaynakları, ıslah çalışmalarında yeterince değerlendirilemediğinden, geliştirilen çeşit sayısı ve üretim miktarı yeterli düzeyde değildir. Bu nedenle, ülkemizde fasulye gen kaynakları yönünden mevcut zenginliğin yapılacak araştırmalarla ortaya çıkarılması, bunların yeni çeşit geliştirme ve alternatif tarım sistemlerinde kullanılması oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2015- 2016 yıllarında Türkiye’nin Batı Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki farklı fasulye yetiştirme alanlarından toplanan yerel kuru fasulye genotipleri, 2016 yılı yetiştirme sezonunda Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi deneme alanında yetiştirilmiştir. Fasulye genotipleri, IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) & EUCPVO (European Union Community Plant Variety Office) ve TTSM (Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi) tarafından belirtilen çeşit tanımlama kriterlerine göre 53 morfolojik özellik yönünden tanımlanmıştır. Fasulye genotiplerinin kalitatif ve kantitatif özellikler bakımından belirgin farklılıklar gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bitki büyüme özelliklerine ait korelasyon analizi sonucunda tane verimi ile bitki boyu, bitkide bakla sayısı, baklada tane sayısı arasında anlamlı ve önemli düzeyde ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Temel Bileşen Analizi (TBA) sonucunda incelenen 53 özellik ile ilgili olarak birbirinden bağımsız 10 adet temel bileşen ekseni elde edilmiştir. Bu eksenlerin toplam varyasyonun %68.59’unu temsil ettiği belirlenmiştir. Genotip x özellik ilişkisini gösteren biplot analizinde; genotipler, büyüme şekilleri, bakla özellikleri ve verim özellikleri yönünden ayrılmıştır. Kümeleme analizi sonucunda fasulye genotiplerinin ele alınan 53 karakter yönünden iki ana gruba ayrıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Grupların ayrılmasındaki en temel karakterin büyüme formu olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen verilerin, yakın gelecekte yapılacak ıslah ve genetik çalışmaların başlangıç noktasını oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir. Common bean genetic resources cannot be adequately evaluated in breeding studies in our country, thus the number of cultivars developed and production amount are not sufficient. Therefore, it is very crucial to reveal the richness of common bean genetic resources, and to use them for the developing new cultivars and an alternative agricultural system in the country. In the present study, common bean genotypes collected from Western Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2015-2016 were grown on the experimental farm of Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, during 2016 growing season. Genotypes were described in terms of 53 morphological characteristics according to the type identification criteria specified by IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) & EU-CPVO (European Union Community Plant Variety Office) and VRSCC (Variety Registration and Seed Certification Center). It was determined that genotypes revealed significant differences in terms of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. As a result of the correlation analysis of the plant growth characteristics, it was determined that seed yield per plant was significantly correlated with plant height, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 10 principal components axes were obtained from 53 morphological traits. These axes represented 68.59% of the total variation. Genotypes were divided in terms of growth patterns, pod features and yield characteristics in biplot analysis, which reveals genotype x trait relationship. As a consequence of cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into two main groups in terms of 53 morphological traits. It was observed that the most basic character in the separation of groups is the growth habit. It was thought that the data obtained from this study will serve as starting point for the near future breeding and genetic studies.

The nicotine, reducing sugar and ion contents from the threshing of tobacco can re-used from the industry. The crude oil and fatty oil compositions of tobacco seeds can be considered as an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel. In this study, the nicotine, reducing sugar content, crude oil, fatty acid composition and ion content were determined in 29 genotypes and 1 cultivar of tobacco. The genetic diversity was determined among the tobacco cultivar and genotypes base on examined properties. The nicotine content varied between 0.10-0.87%, reducing sugar ranged from 9.70-21.30%, crude oil varied between 24.33-47.00% and fatty acid compositions was found in the range of 77.94-100%. Linoleic (13.92-75.04%) and butyric (0.33-64.98%) acids were the major components. Overall, the BSR-5 (52.56 mg/g) and ESR-5 (44.58 mg/g) genotypes exhibited the highest potassium contents and ESR-7 (6.54 mg/g) and ESR-8 (1.28 mg/g) genotypes had the lowest chlorine contents. As a result of this study, the highest nicotine content, reducing sugar and crude oil of tobacco were found in ESR-4, ESR-11 and BSR-5 genotypes, respectively. The dendrogram analysis divided the tobacco into two main groups and most of the same origin genotypes fell into the same group. The results indicated that the different tobacco leaves and seeds can be evaluated as an alternative source in the industry as cigarettes, biodiesel and different industrial applications such as cosmetic, oil paints and varnishes based on their chemical properties. La nicotina, el contenido de iones y azúcares reductores pueden usarse en la selección en la industria del tabaco. La composición del aceite crudo y los ácidos grasos de las semillas de tabaco pueden evaluarse de manera alternativa para la industria de biodiesel. En este estudio, la nicotina, el contenido de azúcares reductores, el aceite crudo, la composición en ácidos grasos y el contenido de iones se determinaron en tabacos de 29 genotipos y 1 cultivar. La diversidad genética se determinó entre los cultivares de tabaco y los genotipos basándose en las propiedades examinadas. El contenido de nicotina varió entre 0,10-0,87%, el valor de azúcares reductores varió entre 9,70-21,30%, el aceite crudo osciló entre 24,33-47,00% y las composiciones de ácidos grasos oscilaron entre 77,94 y 100%. Los componentes principales fueron los ácidos linoleico (13,92-75,04%) y butírico (0,33-64,98%). En general, en los genotipos BSR-5 (52,56 mg/g) y ESR-5 (44,58 mg/g) mostraron el mayor contenido de potasio y los genotipos ESR-7 (6,54 mg/g) y ESR-8 (1,28 mg/g) el contenido más bajo de cloro. Como resultado de este estudio, se encontró un mayor contenido de nicotina, azúcares reductores y aceite crudo en los tabacos de los genotipos ESR-4, ESR-11 y BSR-5, respectivamente. El análisis mediante dendrograma mostró dos grupos principales y la mayor parte de los mismos genotipos de igual origen tuvieron lugar en el mismo grupo. Los resultados indicaron que las diferentes hojas y semillas de tabaco pueden evaluarse como una fuente alternativa en la industria como cigarrillos, biodiesel y diferentes industrias como cosmética, pinturas al óleo y barnices en función de sus propiedades químicas.

Common bean is an important legume crop having high quality protein, micronutrients, vitamins and antioxidants, which makes it a "grain of hope" for poor communities. Hence, a good number of breeding activities have been performed on the improvement of various key traits for years. However, recent advancements in molecular markers, sequencing technologies and the completion of the common bean genome sequence have opened numerous opportunities for fine mapping and gene characterization. The availability of these tools together with investigations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for key traits such as morpho-agronomic, iron and zinc contents, cooking and quality traits, antioxidant activity, biotic and abiotic stresses pave the way to the development of new strategies for common bean genetic improvement. As a food source, it can contribute to the reduction of food scarcity worldwide in the coming years. Therefore, it is very important to take synergic efforts to integrate common bean genetic and genomic resources in breeding activities to ensure food security and contribute significantly to improved livelihoods in developing countries. Moreover, Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) and CRISPR-Cas9 should be used to develop climate resilience common bean varieties. Here, we provide an overview of the evolution of common bean research by highlighting the past and recent advances in genomics, transgenics, transcriptomics and proteomics and also critically discuss the future prospects for further genetic improvement and better expansion of this crop.

The genus Ocimum is very complicated due to the presence of huge morphological variability along with genetic diversity. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) has pharmacological properties to treat headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, warts, worms, and kidney malfunction and potential as a therapeutic agent in treating various age-related diseases. In this study, a total of 74 genotypes were used in 2017 and 61 genotypes were adapted. Among the 61 genotypes, 50 genotypes were sown in 2018. The present investigation composed of basil genotypes was undertaken to characterize the genotypes based on morphological and phenological features, herbs, and essential oil yield of genotypes. A wide range of variations for traits like days to first cutting (56.92–101.6 d), plant height (13.67–71.90 cm), branch number (3.28–19.43 plant?1), fresh herb yields (12.94–274.11 g plant?1), and essential oil yield (0.04–1.71%) were observed and can be useful for breeding purposes. PI 652070 and PI 296391 were found superior with the highest herbs yield as compared with other genotypes. Overall, PI 358469 and Ames 32309 genotypes exhibited the highest essential oil content. A constellation analysis was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of basil genotypes. According to the constellation plot analysis, 46 basil genotypes and four cultivars were evaluated according to morphological, yield, and International Association for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV) properties, and most of the basil genotypes and one cultivar (Midnight) were located in the same group. As a result of the constellation plot analysis, Moonlight and Dino cultivars were located in the same group with PI 141198 (Maryland, USA) and genotypes originated from Georgia, Iran, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, and Hungary located in the same main group. Other genotypes of the same origin were found in a different main group. U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA The authors would like to thank to the USDA for supplying basil seeds.

Fritillaria imperialis L. (Terslale) Türkiye’de doğal olarak yetişen ve süsbitkisi olarak kullanılan bir türdür. Bu tür doğada morfolojik olarak yüksek birgenetik varyasyon göstermektedir. Van Gölü havzasından toplanan 74 F.imperialis genotipi arasındaki genetik çeşitliliği belirlemek amacıyla yürütülen buçalışmada, 19 farklı iPBS-Retrotranspozon primeri kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan 19primerin tamamı %100 oranında polimorfizm gösteren toplam 94 bantoluşturmuştur. Primer başına düşen ortalama bant sayısının 4.94, ortalamapolimorfizm bilgi içeriğinin (PIC) ise 0.58 olduğu belirlenmiştir. En düşük bantveren primer 2 bant oluştururken, en yüksek bant veren primer 10 bantoluşturmuştur. Ortalama etkili allel sayısının 1.50, Shannon bilgi indeksinin 0.47,gen çeşitliliğinin ise 0.30 olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Van Gölühavzasından toplanan ters lale genotiplerindeki genetik farklılığın önemli düzeydeolduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Terslale genotiplerinde ilk kez iPBS-Retrotranspozonmarkırları kullanılarak genetik çeşitliliğin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak yürütülenbu çalışma, iPBS-Retrotranspozon markır sisteminin bu türde başarılı bir şekildeuygulanabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen veriler, terslale üzerindeyürütülecek ıslah çalışmaları için ön bilgi oluşturacak niteliktedir. Fritillaria imperialis L. naturally grows in Turkey and it is used as anornamental plant. This species harbored plentiful genetic variation for variousmorphological traits in its natural habitat. In this study, 19 different iPBSRetrotransposon primers were used to identify genetic variation among 74 F.imperialis genotypes collected around Van lake basin. 19 primers amplified 94bands, 100% polymorphism. The average number of bands per primer was 4.94and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.58. Maximumnumber of polymorphic bands were 10 while the minimum number ofpolymorphic bands were 2. The mean effective number of alleles, Shannoninformation index and the gene diversity were 1.50, 0.47, and 0.30 respectively.The results reflected that genetic variations of F. imperialis genotypes collectedfrom Van lake basin were significant. This is the first report identifying the geneticvariations of F. imperialis genotypes by iPBS-Retrotransposon primers, and itproved that iPBS-Retrotransposon marker system could be applied successfully inF. imperialis for genetics and genomic studies. The data obtained from this studywill provide preliminary information for future F. imperialis breeding activities.

