180 results on '"BAKKER, DOROTHEE C. E."'
Search Results
2. Integrated analysis of carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations as a quality control of ocean float data
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Wu, Yingxu, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Achterberg, Eric P., Silva, Amavi N., Pickup, Daisy D., Li, Xiang, Hartman, Sue, Stappard, David, Qi, Di, and Tyrrell, Toby
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- 2022
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3. Direct observational evidence of strong CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean.
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Yuanxu Dong, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bell, Thomas G., Mingxi Yang, Landschützer, Peter, Hauck, Judith, Rödenbeck, Christian, Kitidis, Vassilis, Bushinsky, Seth M., and Liss, Peter S.
- Abstract
The Southern Ocean is the primary region for the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and is, therefore, crucial for Earth's climate. However, the Southern Ocean CO2 flux estimates reveal substantial uncertainties and lack direct validation. Using seven independent and directly measured air-sea CO2 flux datasets, we identify a 25% stronger CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean than shipboard dataset-based flux estimates. Accounting for upper ocean temperature gradients and insufficient temporal resolution of flux products can bridge this flux gap. The gas transfer velocity parameterization is not the main reason for the flux disagreement. The profiling float data-based flux products and biogeochemistry models considerably underestimate the observed CO2 uptake, which may be due to the lack of representation of small-scale high-flux events. Our study suggests that the Southern Ocean may take up more CO2 than previously recognized, and that temperature corrections should be considered, and a higher resolution is needed in data-based bulk flux estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Disentangling Carbon Concentration Changes Along Pathways of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water.
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Reijnders, Daan, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., and van Sebille, Erik
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VERTICAL mixing (Earth sciences) ,ALGAL blooms ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,OCEANIC mixing ,MIXING height (Atmospheric chemistry) - Abstract
North Atlantic subtropical mode water (NASTMW) serves as a major conduit for dissolved carbon to penetrate into the ocean interior by its wintertime outcropping events. Prior research on NASTMW has concentrated on its physical formation and destruction, as well as Lagrangian pathways and timescales of water into and out of NASTMW. In this study, we examine how dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations are modified along Lagrangian pathways of NASTMW on subannual timescales. We introduce Lagrangian parcels into a physical‐biogeochemical model and release these parcels annually over two decades. For different pathways into, out of, and within NASTMW, we calculate changes in DIC concentrations along the path (ΔDIC), distinguishing contributions from vertical mixing and biogeochemical processes. The strongest ΔDIC is during subduction of water parcels (+101 μmol L−1 in 1 year), followed by transport out of NASTMW due to increases in density in water parcels (+10 μmol L−1). While the mean ΔDIC for parcels that persist within NASTMW in 1 year is relatively small at +6 μmol L−1, this masks underlying dynamics: individual parcels undergo interspersed DIC depletion and enrichment, spanning several timescales and magnitudes. Most DIC enrichment and depletion regimes span timescales of weeks, related to phytoplankton blooms. However, mixing and biogeochemical processes often oppose one another at short timescales, so the largest net DIC changes occur at timescales of more than 30 days. Our new Lagrangian approach complements bulk Eulerian approaches, which average out this underlying complexity, and is relevant to other biogeochemical studies, for example, on marine carbon dioxide removal. Plain Language Summary: Mode waters are relatively thick water masses with homogeneous properties, such as temperature and salinity. The North Atlantic subtropical mode water (NASTMW), found in the Sargasso Sea, is one such water mass. Lying underneath the ocean surface, it comes into contact with the atmosphere during winter, when the surface layer is vigorously mixed due to strong winds, causing the mixed layer to connect with NASTMW. This way, NASTMW can buffer atmospheric temperature and carbon anomalies during the summer, when there is no surface connection. It is also a conduit for carbon to penetrate beneath the ocean's upper mixed layer, with the potential to sequester it. We study NASTMW from the viewpoint of a water parcel that moves with the currents and see how carbon concentrations in the water parcels change along different NASTMW pathways. For each pathway, the carbon concentration changes due to an interplay of vertical mixing and biogeochemical processes, for example, related to plankton growth and decay. These processes can unfold over different timescales and may counteract or enhance themselves or one another. The largest change in carbon concentration is found when a parcel moves from the upper ocean mixed layer into NASTMW, mostly due to vertical mixing. Key Points: Carbon transformations along pathways of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water are split into mixing and biogeochemical contributionsAlong paths into, within, and out of this mode water, mixing and biogeochemistry alter carbon in water parcels over a range of timescalesEnrichment is highest during mixed layer subduction, which few parcels undergo annually; persistence in mode water is the dominant pathway [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Accuracy of Ocean CO2 Uptake Estimates at a Risk by a Reduction in the Data Collection.