Safflower is an important oilseed crop mainly grown in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The aim of this study was to explore phenotypic and genetic diversity, population structure, and marker-trait association for 100-seed weight in 94 safflower accessions originating from 26 countries using silicoDArT markers. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant genotypic effects (p &lt, 0.01), while Turkey samples resulted in higher 100-seed weight compared to Pakistan samples. A Constellation plot divided the studied germplasm into two populations on the basis of their 100-seed weight. Various mean genetic diversity parameters including observed number of alleles (1.99), effective number of alleles (1.54), Shannon&rsquo, s information index (0.48), expected heterozygosity (0.32), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.32) for the entire population exhibited sufficient genetic diversity using 12232 silicoDArT markers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variations (91%) in world safflower panel are due to differences within country groups. A model-based structure grouped the 94 safflower accessions into populations A, B, C and an admixture population upon membership coefficient. Neighbor joining analysis grouped the safflower accessions into two populations (A and B). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also clustered the safflower accessions on the basis of geographical origin. Three accessions, Egypt-5, Egypt-2, and India-2 revealed the highest genetic distance and hence might be recommended as candidate parental lines for safflower breeding programs. The mixed linear model i.e., the Q + K model, demonstrated that two DArTseq markers (DArT-45483051 and DArT-15672391) had significant association (p &lt, 0.01) for 100-seed weight. We envisage that identified DArTseq markers associated with 100-seed weight will be helpful to develop high-yielding cultivars of safflower through marker-assisted breeding in the near future.

WOS:000577187600005 Quinoa is an important staple food crop for millions of impoverished rural inhabitants of the Andean region. Quinoa is considered a good source of protein,vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of world quinoa gennplasm originating from 8 countries through the iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. Molecular characterization was performed using the 11 most polymorphic primers. A total of 235 bands were recorded, of which 66.8% were polymorphic. Mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.410. Various diversity indices including mean effective number of alleles (1.269), mean Shannon's information index (0.160) and gene diversity (0.247) revealed the existence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in studied germplasm. Bolivia-17 and Mexico-1 were found to be genetically distinct accessions and can be suggested as candidate parents for future breeding activities. Various diversity indices were also calculated among germplasm collection counries and the results clearly showed the existence of higher genetic diversity in Bolivian and Peruvian accessions. The model-based structure, neighbor-joining, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped quinoa germplasm according to their collection country. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variations (69%) in world quinoa germplasm are due to differences within populations. Findings of this study can be used for deeper understanding of the genetic relationship and in the determination of appropriate breeding and conservation strategies for quinoa.

Coriandrum sativum L. (Kişniş), Umbelliferae/Apiaceae familyasına ait baharat ve uçucu yağ bitkisidir. Kişniş tohumlarının uçucu yağı ve ekstraktları antioksidan, kan şekeri düşürücü, ateş düşürücü, yağ düşürücü, ağrı kesici, kanser önleyici, mikrop öldürücü etkilere sahiptir. Çalışmada Erzurum, Antalya, Artvin, Rize, Burdur, Kırşehir, Ankara ve Karaman illerinden tedarik edilen ve Ankara’da (Hindistan) ticari olarak kullanılan popülasyon ve Arslan, Gürbüz, Kudret-K, Pel-Mus, Erbaa, Gamze tescilli çeşitleri olmak üzere toplam 20 tohum materyali kullanılmıştır. Materyallerin anyon ve katyon içeriklerini belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; K? (7.79-28.99 mg.g?¹), Ca?² (4.48-25.80 mg.g?¹), PO??³ (0.23-9.24 mg.g?¹), Cl?¹ (0.85-12.09) mg.g?¹, SO??² (0.54-13.39 mg.g?¹), Mg?² (1.94-8.62 mg.g?¹), Na? (1.38-7.35 mg.g?¹), NH?? (0.003-0.40 mg.g?¹) arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek Na?, Mg?² ve Ca?² içeriği Rize-Fındıklı kişniş popülasyonunda elde edilirken, en yüksek K? içeriği Ankara’dan tedarik edilen kişniş popülasyondan, SO??² Erbaa çeşidinden, PO??³ Kerkük popülasyonundan, Cl? ise Kırşehir popülasyonundan elde edilmiştir. En düşük, K? ve Mg?² içeriği Erzurum büyük tohumlu popülasyonundan elde edilirken, en düşük Na?, Cl? ise Ankara’dan tedarik edilen büyük tohumlu popülasyondan, SO??² Hindistan popülasyonundan, PO??³ Ankara’dan tedarik edilen küçük tohumlu popülasyondan elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, kişniş çeşit ve popülasyonlarının insan sağlığında oldukça önemli olan K?, Ca?² SO??² ve Cl? elementleri bakımından zengin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander) is a spices and essential oil plants belonging to Umbelliferae/Apiaceae family. Essential oil and extracts of coriander seeds have antioxidant, blood sugar reducing, fever reducer, anti-fatigue, analgesic, anti-cancer, disinfectant effects. In this study, 20 seed materials, which were supplied from Erzurum, Antalya, Artvin, Rize, Burdur, Kırşehir, Ankara and Karaman provinces, used in Ankara (India) as a commercial population and Arslan, Gürbüz, Kudret-K, Pel-Mus, Erbaa, Gamze registered varieties, were used. Anion and cation contents of the materials were determined. According to results; K? (7.79-28.94 mg.g?¹), Ca?² (4.48-25.80 mg.g?¹), PO??³ (0.23-9.27 mg.g?¹), Cl?¹ (0.85-4.25) mg.g?¹), SO??² (0.54-13.39 mg.g?¹), Mg?² (1.94-8.62 mg.g?¹), Na? (1.38-7.35 mg.g?¹), NH?? (0.003-0.40 mg.g?¹) were obtained these intervals. While the highest Na?, Mg?² and Ca?² contents were obtained from Rize-Fındıklı coriander population, the highest K? content was obtained from coriander population supplied from Ankara, SO??² from Erbaa variety, PO??³ from Kirkuk population and Cl? from the Kırşehir population. While the lowest K? and Mg?² contents were obtained from the Erzurum big kernel population, the lowest Na? and CI? contents were obtained from the big kernel population supplied from Ankara, SO??² from the Indian population, PO??³ from the small kernel population supplied from Ankara. At the end of the study, it was determined that coriander varieties and populations are rich K?, Ca?², SO??² and Cl? elements which are important in human health fairly.

Developing high yielding safflower cultivars with good adaptation to diverse environmental conditions can improve production in terms of seed yield and reduce the deficiency in edible oil. The genetic variability that exists among and within populations for desirable agronomic traits can be used to develop elite cultivars. A total of 94 safflower accessions from 26 different countries were used in this study to evaluate morphoagronomic performance, determine the pattern of similarity centers, and identify the best performing accessions by conducting 2 field experiments in Pakistan and Turkey using augmented design. Genetic diversity for important yield and yield traits was described including capitulum diameter 17.30 to 28.30 mm , branches per plant 5.10 to 17.30 , capitula per plant 8.70 to 80.40 , and seed yield per plant 4.86 to 51.02 g . These analyses showed a good level of variation in the current study. Using principal component analysis, it was observed that days to flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, days to flower completion, seed yield per plant, capitula per plant, branches per plant, seeds per capitulum, and capitulum diameter were the major contributors to the observed genetic variability in the evaluated safflower panel. Seed yield per plant reflected a significant and positive correlation with capitula per plant, branches per plant, and capitulum diameter, and these traits can be suggested as a selection criterion in safflower breeding programs. The hierarchical clustering was in agreement with the patterns of 7 similarity centers based on seed yield per plant, capitula per plant, capitulum diameter, and branches per plant. During this study, a few promising safflower accessions were selected for future breeding programs.

Anethum graveolens L. (dereotu) Apiaceae familyasına ait aromatik ve tek yıllık bir bitkidir. Baharat olarak yaygın kullanılan popüler bir bitki olmakta birlikte Ayurveda ilaçlarında da kullanılır ve uçucu yağ içerir. Drenajı iyi pH’ı 5.3 ile 7.8 aralığında gevşek toprakta ve sıcak iklimde iyi yetişir. Dereotu uçucu yağında ?-phellandrene, limonen, dereotu eter, miristisin gibi önemli ana bileşenler vardır. Bu çalışmada farklı dozlarda ahır gübresi (750, 1000, 1250, 1500 kg.da?¹) ve amonyum nitrat gübre (3, 6, 9, 12 kg.da?¹) ile kontrol (gübresiz) koşullarda dereotu yetiştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; ahır gübresinde taze verim 113.40-1403.89 kg.da?¹, kuru verim ise 227.66-304.61 kg.da?¹ olarak belirlenmiştir. Ahır gübresi ile yetiştirilen bitkilerde en yüksek taze ve kuru verimler, 1000-1250 kg.da?¹gübre dozundan elde edilmiştir. En yüksek yaş ve kuru verim ise 3 kg.da?¹ amonyum nitrat gübre uygulamasından (1662.22-371.55 kg.da?¹) saptanmıştır. Anethum graveolens L. (dill) is an aromatic and annual herb of Apiaceae family. It has been used in ayurvedic medicines and it is a popular herb widely used as a spice and also yields essential oil. It prefers rich well-drained, loose soil and full sun, and tolerates a pH in the range 5.3 to 7.8. It requires warm to hot summers with huge sunshine levels. There are various essential components of dill herb; ?-phellandrene, limonene, dill ether, myristicin are the most important odorants of dill herb. In this context, the different doses of barnyard (750, 1000, 1250, 1500 kg.da?¹) and Ammonium nitrate (3, 6, 9, 12 kg.da?¹) with a control (no manure) were applied with sowing. According to the results; the fresh yield was determinated between 113.40-1403.89 kg.da?¹ and dry yield was determinated 227.66-304.61 kg.da?¹ in barnyard manure. The highest fresh and dry yields were obtained from the plants grown with barnyard manure at a rate of 1000-1250 kg.da?¹. The highest fresh and dry yields were found from 3 kg.da?¹ Ammonium nitrate fertilizer applications (1662.22-371.55 kg.da?¹).

Capsicum is one of the most important and diverse plant taxa, widely used as a spice and vegetable worldwide, including Turkey. Germplasm characterization is an essential step for crop breeding. In the present study, we characterized the genetic diversity and population structure of a collection of 94 pepper accessions using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon-based markers. A total of 20 iPBS primers were used that generated 172 bands (mean 8.6 bands/primer), of which similar to 92% were polymorphic in the entire germplasm collection, whereas 83%, 69%, and 80% of the bands were polymorphic within the C. annuum, C. chinense, and C. frutescens subsets, respectively. All of the taxa analyzed were clearly differentiated by the iPBS markers. The polymorphism information content of the markers ranged between 0.15 and 0.99, with an average of 0.66. Cluster analyses by different methods (UPG MA, STRUCTURE, and principal coordinate analysis) revealed a clear separation of all of the C. annuum accessions from the other pepper species, with a few subclusters observed among the latter, including groups with accessions of both C. frutescens and C. chinense. At the interspecies level, the 3 clustering methods clearly discriminated C. annuum from C. frutescens and C. chinense. No clear association was found between the iPBS-based clustering and geographical origin or fruit characteristics of the accessions. This is the first report characterizing the genetic diversity and population structure in the Turkish pepper gennplasm using iPBS markers. It is expected that these data will serve as a foundation for the development of new and improved pepper varieties.

The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) Stelter is an important yield-limiting soil-borne pathogen of wheat- and barley-growing areas, particularly in the semiarid regions throughout the world. In Turkey, cyst nematodes have been detected in several localities of wheat- and barley-growing areas. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of initial population densities (Pi) of Heterodera filipjevi on yield of susceptible (Seri-82) and resistant (Silverstar) wheat cultivars and to investigate nematode reproduction on wheat under rainfed conditions in Bolu Province in Turkey. The results indicated that cultivar Seri-82 showed higher sensitivity reaction to H. filipjevi than cultivar Silverstar. Yield reduction was negatively correlated with H. filipjevi initial population (Pi) for both wheat cultivars. Yield losses reached up to 40.5% and 8.54% for Seri-82 and Silverstar, respectively, at nematode density (Pi) (eggs + J2)/g soil of 44 and 38. There was a positive relationship between nematode Pi and final population (Pf), while the nematode reproduction factor (RF) was negatively correlated with nematode Pi of H. filipjevi on both wheat cultivars. Moreover, there was no relationship between the date of release of cultivars and their responses to the nematodes. Identification of resistance sources against H. filipjevi and the introduction of those into the selected germplasms by breeding programs is important for future studies.

Cicer Milkvetch is a legume forage crop having long life- perennial, resistance to cold, non-bloat for animals. The establishment of legume forage crops is very difficult. One of the major constraints in successful stand establishment of forage legumes is hard seed. This trait inhibits and delays the emergence of plant seedling. It leads poor plant growth and low weed competition moreover it causes low yield and poor quality of herbage. For this reason, detecting and knowing of hard seed rates of plant species for sowing rate, uniform emergence and perfect stand establishment are significant. Various methods are used for identifying this rate. In this study, the effects of various scarification methods on hard seed in Cicer Milkvetch were investigated. This test in completely randomized plot design in Lutana variety with four replications was conducted in the department of forage crops and meadow-rangeland in the Central Research Institute for Field Crops in 2018. Treatments are counted following as treatment 1 (heat 1), treatment 2 (heat 2), treatment 3 (freeze-thaw), treatment 4 (mechanical method), treatment 5 (heat 1 + mechanical method), treatment 6 (heat 2 + mechanical method), treatment 7 (freeze-thaw + mechanical method) and treatment 8 (control). When evaluated study results, treatment 3 (57.2%) and treatment 7 (61.6%) negatively effected for seed germination rate and caused a significant decrease in seed germination rate compared to control (81.7%). Other 5 treatments reasoned positively effect on germination seed rate and led an increase in that. The highest germination rate was obtained from treatment 1 (97.0%) and after that treatment 6 (90.0%) was followed it. As a result, mechanical method and heat treatment or combinations of both may be advised to reduce hard seed impact in Cicer Milkvetch. Nohut geveni uzun ömürlü, soğuğa dirençli, hayvanlarda şişkinlik yapmayan bir baklagil yem bitkisidir. Baklagil yem bitkilerinin tesis edilmesi çok zordur. Baklagil yem bitkilerinin başarılı bir şekilde tesis edilmesinde en önemli kısıtlamalardan biri sert tohumluktur. Bu özellik bitki fidelerinin çıkışını engeller ve geciktirir. Zayıf bitki gelişimi ve düşük yabancı ot rekabeti sağlar, bunun yanında düşük verim ve düşük ot kalitesine neden olur. Bu nedenle bitki türlerinin sert tohumluk oranlarının belirlenmesi ve bilinmesi ekilecek tohum miktarı, uniform çıkış ve uygun tesis yönünden önemlidir. Bu oranın tespit edilmesi için farklı yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, nohut geveninde çeşitli tohum kabuğu inceltme yöntemlerinin sert tohumluk üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu test 2018 yılında Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Çayır Mera ve Yem Bitkileri Bölümünde Lutana çeşidinde tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yapılmıştır. Uygulamalar aşağıdaki gibi sayılmaktadır; uygulama 1 (sıcak 1), uygulama 2 (sıcak 2), uygulama 3 (donma-çözülme), uygulama 4 (mekanik yöntem), uygulama 5 (sıcak 1 + mekanik yöntem), uygulama 6 (sıcak 2 + mekanik yöntem), uygulama 7 (donma-çözülme + mekanik yöntem) ve uygulama 8 (kontrol). Çalışma sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, tohum çimlenme oranı için uygulama 3 (%57.2) ve uygulama 7 (%61.6) olumsuz yönde etkilenmiş ve tohum çimlenme oranının kontrole (%81.7) kıyasla önemli ölçüde azalmasına neden olmuştur. Diğer 5 uygulama, tohum çimlenme oranı üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye neden olmuş ve bunun artmasına yol açmıştır. En yüksek çimlenme oranı 1. uygulamadan (%97.0) elde edilmiştir ve bundan sonra 6. uygulama (%90.0) bunu takip etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, nohut geveninde sert tohumluk etkisini azaltmak için mekanik yöntem ve sıcak uygulamaları veya her ikisinin kombinasyonları önerilebilir.

WOS:000519271000021 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the cash and industrial crops commonly grown throughout the world. This plant is important for the agriculture sector in Turkey, with high-quality varieties being produced in different regions of the country. This study aimed to examine important morphological properties and yield of a cultivar and some genotypes of tobacco under the conditions of Bolu province in Turkey in 2015 and 2016. Genetic variability parameters such as GCV (%), PCV (%), GA and heritability were conducted to provide the best image of the tobacco cultivar and genotypes. GCV values were near to PCV values for the properties like DFT, DT and OV indicative high contribution of genotypic effect for phenotypic expression of such properties. These properties had moderately high heritability with 79.98%, 73.95% and 79.51%, respectively. The highest fresh leaf weight was observed in the AR-1 cultivar (525.0 kg da(-1)) and ESR-7 genotype (646.30 kg da(-1)) in the first year and BSR-3 (358.22 kg da(-1)) and ESR-6 (320.19 kg da(-1)) genotypes in the second year. A correlation analysis was also conducted between these traits of tobaccos. Highly significant and positive correlations were found between DFT-DT, LL-LW and FLW-DLW. A dendrogram was constructed to determine the relationships between the investigated plants based on morphological properties and yield values. One cultivar and 29 genotypes were located in two main groups as A (14 genotypes and one cultivar) and B (15 genotypes). The genotypes included same region were located in different groups.

Background Both selection effects and whole genome duplication played very important roles in plant speciation and evolution, and to decipher the corresponding molecular footprint has always been a central task of geneticists. Vaccinium is species rich genus that comprised of about 450 species, and blueberry is one of the most important species of Vaccinium genus, which is gaining popularity because of high healthful value. In this article, we aimed to decipher the molecular footprints of natural selection on the single copy genes and WGD events occur in the evolutionary history of blueberry species. Results We identified 30,143, 29,922 and 28,891 putative protein coding sequences from 45,535, 42,914 and 43,630 unigenes assembled from the leaves’ transcriptome assembly of 19 rabbiteye (T1), 13 southern highbush (T2) and 22 northern highbush (T3) blueberry cultivars. A total of 17, 21 and 27 single copy orthologs were found to undergone positive selection in T1 versus T2, T1 versus T3, and T2 versus T3, respectively, and these orthologs were enriched in metabolic pathways including “Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis”, “Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis”, “Butanoate metabolism”, “C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism” “Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis”. We also detected significant molecular footprints of a recent (about 9.04 MYA), medium (about 43.44 MYA) and an ancient (about 116.39 MYA) WGD events that occurred in the evolutionary history of three blueberry species. Conclusion Some important functional genes revealed positive selection effect in blueberry. At least three rounds of WGD events were detected in the evolutionary history of blueberry species. Our work provides insights about the genetic mechanism of adaptive evolution in blueberry and species radiation of Vaccinium in short geological scale time.