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Dong, Yuanxu, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., and Landschützer, Peter
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DATA reduction , *ACQUISITION of data , *OCEAN , *CARBON cycle , *CARBON dioxide , *TREND analysis - Abstract
Observation‐based quantification of ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake relies on synthesis data sets such as the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT). However, the data collection effort has dramatically declined and the number of annual data sets in SOCATv2023 decreased by ∼35% from 2017 to 2021. This decline has led to a 65% increase (from 0.15 to 0.25 Pg C yr−1) in the standard deviation of seven SOCAT‐based air‐sea CO2 flux estimates. Reducing the availability of the annual data to that in the year 2000 creates substantial bias (50%) in the long‐term flux trend. The annual mean CO2 flux is insensitive to the seasonal skew of the SOCAT data and to the addition of the lower accuracy data set available in SOCAT. Our study highlights the need for sustained data collection and synthesis, to inform the Global Carbon Budget assessment, the UN‐led climate negotiations, and measurement, reporting, and verification of ocean‐based CO2 removal projects. Plain Language Summary: The Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) data set plays a crucial role in estimating the ocean carbon sink component of the Global Carbon Budget. However, the number of data sets available in SOCAT each year has drastically decreased since 2017. This study shows that the uncertainty in the data‐based ocean CO2 flux estimate has increased by 65% due to this decline in data availability. The estimated fluxes, especially the long‐term flux trend, are remarkably affected by the data availability in SOCAT, reducing the reliability of ocean CO2 uptake estimates in years and regions with sparse observations. Key Points: Lower surface ocean fCO2 data availability leads to higher uncertainty in data‐based estimates of ocean CO2 uptakeThe long‐term trend in the ocean CO2 flux increases by 1.5 times for subsequent years if the data availability is reduced to that in 2000The annual mean CO2 flux is not sensitive to the seasonal skew in the data and to the addition of low accuracy data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Disentangling Carbon Concentration Changes Along Pathways of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water
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Reijnders, Daan, primary, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, and Sebille, Erik Van, additional
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- 2023
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7. Global Carbon Budget 2023
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, additional, Cadule, Patricia, additional, Chamberlain, Matthew A., additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Enyo, Kazutaka, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Ford, Daniel J., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Heinke, Jens, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jacobson, Andrew R., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jarníková, Tereza, additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Jiang, Fei, additional, Jin, Zhe, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Li, Hongmei, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhiqiang, additional, Ma, Lei, additional, Marland, Greg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, McKinley, Galen A., additional, Meyer, Gesa, additional, Morgan, Eric J., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paulsen, Melf, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Powis, Carter M., additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Smith, Stephen M., additional, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Ooijen, Erik, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, additional, Yang, Dongxu, additional, Yang, Xiaojuan, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional
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- 2023
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8. Supplementary material to "Global Carbon Budget 2023"
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, additional, Cadule, Patricia, additional, Chamberlain, Matthew A., additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Enyo, Kazutaka, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Ford, Daniel. J., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Heinke, Jens, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jacobson, Andrew R., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jarníková, Tereza, additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Jiang, Fei, additional, Jin, Zhe, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Li, Hongmei, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhiqiang, additional, Ma, Lei, additional, Marland, Greg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, McKinley, Galen A., additional, Meyer, Gesa, additional, Morgan, Eric J., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paulsen, Melf E., additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Powis, Carter M., additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Smith, Stephen M., additional, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Ooijen, Erik, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, additional, Yang, Dongxu, additional, Yang, Xiaojuan, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional
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- 2023
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9. Contrasting life cycles of Southern Ocean pteropods alter their vulnerability to climate change
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Gardner, Jessie, primary, Peck, Victoria L., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Tarling, Geraint A., additional, and Manno, Clara, additional
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- 2023
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10. A status assessment of selected data synthesis products for ocean biogeochemistry
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Lange, Nico, primary, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Bange, Hermann W., additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Grégoire, Marilaure, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Jones, Steve D., additional, Fiedler, Björn, additional, O’Brien, Kevin M., additional, and Körtzinger, Arne, additional
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- 2023
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11. A status assessment of selected data synthesis products for ocean biogeochemistry
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Lange, Nico, Tanhua, Toste, Pfeil, Benjamin, Bange, Hermann W., Lauvset, Siv Kari, Grégoire, Marilaure, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Jones, Stephen Daniel, Fiedler, Björn, O’Brien, Kevin M., and Körtzinger, Arne
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Global and Planetary Change ,Ocean Engineering ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Ocean data synthesis products for specific biogeochemical essential ocean variables have the potential to facilitate today’s biogeochemical ocean data usage and comply with the Findable Accessible Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) data principles. The products constitute key outputs from the Global Ocean Observation System, laying the observational foundation for information and services regarding climate and environmental status of the ocean. Using the Framework of Ocean Observing (FOO) readiness level concept, we present an evaluation framework for biogeochemical data synthesis products, which enables a systematic assessment of each product’s maturity. A new criteria catalog provides the foundation for assigning scores to the nine FOO readiness levels. As an example, we apply the assessment to four existing biogeochemical essential ocean variables data products. In descending readiness level order these are: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT); the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP); the MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide (MEMENTO) data product and the Global Ocean Oxygen Database and ATlas (GO2DAT). Recognizing that the importance of adequate and comprehensive data from the essential ocean variables will grow, we recommend using this assessment framework to guide the biogeochemical data synthesis activities in their development. Moreover, we envision an overarching cross-platform FAIR biogeochemical data management system that sustainably supports the products individually and creates an integrated biogeochemical essential ocean variables data synthesis product; in short a system that provides truly comparable and FAIR data of the entire biogeochemical essential ocean variables spectrum.
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- 2023
12. Strengthening seasonal marine CO2 variations due to increasing atmospheric CO2
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Landschützer, Peter, Gruber, Nicolas, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Stemmler, Irene, and Six, Katharina D.
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- 2018
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13. Global Surface Ocean Acidification Indicators From 1750 to 2100
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Jiang, Li‐Qing, primary, Dunne, John, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Tjiputra, Jerry F., additional, Terhaar, Jens, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Alin, Simone, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre, additional, Hogan, Patrick, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Lange, Nico, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lewis, Ernie R., additional, Lovato, Tomas, additional, Palmieri, Julien, additional, Santana‐Falcón, Yeray, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Strand, Gary, additional, Swart, Neil, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Yamamoto, Akitomo, additional, and Ziehn, Tilo, additional
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- 2023
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14. Global surface ocean acidification indicators from 1750 to 2100
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Jiang, Li‐Qing, Dunne, John, Carter, Brendan R., Tjiputra, Jerry F., Terhaar, Jens, Sharp, Jonathan D., Olsen, Are, Alin, Simone, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Feely, Richard A., Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre, Hogan, Patrick, Ilyina, Tatiana, Lange, Nico, Lauvset, Siv K., Lewis, Ernie R., Lovato, Tomas, Palmieri, Julien, Santana‐Falcón, Yeray, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Strand, Gary, Swart, Neil, Tanhua, Toste, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Michio, Yamamoto, Akitomo, and Ziehn, Tilo
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Shared Socioeconomic Pathways ,global surface ocean ,Global and Planetary Change ,aragonite saturation state ,pH ,Earth System Models ,ocean acidification indicators ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental Chemistry - Abstract
Accurately predicting future ocean acidification (OA) conditions is crucial for advancing OA research at regional and global scales, and guiding society's mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study presents a new model-data fusion product covering 10 global surface OA indicators based on 14 Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), along with three recent observational ocean carbon data products. The indicators include fugacity of carbon dioxide, pH on total scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, Revelle Factor, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content. The evolution of these OA indicators is presented on a global surface ocean 1 degrees x 1 degrees grid as decadal averages every 10 years from preindustrial conditions (1750), through historical conditions (1850-2010), and to five future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (2020-2100): SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. These OA trajectories represent an improvement over previous OA data products with respect to data quantity, spatial and temporal coverage, diversity of the underlying data and model simulations, and the provided SSPs. The generated data product offers a state-of-the-art research and management tool for the 21st century under the combined stressors of global climate change and ocean acidification. The gridded data product is available in NetCDF at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0259391.html, and global maps of these indicators are available in jpeg at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-datasystem/synthesis/surface-oa-indicators.html. Plain Language Summary A new data product, based on the latest computer simulations and observational data, offers improved projections of ocean acidification (OA) conditions from the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750 to the end of the 21st century. These projections will support OA research at regional and global scales, and provide essential information to guide OA mitigation and adaptation efforts for various sectors, including fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, marine resource decision-makers, and the general public.
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- 2023
15. Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science
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Garçon, Véronique C., Bell, Thomas G., Wallace, Douglas, Arnold, Steve R., Baker, Alex, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bange, Hermann W., Bates, Nicholas R., Bopp, Laurent, Boutin, Jacqueline, Boyd, Philip W., Bracher, Astrid, Burrows, John P., Carpenter, Lucy J., de Leeuw, Gerrit, Fennel, Katja, Font, Jordi, Friedrich, Tobias, Garbe, Christoph S., Gruber, Nicolas, Jaeglé, Lyatt, Lana, Arancha, Lee, James D., Liss, Peter S., Miller, Lisa A., Olgun, Nazli, Olsen, Are, Pfeil, Benjamin, Quack, Birgit, Read, Katie A., Reul, Nicolas, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rohekar, Shital S., Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, Saltzman, Eric S., Schneising, Oliver, Schuster, Ute, Seferian, Roland, Steinhoff, Tobias, Traon, Pierre-Yves Le, Ziska, Franziska, Liss, Peter S., editor, and Johnson, Martin T., editor
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- 2014
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16. Air-Sea Interactions of Natural Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in a Changing Climate
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Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bange, Hermann W., Gruber, Nicolas, Johannessen, Truls, Upstill-Goddard, Rob C., Borges, Alberto V., Delille, Bruno, Löscher, Carolin R., Naqvi, S. Wajih A., Omar, Abdirahman M., Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena, Liss, Peter S., editor, and Johnson, Martin T., editor
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- 2014
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17. The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink
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Landschützer, Peter, Gruber, Nicolas, Haumann, F. Alexander, Rödenbeck, Christian, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., van Heuven, Steven, Hoppema, Mario, Metzl, Nicolas, Sweeney, Colm, Takahashi, Taro, Tilbrook, Bronte, and Wanninkhof, Rik
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- 2015
18. The influence of tides on the marine carbonate chemistry of a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea
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Droste, Elise S., primary, Hoppema, Mario, additional, González-Dávila, Melchor, additional, Santana-Casiano, Juana Magdalena, additional, Queste, Bastien Y., additional, Dall'Olmo, Giorgio, additional, Venables, Hugh J., additional, Rohardt, Gerd, additional, Ossebaar, Sharyn, additional, Schuller, Daniel, additional, Trace-Kleeberg, Sunke, additional, and Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional
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- 2022
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19. Update on the Temperature Corrections of Global Air‐Sea CO 2 Flux Estimates
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Dong, Yuanxu, primary, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Bell, Thomas G., additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Liss, Peter S., additional, and Yang, Mingxi, additional
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- 2022