Essential oils of twenty-four plant species were obtained by hydrodistillation and investigated for their antibacterial effects against seven fish pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Yersinia ruckeri, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus agalactiae). The antibacterial activity results of the essential oils obtained by disc diffussion method showed strong activities against all pathogens. In general, whole essential oils except Artemisia absinthium exhibited strong antibacterial effects against the most of the fish pathogens. However, the essential oil of A. absinthium showed weak antibacterial effect against only A. hydrophila. Mostly seven essential oils of the plants (T. spicata, T. vulgaris, L. nobilis, C. verum, H. plicatum and A. citriodora Paláu) among twenty-four essential oils exhibited good antibacterial activity against all fish pathogens. When compared to the tested antibiotics (furazolidon, oxytetracycline, cephalothin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), the antibacterial effects of essential oils were mostly obtained equivalent or stronger. Considering the antibacterial activity results of the essential oils, their alternative use in lieu of antimicrobial agents against bacterial fish diseases might be convenient in the aquaculture. 24 adet bitki türünün uçucu yağları hidrodistilasyon yoluyla elde edildi ve 7 çeşit balık patojenine (Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Yersinia ruckeri, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus garvieae ve Streptococcus agalactiae) karşı antibakteriyel etkileri araştırıldı. Uçucu yağların, disk difüzyon yöntemiyle elde edilen antibakteriyel aktivite sonuçları, tüm patojenlere karşı kuvvetli aktiviteleri olduğunu göstermektedir. Genel olarak, Artemisia absinthium dışında tüm uçucu yağlar, balık patojenlerinin çoğunluğuna karşı güçlü antibakteriyel etkiler göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, A. absinthium uçucu yağı, sadece A. hydrophila’ ya karşı zayıf antibakteriyel etki göstermiştir. Yirmi dört uçucu yağ arasından çoğunlukla yedi uçucu yağ (T. spicata, T. vulgaris, L. nobilis, C. verum, H. plicatum and A. citriodora Paláu) tüm balık patojenlerine karşı iyi antibakteriyel aktivite sergilemişlerdir. Test edilen antibiyotikler (furazolidon, oksitetrasiklin, sefalotin ve trimetoprim/sulfametoksazol) ile karşılaştırıldığında, uçucu yağların antibakteriyal etkileri çoğunlukla eşit veya güçlü olarak bulunmuştur. Uçucu yağların antibakteriyel aktivite sonuçları göz önünde bulundurarak, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde bakteriyel balık hastalıklarına karşı antimikrobiyal ajanların yerine alternatif olarak kullanımları uygun olabilir.

Einkorn is one of the oldest and important wheat species because of its increasing economic value, agronomical technical properties, and health and sanitary effects. Therefore, a faster tissue culture production protocol which may ensure a fast einkorn production is desired. The tissue culture process first requires an efficient sterilization technique of the explant to eliminate contamination factors in this hulled species. In this study, we, thus, aimed to determine the effective einkorn sterilization process for the removal of contaminating microorganisms without the loss of germination capacity and viability. We tested 22 following sterilant combinations with different concentration and exposure time: Ethanol, Commercial Bleach, Tween 20, Mercury (II) Chloride, and Sterile Distilled Water. On the other hand, obtained the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, where p≤0.05 was accepted significant. Forty percent commercial bleach which were applied fifteen minutes eliminated all microorganisms with a 92.6% seed germination. The second-best technique was one minute exposure of 70% ethanol which were followed by 10 minutes exposure of 20% commercial bleach. This assured up to 89% germination and no contamination. The worst results came from the mercury (II) chloride with 0% contamination and ≤ 25% germination rate. Mercury (II) Chloride was both highly toxic on the seeds and reduced the contamination. Commercial Bleach and Ethanol Chemicals were less toxic while providing an acceptable sterilization., Einkornis one of the oldest and important wheat species because of its increasingeconomic value, agronomical technical properties, and health and sanitaryeffects. Therefore, a faster tissue culture production protocol which mayensure a fast einkorn production is desired. The tissue culture process first requires an efficient sterilizationtechnique of the explant to eliminate contamination factors in this hulledspecies. In this study, we, thus, aimed to determine the effective einkornsterilization process for the removal of contaminating microorganisms withoutthe loss of germination capacity and viability. We tested 22 followingsterilant combinations with different concentration and exposure time: Ethanol,Commercial Bleach, Tween 20, Mercury (II) Chloride, and Sterile DistilledWater. On the other hand, obtained the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA andDuncan test, where p≤0.05 was accepted significant. Forty percent commercialbleach which were applied fifteen minutes eliminated all microorganisms with a92.6% seed germination. The second-best technique was one minute exposure of70% ethanol which were followed by 10 minutes exposure of 20% commercialbleach. This assured up to 89% germination and no contamination. The worstresults came from the mercury (II) chloride with 0% contamination and ≤ 25%germination rate. Mercury (II) Chloride was both highly toxic on the seeds andreduced the contamination. Commercial Bleach and Ethanol Chemicals were lesstoxic while providing an acceptable sterilization.

Salinity is one of the most environmental problems in arid and semi-arid region. It is an abiotic stress factor which restricts crop production and affects development of plants. One of the these plants is basil (Ocimum basilicum). It is an annual medicinal and aromatic plant from Lamiaceae family. The present study was carried out to determine the response of different salt concentrations from 0 to 240 mM doses which increasing 20 mM. The experiment was conducted with randomized complete block design with 3 replications and placed 20 number from seeds of each plant in petri dishes. 39 petris were used consisting from 1 plant x 13 salt levels x 3 replicats. Germination tests were made at constant temperature (29±1 °C), dark field and drying oven in laboratory conditions. Appropriate test solution was placed at each petri dish being 5 ml and was changed with an interval of two days. According to the study results, germination speed and power of basil seeds completed within 3-15 days. The results noted that root lenght changed between 0.08-5.07 cm, shoot lenght changed between 0.1-5.82 cm in the basil and they changed between 10-100% germination rate between the 0-240 mM salt concentrations. The lowest germination speed and power were seen in 240 mM and the highest germination speed and power were seen in 20 mM except control condition. Germination percentage of basil seeds were decreased from 0 (control) to 240 mM. In addition to this, the highest shoot and root lenght were obtained from 20 mM and the lowest shoot and root lenght were obtained from 240 mM except control condition. Root lenght/shoot lenght was also determined changing between 0.43-1.27. According to results, it was determined that germination number and rate, shoot and root lenght were statistically affected by different salt doses. Considering different salt doses, the highest number of germination was obtained from 20 mM salt dose, the lowest value was determined in 240 mM salt application compared to control application. It is suggested that salt tolerence studies should be preferred under 200 mM salt dose to obtain the germination number and rate over 80% in different salt doses and in order to grow the basil under salted areas., Salinity is one of the most environmental problems inarid and semi-arid region. It is an abiotic stress factor which restricts cropproduction and affects development of plants. One of the these plants is basil(Ocimum basilicum). It is an annualmedicinal and aromatic plant from Lamiaceae family. The present study wascarried out to determine the response of different salt concentrations from 0to 240 mM doses which increasing 20 mM. The experiment was conducted withrandomized complete block design with 3 replications and placed 20 number fromseeds of each plant in petri dishes. 39 petris were used consisting from 1plant x 13 salt levels x 3 replicats. Germination tests were made at constanttemperature (29±1 °C), dark field and drying oven in laboratory conditions.Appropriate test solution was placed at each petri dish being 5 ml and waschanged with an interval of two days. According to the study results,germination speed and power of basil seeds completed within 3-15 days. Theresults noted that root lenght changed between 0.08-5.07 cm, shoot lenghtchanged between 0.1-5.82 cm in the basil and they changed between 10-100%germination rate between the 0-240 mM salt concentrations. The lowestgermination speed and power were seen in 240 mM and the highest germinationspeed and power were seen in 20 mM except control condition. Germination percentageof basil seeds were decreased from 0 (control) to 240 mM. In addition to this,the highest shoot and root lenght were obtained from 20 mM and the lowest shootand root lenght were obtained from 240 mM except control condition. Rootlenght/shoot lenght was also determined changing between 0.43-1.27. Accordingto results, it was determined that germination number and rate, shoot and rootlenght were statistically affected by different salt doses. Consideringdifferent salt doses, the highest number of germination was obtained from 20 mMsalt dose, the lowest value was determined in 240 mM salt application comparedto control application. It is suggested that salt tolerence studies should bepreferred under 200 mM salt dose to obtain the germination number and rate over80% in different salt doses and in orderto grow the basil under salted areas.

Methanolic extracts of 16 plant species, used in herbal and traditional medicinal preparations, collected from the same geographic region (Golcuk-Seben/Bolu, Turkey) were evaluated for their relative total phenolic contents, total antioxidant activities and their mineral contents in both dried plant samples and methanolic extracts. These species included Hypericum perforatum L., Thymus sipyleus Boiss., Equisetum arvense L., Achillea millefolium L., Tanacetum parthenium L., Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. & Velen., Usnea longissima , Herniaria incana Boiss., Teucrium polium L., Stachys bithynica Boiss., Anthemis nobilis L., Sambucus ebulus L., Berberis vulgaris L., Malus communis Desf., Matricaria chamomilla L . and Scorzonera laciniata L. Spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical scavenging activity methods were performed to detect the total phenolic contents and total antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts, respectively. The results show that the fruits of Berberis vulgaris L ., have the highest antioxidant activity and aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium L. have the highest total phenolics (92.62%). Mineral contents were determined by inductively coupled – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All dried plant samples and methanolic extracts contained high amounts of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in Equisetum arvense L., Anthemis nobilis L . , and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. dried plant samples, whereas Se was only detected in Usnea longissima . The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in the methanolic extracts of Usnea longissima , Anthemis nobilis L. and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. respectively.

Root lesion nematodes (RLNs) are an economically important pest due to their wide host range in the global cropping system. In Turkey, they have been found in every region and attack almost all crops (especially wheat), causing significant damage. This study investigated the occurrence and population dynamics of the root lesion nematode species Pratylenchus thornei on the winter wheat cultivar 'Bayraktar' under field conditions in Bolu Province. Surveys were conducted and a total of 145 root and soil samples were collected. Pratylenchus thornei was detected in 25 soil samples (17.2% of the total samples). Field experiments revealed that P. thornei populations were at their lowest density during the winter (November to February), before gradually increasing to their maximum in July and then decreasing again during the dry summer periods. The number of nematodes was positively correlated with temperature, and the nematode reproduction rate was between 0.8 and 4.6. When combined with integrated pest management strategies, the information provided by these results will be useful for suppressing the nematode population below the threshold level.