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20. Net community production in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea from glider and buoy measurements
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Hemming, Michael P., primary, Kaiser, Jan, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Merlivat, Liliane, additional, Heywood, Karen J., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Lee, Gareth A., additional, Cobas García, Marcos, additional, Antoine, David, additional, and Shitashima, Kiminori, additional
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- 2022
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21. Global Carbon Budget 2021
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, Jones, Matthew W., additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Rob B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Currie, Kim I., additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Djeutchouang, Laique M., additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gilfillan, Dennis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jones, Steve D., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Wada, Chisato, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, Willis, David, additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, and Zeng, Jiye, additional
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- 2022
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22. The role of tides and sea ice on the carbonate chemistry in a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea
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Droste, Elise Sayana, primary, Hoppema, Mario, additional, González-Dávila, Melchor, additional, Santana-Casiano, Juana Magdalena, additional, Queste, Bastien Y., additional, Dall'Olmo, Giorgio, additional, Venables, Hugh J., additional, Rohardt, Gerd, additional, Ossebaar, Sharyn, additional, Schuller, Daniel, additional, Trace-Kleeberg, Sunke, additional, and Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional
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- 2022
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23. Global Carbon Budget 2021
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Matthew W., O'Sullivan, Michael, Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Rob B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bopp, Laurent, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Currie, Kim I., Decharme, Bertrand, Djeutchouang, Laique M., Dou, Xinyu, Evans, Wiley, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Gasser, Thomas, Gilfillan, Dennis, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Jain, Atul, Jones, Steve D., Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lienert, Sebastian, Liu, Junjie, Marland, Gregg, McGuire, Patrick C., Melton, Joe R., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Séférian, Roland, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Vuichard, Nicolas, Wada, Chisato, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watson, Andrew J., Willis, David, Wiltshire, Andrew J., Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, and Zeng, Jiye
- Published
- 2022
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24. Update on the Temperature Corrections of Global Air-Sea CO2 Flux Estimates
- Author
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Dong, Yuanxu, primary, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Bell, Thomas G, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Liss, Peter S., additional, and Yang, Mingxi, additional
- Published
- 2022
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25. Tracking the Variable North Atlantic Sink for Atmospheric CO2
- Author
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Watson, Andrew J., Schuster, Ute, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bates, Nicholas R., Corbière, Antoine, González-Dávila, Melchor, Friedrich, Tobias, Hauck, Judith, Heinze, Christoph, Johannessen, Truls, Körtzinger, Arne, Metzl, Nicolas, Olafsson, Jon, Olsen, Are, Oschlies, Andreas, Padin, X. Antonio, Pfeil, Benjamin, Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena, Steinhoff, Tobias, Telszewski, Maciej, Rios, Aida F., Wallace, Douglas W. R., and Wanninkhof, Rik
- Published
- 2009
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26. Near‐Surface Stratification Due to Ice Melt Biases Arctic Air‐Sea CO 2 Flux Estimates
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Dong, Yuanxu, primary, Yang, Mingxi, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Liss, Peter S., additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, Brown, Ian, additional, Chierici, Melissa, additional, Fransson, Agneta, additional, and Bell, Thomas G., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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27. Global Carbon Budget 2021
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, Jones, Matthew W., additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Rob B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chau, Thi T. T., additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Currie, Kim I., additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Djeutchouang, Laique, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gilfillan, Dennis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Jones, Steve D., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Wada, Chisato, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watson, Andrew, additional, Willis, David, additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, and Zeng, Jiye, additional
- Published
- 2021
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28. Air-Sea Gas Fluxes and Remineralization From a Novel Combination of pH and O2 Sensors on a Glider
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Possenti, Luca, primary, Humphreys, Matthew P., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Cobas-García, Marcos, additional, Fernand, Liam, additional, Lee, Gareth A., additional, Pallottino, Francesco, additional, Loucaides, Socratis, additional, Mowlem, Matt Charles, additional, and Kaiser, Jan, additional
- Published
- 2021
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29. Southern Ocean pteropods at risk from ocean warming and acidification
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Gardner, Jessie, Manno, Clara, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Peck, Victoria L., and Tarling, Geraint A.
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Global warming -- Observations ,Mortality -- Observations -- Southern Ocean ,Limacidae -- Observations ,Ocean acidification -- Observations ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Early life stages of marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to climate change. In the Southern Ocean aragonite undersaturation events and areas of rapid warming already occur and are predicted to increase in extent. Here, we present the first study to successfully hatch the polar pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica and observe the potential impact of exposure to increased temperature and aragonite undersaturation resulting from ocean acidification (OA) on the early life stage survival and shell morphology. High larval mortality (up to 39%) was observed in individuals exposed to perturbed conditions. Warming and OA induced extensive shell malformation and dissolution, respectively, increasing shell fragility. Furthermore, shell growth decreased, with variation between treatments and exposure time. Our results demonstrate that short-term exposure through passing through hotspots of OA and warming poses a serious threat to pteropod recruitment and long-term population viability., Author(s): Jessie Gardner [sup.1] [sup.2] , Clara Manno [sup.1] [sup.2] , Dorothee C. E. Bakker [sup.2] , Victoria L. Peck [sup.1] , Geraint A. Tarling [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) [...]
- Published
- 2017
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30. GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink
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Landschützer, Peter, Gruber, Nicolas, Haumann, Alexander F., Rödenbeck, Christian, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., van Heuven, Steven, Hoppema, Mario, Metzl, Nicolas, Sweeney, Colm, Takahashi, Taro, Tilbrook, Bronte, and Wanninkhof, Rik
- Published
- 2015
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31. Uncertainties in eddy covariance air-sea CO2 flux measurements and implications for gas transfer velocity parameterisations
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Dong, Yuanxu, Yang, Mingxi, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Kitidis, Vassilis, and Bell, Thomas G.
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Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
Air–sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is often indirectly estimated by the bulk method using the air–sea difference in CO2 fugacity (ΔfCO2) and a parameterisation of the gas transfer velocity (K). Direct flux measurements by eddy covariance (EC) provide an independent reference for bulk flux estimates and are often used to study processes that drive K. However, inherent uncertainties in EC air–sea CO2 flux measurements from ships have not been well quantified and may confound analyses of K. This paper evaluates the uncertainties in EC CO2 fluxes from four cruises. Fluxes were measured with two state-of-the-art closed-path CO2 analysers on two ships. The mean bias in the EC CO2 flux is low, but the random error is relatively large over short timescales. The uncertainty (1 standard deviation) in hourly averaged EC air–sea CO2 fluxes (cruise mean) ranges from 1.4 to 3.2 mmolm-2d-1. This corresponds to a relative uncertainty of ∼ 20 % during two Arctic cruises that observed large CO2 flux magnitude. The relative uncertainty was greater (∼ 50 %) when the CO2 flux magnitude was small during two Atlantic cruises. Random uncertainty in the EC CO2 flux is mostly caused by sampling error. Instrument noise is relatively unimportant. Random uncertainty in EC CO2 fluxes can be reduced by averaging for longer. However, averaging for too long will result in the inclusion of more natural variability. Auto-covariance analysis of CO2 fluxes suggests that the optimal timescale for averaging EC CO2 flux measurements ranges from 1 to 3 h, which increases the mean signal-to-noise ratio of the four cruises to higher than 3. Applying an appropriate averaging timescale and suitable ΔfCO2 threshold (20 µatm) to EC flux data enables an optimal analysis of K.
- Published
- 2021
32. Integrated ocean carbon research: a summary of ocean carbon research, and vision of coordinated ocean carbon research and observations for the next decade
- Author
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Arico, Salvatore, Arrieta, Jesús M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Boyd, Philip W., Da Cunha, Leticia Cotrim, Chai, Fei, Dai, Minhan, Gruber, Nicolas, Isensee, Kirsten, Ishii, Masso, Jiao, Nianzhi, Lauvset, Siv K., McKinley, Galen A., Monteiro, Pedro, Robinson, Carol, Sabine, Christopher, Sanders, Richard, Schoo, Katherina L., Schuster, Ute, Shutler, Jamie D., Thomas, Helmuth, Watson, Andrew J., Bopp, Laurent, Boss, Emmanuel, Bracco, Annalisa, Cai, Wenju, Fay, Amanda, Feely, Richard A., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Heinze, Christoph, Henson, Stephanie, Hwang, Jennifer, Post, Joanna, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Telszewski, Maciej, Tilbrook, Bronte, Valsala, Vinu, Rojas Aldana, Alejandro, and Wanninkhof, Rik
- Published
- 2021
33. Integrated Ocean Carbon Research
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IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R), Aricò, Salvatore, Watson, Andrew J., Wanninkhof, Rik, Thomas, Helmuth, Shutler, Jamie D., Schuster, Ute, Schoo, Katherina L., Sanders, Richard, Sabine, Christopher, Robinson, Carol, Monteiro, Pedro, McKinley, Galen A., Jiao, Nianzhi, Ishii, Masao, Isensee, Kirsten, Gruber, Nicolas, Dai, Minhan, Chai, Fei, Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia, Boyd, Philip W., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Arrieta, Jesús M., and Lauvset, Siv K.
- Subjects
fish ,vision ,carbon ,Climatic changes ,12. Responsible consumption ,Dissolved inorganic carbon ,access ,Carbon dioxide ,13. Climate action ,11. Sustainability ,Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias ,14. Life underwater ,Medio Marino ,Dissolved organic carbon ,documents - Abstract
The Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R) programme is a formal working group of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) that was formed in 2018 in response to the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), “the Decade.” The IOC-R will contribute to the science elements of the overarching Implementation Plan for the Decade1. The Implementation Plan is a high-level framework to guide actions by which ocean science can more effectively deliver its contribution and co-development with other entities to achieve the societal outcomes outlined in the Decade plan and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN., PERSISTENCIA DE SUSTRATOS ORGANICOS EN AMBIENTES OCEANICOS DILUIDOS, UNESCO, POSEIDON
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- 2021
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34. Update on the Temperature Corrections of Global Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates.