Bu çalışma, mikrobiyal aşı uygulamasında kullanılan seçilmiş Rhizobium meliloti suşlarının ve değişik organik materyallerin çemen (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)'in tane verimi ve verim öğeleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla, 2011 ile 2012 yıllarında Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü'ne ait deneme alanlarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, 3 farklı Rhizobium meliloti inokulantı (1 No, 22 No ve 760 No) ve değişik organik materyallerin [kontrol, humik asit, alsil (alüminyum silikat) ve organik gübre (B5A-sıvı)] çemenin tane verimi ve verim öğeleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Deneme, Tesadüf Bloklarında Bölünmüş Parseller Deneme Deseni'ne göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada; bitki boyu, dal sayısı, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bakla uzunluğu, bitkide bakla sayısı, baklada tane sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, bitkide tane verimi, tohum verimi, protein oranı ve yağ oranı gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 2011 yılında en yüksek tohum verimi (74.3 kg/da) 760 No'lu bakteri suşu uygulamasından, 2012 yılında ise 1 No'lu bakteri suşundan (104.1 kg/da) elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci yılında suşlar arasındaki farklılık istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Denemede, farklı gübre uygulamaları bakımından ise ilk deneme yılında en yüksek tane verimi 86.4 kg/da, ikinci deneme yılında ise 112.4 kg/da olarak aluminyum silikat uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir. This study was carried out to determine the effects of various fertilizer sources, and bacteria inoculation on the yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) under irrigated conditions in 2011 and 2012 spring periods. Field trials were conducted at randomized complete block split plot design with three replications on the experimental area of Yuzuncu Yıl University, Agricultural Faculty. As factorial, four different fertilizer sources [control, humic acid, aluminium silicat and organic (B5A) manure], three bacteria inoculants (#1, #22 and #760). Trait such as plant height, the number of branch, first bean height, bean length, the number of bean per plant, the number seed per bean, 1000-seed weight, hectoliter weight, seed yield, seed yield per plant, seed protein and seed fatty oil content of fenugreek seed were investigated. In the result of the study, the highest seed yield (743 kg ha-1) was obtained from the bacteria 760# inoculant in 2011; while the highest seed yield (1041 kg ha-1) was obtained from the bacteria #1 inoculant in 2012. However, significant differences were not determined between bacteria inoculants for seed yield in 2012. For fertilizer sources, the highest seed yields (864 kg ha-1 and 1124 kg ha-1) were obtained from the aluminium silikat fertilization in 2011 and 2012, respectively. https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/dokuman-goruntule?ext=pdf&path=CrnWZGRsXTjRjLjWxD978OSUAL2jXitizhVYmCxNvH7mKIVm6hRm9fKwH3qvxK53uwNEGUm8tLcCFsXZjum1AW8Jkvra_sZe0SbkN6_pW2BrdQZj9vy0mInGGa1WlN3F4A7t8AxasfmffiSJj_6aEUHz4zLyxtpgzlDt3y0Ea63uLxNbVhup49N9IH-xchwFr_msihNgYoNrUjHH1C5I9_TVfy-VrNwBBFUuUd_h8CU=&contentType=application/pdf

Durum wheat genetic resources from Turkey and Syria are expected to harbor novel alleles for most traits that are of interest to breeders and consumers. However, there have not been sufficient efforts to investigate the genetic structure of this gene pool. In this study, cultivar Kunduru-1149 (selected from one of the unique landraces, Kunduru) from Anatolia was crossed with a Syrian cultivar, Cham1, to produce recombinant inbred lines (RILs) for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. The RIL population was genotyped with simple sequence repeats, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and seed storage protein markers and analyzed for 9 different important quality traits of durum wheat in 8 different environments in Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon. We identified 59 QTLs of various quality and rheology traits using single-marker analysis. Some of the QTLs were also reported in earlier studies; however, new major QTLs were also identified in our QTL mapping population. In future studies, after validation, the markers linked with these QTLs can be used in marker-assisted durum wheat breeding. © TÜBİTAK.

The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp. is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes causing global cereal yield losses. Effective management of plant-parasitic nematodes depends on reliable management strategies and comprehensive datasets estimating the distribution, abundance, and population change of nematode species. This study reports the occurrence of Pratylenchus neglectus in wheat-growing districts during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons in Bolu, Turkey. Pratylenchus neglectus was identified by both morphological and molecular methods. The nematode was detected in 11.6% of samples collected from five districts. On average, P. neglectus numbered 1556 nematodes/kg soil, while 12% of samples had more than 2500 nematodes/kg soil. P. neglectus population dynamics were evaluated by sowing a susceptible winter wheat variety (Bezostaya) in a naturally infested field near the Çaydurt district of Bolu during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons. There was a positive correlation (P < 0.01) between nematode abundance in roots and surrounding soil temperature. The highest abundance of nematodes in roots occurred during May (average temperature: 22 °C), while the lowest abundance was during December-March (average temperature: 5 °C). The initial population was measured as an average of 60 nematodes/100 g soil. The reproduction rate of P. neglectus ranged from 0.7 to 4.8 individuals.

WOS:000496487400008 Seed size, seed shape and seed colour are easily discernible phenotypic traits of beans in the market. Consumers often have specific preferences to different combinations of seed size, shape and colour. Local landraces are usually grown for their desired organoleptic and seed properties by consumers. This study investigated the variability in seed size attributes, seed shape, visual seed colour properties and seed luminosity/chromaticity properties of the germplasm of 255 landraces representing major local bean types grown in 20 provinces in Western Anatolia Region of Turkey. Measurements were made on seeds from representative single plants for seed size index, 100 seed weight, seed length, seed width, seed thickness, seed width in cross section, seed shape, seed degree of curvature in kidney types, seed shape in cross section, number of seed colors, main seed color, secondary seed colour, distribution of secondary seed color, seed veining, colour of hilum ring and values of L (Luminosity), chromaticity a*, chromaticity b*, chroma (C) and hue angle. Data were statistically analysed, principle component analysis was carried out, the germplasm was classified by UPGMA dendograms and selections were made on the bases of GGE biplot analysis. Landraces showed a considerable diversity for seed size, seed shape and seed colour trait measured. All seed size variables ranged by 2-10-fold within the germplasm. 100-seed weight ranged ten-fold from very small seeded Meso-American types (18.4 g, e.g. AYD-8, KTH-30, MGL-1, DNZ-1 and BRD-24) to very large seeded Andean types (182.3 g, e.g. MGL-37, PKS-1, ANT-33, MGL-31 and ANT-16). Seed shape also varied as kidney-shaped (96 landraces), circular to elliptic (73), circular (58), elliptic (27) and rectangular (1) shapes. Main and secondary seed colours had considerable variation within the germplasm with 151 landraces had white, 31 grey, 31 beige, 23 brown, 8 violet, 5 red and 4 black main seed colour whereas 24 landraces had violet followed by 17 black and 14 red secondary seed colour. Landraces exhibited a large variation for chromaticity and luminosity variables. L value ranged between 20.3 and 90.1 representing a 4.5-fold variation. The landraces in the germplasm were assessed and characterised on the bases of diversity in seed morphological traits. Selections were made using UPGMA dendogram and GGE-biplot for production and breeding bean cultivars for preferences of changing consumer demands.

WOS:000496488200005 Cooking quality is one of the main bean breeding objectives after yield and stress tolerance. Local bean landraces have usually superior cooking quality. An experiment was carried out in order to investigate i) the variations in the cooking quality traits in pre-breeding collection of 60 Phaseolus sp landraces from Western Anatolia provinces and ii) cooking time in relation with other cooking quality traits. There was a considerable variation in the variables tested within the germplasm of cooking time (26.0-100.0 min), dry weight (19.0-61.8 g), wet weight (37.00-129.15 g), hydration capacity (0.19-0.67 mL), hydration index (0.73-2.12%), dry volume (60.00-100.00 mL), wet volume (135.00-218.00 mL), swelling capacity (0.20-0.85 mL), swelling index (1.69-9.00%), cooking time (26.00-100.00 min), protein content (19.30-30.00%) and seed color. There was fourfold variation in cooking time. Cooking time was significantly correlated with protein content (r=0.732, P

Fasulye pas hastalığı tüm dünyada fasulye üretiminde sorun oluşturan önemli fungal hastalıklardan birisidir. Fasulye pası ile en etkili ve çevre açısından en zararsız mücadele şekli dayanıklı çeşit ıslahı ve kullanımıdır. Son yıllarda geliştirilen moleküler markörler sayesinde hastalıklara karşı dayanıklılık önceden belirlenebilmekte ve ıslah programları bu veriler ışığında planlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan 43 tescilli fasulye çeşidinin pas hastalığına dayanıklılık durumları SCAR markörleri ile incelenmiştir. Dayanıklılıkla ilgili 4 farklı markör (SA14, SI19, SBC6, AE19) yardımıyla yapılan PCR çalışmaları bazı çeşitlerin pas hastalığına karşı dayanıklılık sağlayan genlere sahip olduklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Elde edilen tarama sonuçlarının mevcut çeşitlerin dayanıklılık durumlarını ortaya koymasının yanı sıra, pas ile ilgili yapılacak moleküler destekli dayanıklılık ıslahı çalışmalarının temelini oluşturacağı ön görülmektedir. Bean rust disease is one of the most important fungal diseases of limiting the yields of common bean all over the world. The most effective and the most harmless methods against the bean rust pathogen are breeding and use of the resistant varieties. Resistance to diseases can be previously determined in breeding programs with the critical data obtained from molecular markers developed in recent years. In this study, resistance against bean rust was investigated by SCAR markers in 43 registered bean varieties, which is widely cultivated in Turkey. As a result, PCR studies performed with 4 different markers (SA14, SI19, SBC6, AE19) which characterize the genes related to resistance revealed that some varieties have the genes linked to the resistance. In addition to revealing the current status of the registered varieties, the results of the study are expected to support new breeding programs.

WOS:000521974400001 PubMed: 31805171 Sorghum is widely used for producing food, feed, and biofuel, and it is increasingly grown to produce grains rich in health-promoting antioxidants. The conventional use of grain color as a proxy to indirectly select against or for antioxidants polyphenols in sorghum grain was hampered by the lack of consistency between grain color and the expected antioxidants concentration. Marker-assisted selection built upon significant loci identified through linkage disequilibrium studies showed interesting potential in several plant breeding and animal husbandry programs, and can be used in sorghum breeding for consumer-tailored antioxidant production. The purpose of this work was therefore to conduct genome-wide association study of sorghum grain antioxidants using single nucleotide polymorphisms in a novel diversity panel of Sorghum bicolor landraces and S. bicolor x S. halepense recombinant inbred lines. The recombinant inbred lines outperformed landraces for antioxidant production and contributed novel polymorphism. Antioxidant traits were highly correlated and showed very high broad-sense heritability. The genome-wide association analysis uncovered 96 associations 55 of which were major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining 15 to 31% of the observed antioxidants variability. Eight major QTLs localized in novel chromosomal regions. Twenty-four pleiotropic major effect markers and two novel functional markers (Chr9_1550093, Chr10_50169631) were discovered. A novel pleiotropic major effect marker (Chr1_61095994) explained the highest proportion (R-2 = 27-31%) of the variance observed in most traits evaluated in this work, and was in linkage disequilibrium with a hotspot of 19 putative glutathione S-transferase genes conjugating anthocyanins into vacuoles. On chromosome four, a hotspot region was observed involving major effect markers linked with putative MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex genes involved in the biosynthesis of the polyphenol class of flavonoids. The findings in this work are expected to help the scientific community particularly involved in marker assisted breeding for the development of sorghum cultivars with consumer-tailored antioxidants concentration.