- Author
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Dong, Yuanxu, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bell, Thomas G., Huang, Boyin, Landschützer, Peter, Liss, Peter S., and Yang, Mingxi
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OCEAN temperature ,ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,TEMPERATURE lapse rate ,SKIN effect ,CARBON cycle ,TEMPERATURE effect ,CARBON dioxide - Abstract
The oceans are a major carbon sink. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a crucial variable in the calculation of the air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from surface observations. Any bias in the SST or any upper ocean vertical temperature gradient (e.g., the cool skin effect) potentially generates a bias in the CO2 flux estimates. A recent study suggested a substantial increase (∼50% or ∼0.9 Pg C yr−1) in the global ocean CO2 uptake due to this temperature effect. Here, we use a gold standard buoy SST data set as the reference to assess the accuracy of insitu SST used for flux calculation. A physical model is then used to estimate the cool skin effect, which varies with latitude. The bias‐corrected SST (assessed by buoy SST) coupled with the physics‐based cool skin correction increases the average ocean CO2 uptake by ∼35% (0.6 Pg C yr−1) from 1982 to 2020, which is substantially smaller than the previous correction. After these temperature considerations, we estimate an average net ocean CO2 uptake of 2.2 ± 0.4 Pg C yr−1 from 1994 to 2007 based on an ensemble of surface observation‐based flux estimates, in line with the independent interior ocean carbon storage estimate corrected for the river induced natural outgassing flux (2.1 ± 0.4 Pg C yr−1). Plain Language Summary: The global oceans play a major role in taking up carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human activity from the atmosphere. Accurate sea surface temperature (SST) measurements and quantification of any upper ocean temperature gradients (e.g., cool skin effect) are critical for ocean CO2 uptake estimates. We determine a slight warm bias in the SST data set used for CO2 flux calculation by utilizing a gold standard reference buoy SST data set. We then derive a physics‐based temperature correction for the ubiquitous cool skin effect on the ocean surface. The temperature revised CO2 flux bridges the gap between estimates from the surface observation‐based air‐sea CO2 fluxes and from the independent ocean carbon inventory. Key Points: The impact of the warm bias in an in situ sea surface temperature data set and the cool skin effect on air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux estimates are revisitedThe updated temperature corrections imply a smaller increase in net ocean CO2 uptake (∼35%) compared to a previous study (∼50%)The revised observation‐based CO2 flux agrees well with the independent ocean carbon inventory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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35. Uncertainties in eddy covariance air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements and implications for gas transfer velocity parameterisations
- Author
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Dong, Yuanxu, primary, Yang, Mingxi, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, and Bell, Thomas G., additional
- Published
- 2021
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36. The role of tides and sea ice on the carbonate chemistry in a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea.
- Author
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Droste, Elise, Hoppema, Mario, González-Dávila, Melchor, Santana-Casiano, Juana Magdalena, Queste, Bastien Y., Dall’Olmo, Giorgio, Venables, Hugh J., Rohardt, Gerd, Ossebaar, Sharyn, Schuller, Daniel, Trace-Kleeberg, Sunke, and Bakker, Dorothee C. E.
- Subjects
MELTWATER ,ICE shelves ,TIDAL currents ,POLYNYAS ,DYNAMICAL systems - Abstract
Tides significantly affect polar coastlines by modulating ice shelf melt and modifying shelf water properties through transport and mixing. However, the effect of tides on the marine carbonate chemistry in such regions, especially around Antarctica, remains largely unexplored. We address this topic with two case studies in a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea, neighbouring the Ekström Ice Shelf. The case studies were conducted in January 2015 (PS89) and January 2019 (PS117), capturing semi-diurnal oscillations in the water column. These are pronounced in both physical and biogeochemical variables for PS89. During rising tide, advection of sea ice melt water from the north-east created a fresher, warmer, more deeply mixed water column with lower dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) content. During ebbing tide, water from underneath the ice shelf decreased the polynya’s temperature, increased the DIC and TA content, and created a more stratified water column. The variability during the PS117 case study was much smaller, as it had less sea ice melt water input during rising tide and was better mixed with sub-ice shelf water. The contrasts in the variability between the two case studies could be wind and sea ice driven, and underline the complexity and highly dynamic nature of the system. The variability in the polynya induced by the tides results in an air-sea CO
2 flux that can range between a strong sink (- 20 mmol m−2 day−1 ) and a small source (7 mmol m−2 day−1 ) on a semi-diurnal time scale. If the variability induced by tides is not taken into account, there is a potential risk of overestimating the polynya’s CO2 uptake by 98 % or underestimating it by 108 % (mistaking it for a source instead of a variable sink), compared to the average flux determined over several days. Given the disproportionate influence of polynyas on heat and carbon exchange in polar oceans, we recommend that future studies around the Antarctic and Arctic coastlines consider the timing of tidal currents in their sampling strategies and analyses. This will help constrain variability in oceanographic measurements and avoid potential biases in our understanding of these highly complex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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37. The role of tides on the carbonate chemistry of a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea
- Author
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Droste, Elise, primary, González Dávila, Melchor, additional, Santana Casiano, Juana Magdalena, additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Rohardt, Gerd, additional, Queste, Bastien, additional, Venables, Hugh, additional, Dall'Olmo, Giorgio, additional, and Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
38. Supplementary material to "Uncertainties in eddy covariance air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements and implications for gas transfer velocity parameterisations"
- Author
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Dong, Yuanxu, primary, Yang, Mingxi, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, and Bell, Thomas G., additional
- Published
- 2021
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39. Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science
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Garçon, Véronique C., primary, Bell, Thomas G., additional, Wallace, Douglas, additional, Arnold, Steve R., additional, Baker, Alex, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Bange, Hermann W., additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Boyd, Philip W., additional, Bracher, Astrid, additional, Burrows, John P., additional, Carpenter, Lucy J., additional, de Leeuw, Gerrit, additional, Fennel, Katja, additional, Font, Jordi, additional, Friedrich, Tobias, additional, Garbe, Christoph S., additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Jaeglé, Lyatt, additional, Lana, Arancha, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Liss, Peter S., additional, Miller, Lisa A., additional, Olgun, Nazli, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Quack, Birgit, additional, Read, Katie A., additional, Reul, Nicolas, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rohekar, Shital S., additional, Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, additional, Saltzman, Eric S., additional, Schneising, Oliver, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Seferian, Roland, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Traon, Pierre-Yves Le, additional, and Ziska, Franziska, additional
- Published
- 2013
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40. Air-Sea Interactions of Natural Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in a Changing Climate
- Author
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Bakker, Dorothee C. E., primary, Bange, Hermann W., additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Upstill-Goddard, Rob C., additional, Borges, Alberto V., additional, Delille, Bruno, additional, Löscher, Carolin R., additional, Naqvi, S. Wajih A., additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, and Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena, additional
- Published
- 2013
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- View/download PDF
41. Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget
- Author
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Hauck, Judith, primary, Zeising, Moritz, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lenton, Andrew, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, and Séférian, Roland, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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42. Carbon on the Northwest European Shelf: Contemporary Budget and Future Influences
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Legge, Oliver, primary, Johnson, Martin, additional, Hicks, Natalie, additional, Jickells, Tim, additional, Diesing, Markus, additional, Aldridge, John, additional, Andrews, Julian, additional, Artioli, Yuri, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Burrows, Michael T., additional, Carr, Nealy, additional, Cripps, Gemma, additional, Felgate, Stacey L., additional, Fernand, Liam, additional, Greenwood, Naomi, additional, Hartman, Susan, additional, Kröger, Silke, additional, Lessin, Gennadi, additional, Mahaffey, Claire, additional, Mayor, Daniel J., additional, Parker, Ruth, additional, Queirós, Ana M., additional, Shutler, Jamie D., additional, Silva, Tiago, additional, Stahl, Henrik, additional, Tinker, Jonathan, additional, Underwood, Graham J. C., additional, Van Der Molen, Johan, additional, Wakelin, Sarah, additional, Weston, Keith, additional, and Williamson, Phillip, additional
- Published
- 2020
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43. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization
- Author
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Boyd, Philip W., Watson, Andrew J., Law, Cliff S., Abraham, Edward R., Trull, Thomas, Murdoch, Rob, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bowie, Andrew R., Buesseler, K. O., Chang, Hoe, Charette, Matthew, Croot, Peter, Downing, Ken, Frew, Russell, Gall, Mark, Hadfield, Mark, Hall, Julie, Harvey, Mike, Jameson, Greg, LaRoche, Julie, Liddicoat, Malcolm, Ling, Roger, Maldonado, Maria T., McKay, R. Michael, Nodder, Scott, Pickmere, Stu, Pridmore, Rick, Rintoul, Steve, Safi, Karl, Sutton, Philip, Strzepek, Robert, Tanneberger, Kim, Turner, Suzanne, Waite, Anya, and Zeldis, John
- Subjects
Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Author(s): Philip W. Boyd (corresponding author) [1]; Andrew J. Watson [2]; Cliff S. Law [3]; Edward R. Abraham [4]; Thomas Trull [5]; Rob Murdoch [4]; Dorothee C. E. Bakker [2]; [...]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Global Carbon Budget 2019
- Author
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, Jones, Matthew W., additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Bastrikov, Vladislav, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Buitenhuis, Erik, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Currie, Kim I., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gilfillan, Dennis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Goll, Daniel S., additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gutekunst, Sören, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Kaplan, Jed O., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lenton, Andrew, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Neill, Craig, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Smith, Naomi, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, and Zaehle, Sönke, additional
- Published
- 2019
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45. Southern Ocean deep-water carbon export enhanced by natural iron fertilization
- Author
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Pollard, Raymond T., Salter, Ian, Sanders, Richard J., Lucas, Mike I., Moore, Mark C., Mills, Rachel A., Statham, Peter J., Allen, John T., Baker, Alex R., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Charette, Matthew A., Fielding, Sophie, Fones, Gary R., French, Megan, Hickman, Anna E., Holland, Ross J., Hughes, Alan J., Jickells, Timothy D., Lampitt, Richard S., Morris, Paul J., Nédélec, Florence H., Nielsdóttir, Maria, Planquette, Hélène, Popova, Ekaterina E., Poulton, Alex J., Read, Jane F., Seeyave, Sophie, Smith, Tania, Stinchcombe, Mark, Taylor, Sarah, Thomalla, Sandy, Venables, Hugh J., Williamson, Robert, and Zubkov, Mike V.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Near‐Surface Stratification Due to Ice Melt Biases Arctic Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates.