WOS:000474345100001 PubMed: 31321198 Tianma (Gastrodia elata Blume) has unique biological characteristics and high medicinal value. The wild resource of G. elata is being overutilized and should be conserved as it is already included in the list of endangered species in China. The population size of cultivated G. elata is small because of domestication bottleneck. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to evolve high-quality varieties and conserve wild resources of G. elata. In this study, we sequenced tuber transcriptomes of three major cultivated sub-species of Gastrodia elata, namely G. elata BI. f. elata, G. elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow, and G. elata Bl. f. Viridis, and obtained about 7.8G clean data. The assembled high-quality reads of three sub-species were clustered into 56,884 unigenes. Of these, 31,224 (54.89%), 25,733 (45.24%), 22,629 (39.78%), and 11,856 (20.84%) unigenes were annotated by Nr, Swiss-Port, Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, respectively. Here, a total of 3766 EST-SSRs and 128,921 SNPs were identified from the unigenes. The results not only offer huge number of genes that were responsible for the growth, development, and metabolism of bioactive components, but also a large number of molecular markers were detected for future studies on the conservation genetics and molecular breeding of G. elata.

WOS:000466131200053 PubMed: 31034501 Blueberry is a kind of new rising popular perennial fruit with high healthful quality. It is of utmost importance to develop new blueberry varieties for different climatic zones to satisfy the demand of people in the world. Molecular marker assisted breeding is believed to be an ideal method for the development of new blueberry varieties for its shorter breeding cycle than the conventional breeding. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers are widely used molecular tools for marker assisted breeding, which could be detected at large scale by the transcriptome sequencing. Here, we sequenced the leaves transcriptome of 19 rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade), 13 southern highbush (Vaccinium. corymbosum L x native southern Vaccinium Spp) and 22 cultivars of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L) by using next generation sequencing technologies. A total of 80.825 Gb clean data with an average of about 12.525 million reads per cultivar were obtained. We assembled 58,968, 55,973 and 53,887 unigenes by using the clean data from rabbiteye, southern highbush and northern highbush blueberry cultivars, respectively. Among these unigenes, 3599, 3495 and 3513 unigenes were detected as candidate resistance genes in three blueberry crops. Moreover, we identified more than 8756, 9020, and 9198 SSR markers from these unigenes, and 7665, 4861, 13,063 SNPs from the annotated single copy unigenes, respectively. The results will be helpful for the molecular genetics and association analysis of blueberry and the basic molecular information of pest and disease resistance of blueberry, and would also offer huge number of molecular tools for the marker assisted breeding to produce blueberry cultivars with different adaptive characteristics.

Laurel is a medicinally important plant and is known to the world for its essential oil. Turkey is the main market in the laurel leaf trade by sharing about 90% of the world trade. Here we made an effort to elucidate genetic diversity and population structure of 94 Turkish laurel genotypes collected from 26 provinces and four geographical regions using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers. A total of 13 most polymorphic primers were selected which yielded 195 total bands, of which 84.10% were found polymorphic. Mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was (0.361) and diversity indices including mean effective number of alleles (1.36), mean Shannon&rsquo, s information index (0.35) and overall gene diversity (0.22) revealed the existence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in the studied plant material. Most diversity was found in genotypes collected from the Mediterranean region. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variation (85%) in Turkish laurel germplasm is due to differences within populations. Model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and neighbor-joining algorithms were found in agreement and clustered the studied germplasm according to their collection provinces and regions. This is a very first study exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of laurel germplasm using iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. We believe that information provided in this work will be helpful for the scientific community to take more interest in this forgotten but the medicinally important plant.

WOS:000459712100009 PubMed: 30807571 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop of dry land yielding very high quality of edible oil. Present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 131 safflower accessions originating from 28 different countries using 13 iPBS-retrotransposon markers. A total of 295 iPBS bands were observed among which 275 (93.22%) were found polymorphic. Mean Polymorphism information content (0.48) and diversity parameters including mean effective number of alleles (1.33), mean Shannon's information index (0.33), overall gene diversity (0.19), Fstatistic (0.21), and inbreeding coefficient (1.00) reflected the presence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in the studied plant materials. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that more than 40% of genetic variation was derived from populations. Model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) algorithms clustered the 131 safflower accessions into four main populations A, B, C, D and an unclassified population, with no meaningful geographical origin. Most diverse accessions originated from Asian countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Turkey, and India. Four accessions, Turkey3, Afghanistan4, Afghanistan2, and Pakistan24 were found most genetically distant and might be recommended as a candidate parents for breeding purposes. The findings of this study are most probably supported by the seven similarity centers hypothesis of safflower. This is a first study to explore the genetic diversity and population structure in safflower accessions using the iPBS-retrotransposon markers. The information provided in this work will therefore be helpful for scientists interested in safflower breeding.

Rangeland improvement and management have recently become more important that many new projects have been also initiated and conducted throughout Turkey. There is a great responsible for the provinces in the Central Anatolia Region on those implementation projects. In this framework, this study was designed that could contain vegetation surveys in representative sites for rangelands of Kırşehir province in 2008 year, at the same time their assessment, and conclusion were also performed too. The 36 rangeland sites were surveyed with the modified-loop method. The results of vegetation surveys were analyzed and determined rangeland condition and health classes for each sites. The vegetation cover was measured as 65.35%. The rates of decreasers and increasers cover were 11.54% and 35.26%, respectively. The studied sites numbers were one, 30 and 5 for good, fair, and poor conditions, respectively. The 35 sites of total sites were identified as fair and poor in condition based on the rangeland condition classes. On the other hand, 8 sites were found at healthy, 20 sites at risky and 8 sites at unhealthy in rangeland health categories. Total site numbers of the last two classes were 28.Rangeland biodiversity were calculated as 0.229 by Simpson’s index. Survey results showed that rangelandshave been overgrazed and seemed degradation. Firstly this trend should be stopped and secondly urgentmeasures should be implemented for restoration. Son yıllarda mera ıslah ve yönetimi çalışmaları oldukça önem kazanmış olup ülkemizde bu alanda birçok yeni proje yürütülmektedir. Bölgemizde yer alan iller bu konuda çok sayıda projeye öncülük etmektedir. Bu çalışma Kırşehir ilinde 2008 yılında yapılan mera vejetasyon sörveylerini içermektedir. Çalışmada toplam 36 mera durağına gidilmiş ve modifiye edilmiş tekerlekli lup yöntemine göre mera vejetasyonu ölçülmüştür. Yapılan vejetasyon etüdlerine dayanarak mera durum ve sağlık sınıfları belirlenmiştir. Bitki ile kaplı alan oranı %65.35 olarak hesaplanmış, azalıcı ve çoğalıcı türlerin oranı sırasıyla %11.54 ve %35.26 olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışılan duraklardan 1 tanesi iyi, 30 tanesi orta ve 5 tanesi zayıf mera durum sınıfında yer almıştır. Mera durum sınıfları temel alındığında toplam durakların 35 âdeti orta ve zayıf sınıfa girmiştir. Öte yandan mera sağlık sınıfına baktığımızda; duraklardan 8 tanesi sağlıklı, 20 tanesi riskli ve 8 tanesi sağlıksız sınıfa girmiştir. Toplam durakların 28 âdeti son iki sınıfta yer almıştır. Mera vejetasyonunun biyolojik çeşitliliğini değerlendirmek için hesaplanan Simpson indeks değeri 0,229 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları meraların aşırı otlatıldığını ve mera vejetasyonunda bozulma olduğunu göstermiştir. İlk olarak il meralarındaki bu aşırı otlatma ve bozulma durdurulmalı, daha sonra meraların rehabilitasyonu için acil önlemler devreye sokulmalıdır.

WOS:000466312000003 Present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish common bean germplasm. A total of 96 bean genotypes were characterized with iPBS-retrotansposons that yielded a mean polymorphism information contents of 0.8. Mean gene diversity and Shannon information index were 0.14 and 0.25, respectively. Neighbor joining analysis divided the bean genotypes into two main group (A and B) according to their geographical regions, growth habits and seed size. Bingol-17, Sivas-14 and Hakkari-11 genotypes were found very distinct and can be used as candidate parents for the bean breeding. The higher efficiency and reproducibility of iPBS-retrotransposons was witnessed in common bean as compared to earlier studies using the same marker system. Results of this study will boost up the investigators for genotyping the larger germplasm of common bean with minimum laboratory infrastructure in developing and least developed countries.

Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that their special features as a natural, homogeneous, nanosized, targeted vesicles (~ 50- 100 nm) have started to be used in the treatment of cancer very recently They have high avidity (many conformational attachment) to attach onto targeted cancer cell surfaces. They are composed of bioactive double-layered lipid layers in which their original nature has the adhesive proteins interacting with the cancer cell membrane easily. In this study, the exosomes of non-small cell lung cancer, A549-epithelial carcinoma cells were investigated for their potential to be the natural or synthetic drug carrier. Firstly, exosomes of A549 cell line were produced using exosome-free media. Immediately after, isolation of their exosomes were performed by using ultracentrifugation procedure. Their SEM image, particle size and zeta potential measurements, exosomal RNA analysis and Protein Content by Bradford assays were performed. Findings (Size: 168 nm; zeta: -16mV) on the properties of A549 cell exosomes proved their potential to be used as the drug carrier for cancer cell therapy. Ekzosomlar, kanser tedavisinde doğal, homojen, nano boyutlu, hedeflenmiş veziküller (~ 50 ila 100 nm) olarak özel özelliklerin son yıllarda kullanılmaya başlandığı doğal nanopartiküllerdir. Hedeflenen kanser hücresi yüzeylerine bağlanmak için yüksek bir aviditeye (birçok konformasyonel tutunmaya) sahiptirler. Özgün doğasında kanser hücresi membranı ile kolaylıkla etkileşebilen yapışkan proteinlere sahip olan biyoaktif çift-katmanlı lipit tabakalarından oluşurlar. Bu çalışmada, küçük hücreli olmayan A549 epitelyal kanser hücrelerinin ekzosomlarının doğal ya da sentetik ilaç taşıyıcı olabilme potansiyelleri araştırıldı. Öncelikle, ekzosom içermeyen ortamlarda üretilen A549 hücre dizisinin ekzosomları üretildi. Hemen sonrasında, ekzosomlarının izolasyonu ultrasantrifüj prosedürü kullanılarak yapıldı. SEM görüntü, partikül boyutu ve zeta potansiyel ölçümleri, exosomal RNA analizleri ve Bradford yöntemi ile protein içeriği analizi gerçekleştirildi. A549 hücrelerinin exozomlarının özelliklerine ilişkin bulgular (Boyut: 168 nm; zeta: -16mV), kanser hücresi terapisi için ilaç taşıyıcı olarak kullanılma potansiyellerini kanıtlamıştır.

WOS:000493124300006 Nigella is an important genus of family Ranunculaceae, used in traditional medicine for centuries to cure diseases like cancer, cardiovascular complications, diabetes, asthma, kidney disease, etc. The aim of this study is to evaluate the growth and esssential oil content of one cultivar of Nigella sativa L. (Cameli) and two cultivars of Nigella damascena L. (Ankara and Rize) populations under controlled conditions of Bolu. On average days to 50% seedling and flowering determined as 15.67-18.0 days in 2017, 14.33-16.0 days in 2018, 69.0-75.33 days in 2017, 65.67-75.33 days in 2018, respectively. Seed weights per plant were 17.11-27.08 g in 2017 and 11.51-12.43 g in 2018; the 1000 seeds weights were between 2.18-2.84 g in 2017 and 2.37-2.77 gin 2018. Seed yield in the first year (38.02-60.18 kg da(-1)) was higher than the yield in the second year (31.88-37.20 kg da(-1)). The essential oil content of the populations and cultivar was found to be very close to each other with 0.10-0.31%, and essential oil compositions were between 5.68-51.06%. The fatty oil rate in populations and cultivar varied between 20% and 29%, and fatty acid compositions were between 66.83-91.58%. The major inorganic matters were found as K+ (177.50-310.5 mg g ') and Ca2+ (58.90-128.0 mg g(-1)) and followed by Mg+2 and Na+. The plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsule and 1000-seed weight of populations varied according to years. Generally, as compared to populations and cultivar. the best results were obtained in N. sativa cultivar.

Small auxin-up RNAs (SAURs) are the most frequent and primary auxin responsive genes, and they are commonly used as early auxin-responsive markers. Until now, no SAUR gene has been identified in Eriobotrya plants. In this study, we used Arabidopsis SAUR sequences as a query to search against the loquat genome sequence. In total, we obtained 57 SAUR genes in loquat, hereafter referred to as Eriobotrya japonica SAUR (EjSAUR) genes, which ranged from 267 to 735 bp in the coding sequence with predicted proteins of 88–244 aa. A total of 47 EjSAUR genes were distributed on 11 chromosomes of the loquat genome. Based on their physical positions, 80.9% (38 of 47) of the EjSAUR genes were clustered together on the loquat chromosomes, suggesting that tandem duplicate genes might be the major mechanism for the expansion of this family. The expression analysis displayed high expression divergence among the different organs, which suggested that EjSAUR genes may play an important role in different organs. These results laid a foundation for the functional validation of EjSAUR genes in Eriobotrya plants.

PubMedID: 30308006 Turkey presents a great diversity of common bean landraces in farmers' fields. We collected 183 common bean accessions from 19 different Turkish geographic regions and 5 scarlet runner bean accessions to investigate their genetic diversity and population structure using phenotypic information (growth habit, and seed weight, flower color, bracteole shape and size, pod shape and leaf shape and color), geographic provenance and 12,557 silicoDArT markers. A total of 24.14% markers were found novel. For the entire population (188 accessions), the expected heterozygosity was 0.078 and overall gene diversity, Fst and Fis were 0.14, 0.55 and 1, respectively. Using marker information, model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) algorithms clustered the 188 accessions into two main populations A (predominant) and B, and 5 unclassified genotypes, representing 3 meaningful heterotic groups for breeding purposes. Phenotypic information clearly distinguished these populations; population A and B, respectively, were bigger (>40g/100 seeds) and smaller (

The maize germplasm variation is valuable for breeders to develop elite hybrids with increased mineral contents in the maize grain to eliminate mineral malnutrition, which is referred as HIDEN HUNGER. Therefore, we aimed to determine mineral element diversity of maize landraces collected from different geographical regions of Turkey. There was huge diversity for all mineral traits and other quality traits. Turkish maize landraces showed high variation for Zn (17-41.34 mg kg-1), Fe (13.52-29.63 mg kg-1), Cu (0.77-3.34 mg kg-1), Mn (5.68-14.78 mg kg-1), Protein (6.6-11.6%), starch content (73.3-80.0%), oil content (3.15-4.7%) and thousand grain weight (177.0-374.9g). There were significant positive and negative associations among mineral elements and quality traits. The principal component analysis differentiated some maize landraces from the rest, and these diverse landraces could be used in the maize breeding program with biofortification purpose.

Background: Exogenous pretreatment of oxidative stress on callus cultures of Bellis perennis L. (common daisy) induced catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total phenolic, total flavonoid, total protein and selected commercial phenolic compounds production and accumulation. Materials and Methods: The callus culture obtained from B. perennis pedicel explants was incubated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing 10 mM H2O2 or 0 mM H2O2 (for control group) for 10 hours. Twenty phenolic compounds (apigenin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, genistein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, procyanidin-C1, quercetin, rutin hydrate, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperedin, naringenin, rosmarinic acid and isorhamnetin) were detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in methanolic extracts of 10 mM H2O2 and control treatments. Results: A predominant phenolic compound was chlorogenic acid followed by rutin hydrate, caffeic acid, luteoline, isorhamnetin, quercetin, myricetin, apigenin, p-coumaric acid and kaempferol. No gallic acid, genistein, procyanidin-C1, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, hesperidin and naringenin were detected in H2O2 treatment and control groups of B. perennis. The total phenolic contents estimated were in the order of H2O2 treatment (285.36 μg/g dw) and control (220.79 μg/g dw) groups. The biosynthesis and accumulation of kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were only determined in H2O2 treatment callus materials. The H2O2 pretreatment clearly showed in a raise in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Finally, a significant positive correlation between phenolic accumulation and comprehensive activities of CAT, SOD, total phenolic, total flavonoid and proline was accessible. Conclusion: The present results suggest that using H2O2 as an elicitor or a stimulant plays a significant enhancement role in special phenolic molecules biosynthesis and activation of antioxidant metabolism on callus cultures of B. perennis.

Germplasm collections are veryimportant for breeder to develop new cultivars with high mineral nutrients andyield. Eighty-three Phaseolus landraces were collected from different provinces of Western Anatolia Region of Turkeyin 2015-2016. Twenty common bean lines wereselected according to morphological characterization results and weightedscaling method in 2016. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu), zinc(Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) contents of these twenty common bean lines and twocommercial cultivars were tested under field conditions. Randomized blockdesign with three replicates was used for analysis in 2017 growing season onthe experimental farm of Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University. The results showedhigh level of variation among lines and cultivars in terms of P (0.94-1.30%), K(2.38-3.59%), Cu (7.80-14.80 mg kg-1),Zn (19.74-66.68 mg kg-1), Mn(7.46-27.25 mg kg-1), Fe(48.98-182.45 mg kg-1), Ca(0.18-0.48 mg kg-1) and Mg(0.56-0.71 mg kg-1) contents.Positive correlations were found between K and Zn (r=0.447; P, Genetik kaynaklar ıslahçıların yüksekverim ve mineral içeriğine sahip yeni çeşitler geliştirebilmesi için çokönemlidir. 2015-2016 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin Batı Anadolu bölgesininfarklı bölgelerinden seksen üç Phaseolus populasyonutoplanmıştır. Morfolojik karakterizasyon sonuçları ve tartılı derecelendirmeyegöre yirmi fasulye hattı 2016 yılında seçilmiştir. Yirmi fasulye hattının veiki ticari çeşidin fosfor, potasyum, bakır, çinko, mangan, demir, kalsiyum vemagnezyum içerikleri tarla koşullarında test edilmiştir. Deneme 2017 yılıyetiştirme periyodunda Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Araştırma veUygulama Alanı’nda tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarakyürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, fasulye hat ve çeşitleri arasında P (%0.94−1.30), K (%2.38-3.59), Cu (7.80-14.80 mg kg-1), Zn(19.74-66.68 mg kg-1), Mn(7.46-27.25 mg kg-1), Fe(48.98-182.45 mg kg-1), Ca(0.18-0.48 mg kg-1) ve Mg(0.56-0.71 mg kg-1) yüksekoranda varyasyon göstermiştir. K ve Zn(r=0.447; P

Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin güneyinde (Malatya, Muş, Tunceli, Van, Elâzığ, Hakkâri, Bitlis ve Bingöl) taze tüketime uygun fasulye gen kaynaklarının toplanması, çiçek ve tohum özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve ümitvar hatların seçilmesi amacıyla çalışma, 2009 ile 2011 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada standart çeşitlerden Helinda Gold ve 4F-89 (sırık taze çeşit), Yalova-5 ve Yalova-17 (bodur taze çeşit) kontrol çeşitler olarak kullanılmıştır. 2009 yılında toplanan 414 fasulye genotipinden 2010 yılında 378 genotip çimlendirilmiş, tartılı derecelendirme sonucu 420 ve üzeri puan alan 25 fasulye genotipi ümitvar olarak belirlenmiştir. Denemenin 25 genotip üzerinde yürütülen ikinci yılında (2011), 420 ve üzeri puan alan 13 ümitvar hat (11 sırık ve 2 bodur) çalışmada tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmayla standart çeşitler ile ümitvar hatlar arasında farklılıkların olduğu saptanmıştır. The study was carried out in 2009 - 2011 in order to collect fresh bean genetic resources in the south of the Eastern Anatolia Region (Malatya, Muş, Tunceli, Van, Elazığ, Hakkari, Bitlis, Bingöl), to determine the characteristics of flowers and seeds, and select promising lines. In the study, standard varieties of Helinda Gold and 4F-89 (fresh poles varieties) and Yalova-5 and Yalova-17 (fresh dwarf varieties) were used as control varieties. The 378 of 414 genotypes were germinated in 2010 which were collected in 2009 and, after 420 weighed out results and scored above, 25 bean genotypes were determined as promising lines. In the second year (2011) of the experiment conducted on 25 genotypes, 13 promising lines (11 poles and 2 dwarf) with scores of 420 and over were determined in the study. It was determined that there were differences between the standard varieties and the promising lines.

Yield andyield components is one of the key objectives of the legume breeding programworldwide. Information on these traitsis required for the selection of desirable types and efficient utilization ofthe genetic diversity in dry bean improvement program. Local landraces of drybeans grown over long time period are more resistant to low input growingconditions its genetic and morphologic properties and quality is moreacceptable by the growers. From this perspective, 83 dry bean landraces were collected from different bean growing areas of Western Anatolia Regionof Turkey in 2015-2016. The dry beanlandraces were grown on the experimental farm of Abant Izzet Baysal University,Bolu during 2016 growing season. A single plant from each dry bean landrace wasselected according to morphological characterization results andweighted scaling method, and twenty (8climber and 12 bush types) dry bean lines were accepted as promising. In the present study,yield and yield components of 12 dry bean lines and 2 commercial cultivars werecompared in Bolu province under western black sea ecological condition ofTurkey. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design with threereplicates in 2017 growing season on the experimental farm of Abant IzzetBaysal University. Emergence percentage (69.50-96.00%), days to flowering 50%(48.00-52.00 days), days to maturity (86.00-107.33 days), plant height(37.20-58.30 cm), height to first pod (12.50-19.00 cm), number of branches perplant (6.25-8.25), number of pods per plant (16.96-41.50 pods), seeds per pod(4.00-6.40 seeds), seed yield per plant (25.41-96.83 g plant-1) and100 seeds weight (29.82-55.35 g) were determined according to IPGRI and EU-CPVOcriteria. As a result, lines ÇNK-2, ÇNK-4, YLV-28, YLV-32 and BLCK-7 hadsuperior with respect to yield and yield components and hence selected advancedpromising lines will be transferred to regional yield trials required for theofficial procedures of cultivar registration., Verim veverim öğeleri dünya çapında baklagil ıslah programının temel hedeflerindenbirisidir. Kurufasulye ıslah programında genetik çeşitliliğin etkin kullanımı ve arzu edilentiplerin seçimi için bu özelliklere ait bilgilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.Uzun yıllardır yetiştirilen yerel kuru fasulyepopülasyonları, düşük girdili yetiştirme koşullarına genetik ve morfolojiközellikleri sayesinde daha dayanıklı ve yetiştiriciler tarafından kalitesi dahakabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Türkiye’nin Batı AnadoluBölgesi’ndeki farklı fasulye yetiştirme alanlarından 83 yerel kuru fasulyepopülasyonu 2015-2016 yıllarında toplanmış ve 2016 yılı yetiştirme sezonundaAbant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi deneme alanında yetiştirilmiştir. Tartılıderecelendirme ve morfolojik karakterizasyon sonuçlarına göre her bir fasulyepopülasyonundan tek bitki seçilmiş ve 20 kuru fasulye hattı (8 sarılıcı ve 12bodur) ümitvar kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, 12 yerel kuru fasulye hattı ile2 ticari çeşit verim ve verim öğeleri bakımından Türkiye’nin Batı KaradenizBölgesi Bolu ekolojik koşullarında karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma, Abant İzzetBaysal Üniversitesi deneme alanında 2017 yılında tesadüf blokları denemedesenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Çimlenme oranı(%69.50-96.00), %50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı (48.00-52.00 gün), olgunlaşma süresi(86.00-107.33 gün), bitki boyu (37.20-58.30 cm), ilk bakla yüksekliği(12.50-19.00 cm), bitkide dal sayısı (6.25-8.25 adet), bitkide bakla sayısı(16.96-41.50 bakla), baklada tane sayısı (4.00-6.40 tane), bitki başına tohumverimi (25.41-96.83 g bitki-1) ve 100 tane ağırlığı (29.82-55.35 g)IPGRI ve EU-CPVO kriterlerine göre belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, verimve verim öğeleri bakımından ÇNK-2, ÇNK-4, YLV-28, YLV-32 ve BLCK-7 üstünümitvar hatlar olarak seçilmiş ve bu hatların çeşit tescil için bölge verimdenemelerine aktarılmasına karar verilmiştir.

Isoflavones prevent the incidence of cancer, reduce cardiovascular problems, and decrease menopausal symptoms. In soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) seeds, the content is greatly affected by growing conditions. The variations in soy-isoflavone content were investigated by growing 346 Korean wild soybean accessions from natural habitats under the same agroclimatic conditions. Highperformance liquid chromatography was used to measure the profiles of six soy-isoflavones, i.e. glycosides (daidzin, glycitin, genistin) and malonyl glycosides (malonyl-daidzin, malonyl-glycitin, and malonyl-genistin). The soy-isoflavone content of the wild soybeans ranged from 0.5 to 5.51 mg/g with an average of 2.78 mg/g. The highest mean total soy-isoflavone was genistin (1.393 mg/g), followed by daidzin (0.939 mg/g) and glycitin (0.250 mg/g). Korean wild soybean seeds examined in this study were rich in malonyl-genistin. An increasing trend for total soy-isoflavone content was observed from the north to the southeast in the geographical distribution sites, which signifies the effect of genotype and collection site. The information generated in this report will greatly aid soybean breeding stratagems aimed at improving soy-isoflavone concentration in soybean seeds. © TÜBİTAK. Ministry of Education: NRF-2015R1D1A1A09060925 National Research Foundation of Korea This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2015R1D1A1A09060925).

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family is an important aromatic plant cultivated in many parts of the world for its essential oil The present study was performed to determine the effects of different organic chicken fertilizer doses (0,750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 kg/da) on some elements of sweet basil. The experiments were established in Bolu location (40°41? 28? N, 31°32? 38?E, 760 m elevation), during the years 2015-2016. The ions in aerosol samples were determined by using Dionex ICS 1100 Series ion chromatography. In leaves, the highest K+ and Clcontents were observed in the control (0 kg/da) application (41.50 mg/g and 11.90 mg/g), the highest PO4 -3 and Mg+2 contents were detected in 750 kg/da organic chicken fertilizer (12.3 mg/g and 1.99 mg/g), the highest Ca+2 content was detected in 1000 kg/da organic chicken fertilizer (22.6 mg/g), the highest SO4 -2 content was detected in 1500 kg/da organic chicken fertilizer (84 mg/g) and the lowest Ca content was observed in 1500 kg/da organic chicken fertilizer (6.22 mg/g) and the lowest PO4 -3 and CIcontents were detected in 1250 kg/da organic chicken fertilizer (8.14 mg/g, 8.34 mg/g). As a result of this research, 750 and 1000 kg/da application of organic chicken fertilizer dose had significant effect on some elements of sweet basil. Lamiaceae familyasına ait fesleğen (Ocimum basilicum L.), dünyanın birçok yerinde uçucu yağı için yetiştirilen önemli bir aromatik bitkidir. Bu çalışma, farklı organik tavuk gübresi dozlarının (0,750, 1000, 1250 ve 1500 kg/da) fesleğen bitkisinin bazı elementleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla, 2015-2016 yıllarında Bolu lokasyonunda (40°41? 28? K, 31°32? 38?D, 760 m rakım) yürütülmüştür. Aerosol numunelerindeki iyonlar, Dionex ICS 1100 Seri iyon kromatografisi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Bitki yapraklarında en yüksek element içeriklerine, K+ (41.50 mg/g ) ve Cl (1.90 mg/g ) kontrol şartlarında, Ca+2 (22.6 mg/g) 1000 kg/da organik tavuk gübre uygulamasında, PO4 -3 (12.3 mg/g) ve Mg+2 (1.99 mg/g) 750 kg/da organik tavuk gübre uygulamasında, SO4 -2 (4.84 mg/g) 1500 kg/da organik tavuk gübre uygulamasında ulaşılırken, en düşük element içeriklerine Ca+2(6.22 mg/g) 1500 kg/da organik tavuk gübre uygulamasında, PO4 -3 (8.14 mg/g) ve CI (8.34 mg/g) 1250 kg/da organik tavuk gübre uygulamasında ulaşılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın sonucunda, 750 ve 1000 kg/da organik tavuk gübre dozlarının fesleğenin bazı elementleri üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu saptanmıştır.

Knowledge of genetic diversity could be beneficial by contributing important information in the selection of breeding material. The objective of this study was to explore the genetic diversity and relationship in the Turkish tobacco germplasm with the iPBS-retrotransposons marker that emerged as a universal method. A total of 90 landraces and 6 commercial cultivars collected from different geographical regions of Turkey were used in this study. Eleven most polymorphic iPBS-retrotransposons primers yielded a total of 119 scorable bands and 98 of these bands were found to be polymorphic (82.35%), with an average of 8.91 polymorphic fragments for each primer. The mean polymorphism information contents were found to be 0.33, ranging from 0.10 to 0.80. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean revealed that the genotypes belonging to the same geographical regions were often present in the same group and very close to each other. Based on the Bayesian clustering model, the genetic structure of Turkish tobacco germplasm was divided into 2 main groups. This is first study to explore the genetic diversity of Turkish tobacco by the iPBS-retrotransposons and we believe that in future the results of this study will serve as a foundation for the development of new and improved tobacco varieties in Turkey and the rest of world.

Ülkemizde önemli bir üretim potansiyeline sahip olan fasulyede Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) viral hastalık etmenleri önemli verim kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. Son yıllarda yaygınlaşan moleküler markörler yardımıyla dayanıklılık genlerinin tespiti çalışmaları virüs inokulasyonu gerekmeksizin bitkilerde söz konusu genlerin belirlenebilmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde yer alan 43 tescilli fasulye çeşidinde BCMV ve BCMNV virüslerine karşı muhtemel dayanıklılık 3 farklı gen (bc-12, I, bc-3) ile ilişkili 4 farklı markör (SBD-5, SW-13, ROC11/420-350, eIFE4) yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre 43 fasulye çeşidinin BCMV ve BCMNV etmenlerine karşı dayanıklılıkta rol oynayan bazı genlere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen markör destekli tarama sonuçlarının virüs inokulasyonu ve patojenisite çalışmaları ile desteklenmesi öngörülmüştür. Söz konusu markörler yardımıyla yerel fasulye çeşitlerinin ve çeşit tescil adaylarının virüslere dayanıklılık genleri değerlendirilerek tescil özelliklerinin güçlendirilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) pathogens lead to significant yield losses in common bean, which have a significant production potential in our country. The identification of resistance genes with the help of molecular markers has become widespread in recent years due to possibility to determine the genes in plants without virus inoculation. In this study, probable resistance to BCMV and BCMNV viruses in 43 commercial bean cultivars in our country were examined using 4 different markers (SBD-5, SW-13, ROC11/420-350, eIFE4) related to 3 genes ((bc-12, I, bc-3). According to the obtained data, 43 commercial bean cultivars were found to have some genes which play a role in resistance to BCMV and BCMNV pathogens. The obtained marker-assisted screening results are supposed to be supported by virus inoculation and pathogenicity studies. With the help of these molecular markers, it is considered that the registry characteristics of the common bean landraces and candidate beans for registration can be supported by checking the resistance genes of the viruses.