- Author
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Dong, Yuanxu, Yang, Mingxi, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Liss, Peter S., Kitidis, Vassilis, Brown, Ian, Chierici, Melissa, Fransson, Agneta, and Bell, Thomas G.
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,MELTWATER ,EDDY flux ,SEA ice ,CARBON dioxide ,MELTING - Abstract
Air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is generally estimated by the bulk method using upper ocean CO2 fugacity measurements. In the summertime Arctic, sea‐ice melt results in stratification within the upper ocean (top ∼10 m), which can bias bulk CO2 flux estimates when the seawater CO2 fugacity is taken from a ship's seawater inlet at ∼6 m depth (fCO2w_bulk). Direct flux measurements by eddy covariance are unaffected by near‐surface stratification. We use eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements to infer sea surface CO2 fugacity (fCO2w_surface) in the Arctic Ocean. In sea‐ice melt regions, fCO2w_surface values are consistently lower than fCO2w_bulk by an average of 39 μatm. Lower fCO2w_surface can be partially accounted for by fresher (≥27%) and colder (17%) melt waters. A back‐of‐the‐envelope calculation shows that neglecting the summertime sea‐ice melt could lead to a 6%–17% underestimate of the annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake. Plain Language Summary: The Arctic Ocean is considered to be a strong sink for atmospheric CO2. The air‐sea CO2 flux is almost always estimated indirectly using bulk seawater CO2 fugacity measured from the ship's seawater inlet at typically ∼6 m depth. However, sea‐ice melt results in near‐surface stratification and can cause a bias in air‐sea CO2 flux estimates if the bulk water CO2 fugacity is used. The micrometeorological eddy covariance flux technique is not affected by stratification. Here for the first time, we employ eddy covariance measurements to assess the impact of sea‐ice melt on Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake estimates. The results show that the summertime near‐surface stratification due to sea‐ice melt could lead to an ∼10% (with high uncertainty) underestimation of the annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake. Key Points: Seawater CO2 fugacity (fCO2w) vertical gradients are generated by fresh and cold sea‐ice melt water, which lowers surface fCO2wAir‐sea CO2 fluxes are biased when estimated using fCO2w observations from the sub‐surface (6 m depth) in sea‐ice melt areasSummertime sea‐ice melt potentially results in a 6%–17% (with high uncertainty) underestimate of annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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47. Global Carbon Budget 2021.
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Matthew W., O'Sullivan, Michael, Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Hauck, Judith, Quéré, Corinne Le, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Rob B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, and Bopp, Laurent
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CARBON cycle ,GOVERNMENT policy on climate change ,CARBON dioxide ,CARBON ,GREENHOUSE gases ,CARBONATION (Chemistry) - Abstract
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS ) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN ) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND ) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM ), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gases inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1 , for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2 ). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr-1 ), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1 and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr-1 , with a BIM of -0.8 GtC yr-1 . The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021, suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.9 % (4.1 % to 5.7 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, 2018a, 2016, 2015b, 2015a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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48. An operational monitoring system to provide indicators of CO2-related variables in the ocean
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Hardman-Mountford, Nicholas J., Moore, Gerald, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Watson, Andrew J., Schuster, Ute, Barciela, Rosa, Hines, Adrian, Moncoiffé, Gwenaelle, Brown, Juan, Dye, Stephen, Blackford, Jerry, Somerfield, Paul J., Holt, Jason, Hydes, David J., and Aiken, James
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- 2008
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49. Accuracy of Ocean CO2Uptake Estimates at a Risk by a Reduction in the Data Collection
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Dong, Yuanxu, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., and Landschützer, Peter
- Abstract
Observation‐based quantification of ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake relies on synthesis data sets such as the Surface Ocean CO2ATlas (SOCAT). However, the data collection effort has dramatically declined and the number of annual data sets in SOCATv2023 decreased by ∼35% from 2017 to 2021. This decline has led to a 65% increase (from 0.15 to 0.25 Pg C yr−1) in the standard deviation of seven SOCAT‐based air‐sea CO2flux estimates. Reducing the availability of the annual data to that in the year 2000 creates substantial bias (50%) in the long‐term flux trend. The annual mean CO2flux is insensitive to the seasonal skew of the SOCAT data and to the addition of the lower accuracy data set available in SOCAT. Our study highlights the need for sustained data collection and synthesis, to inform the Global Carbon Budget assessment, the UN‐led climate negotiations, and measurement, reporting, and verification of ocean‐based CO2removal projects. The Surface Ocean CO2ATlas (SOCAT) data set plays a crucial role in estimating the ocean carbon sink component of the Global Carbon Budget. However, the number of data sets available in SOCAT each year has drastically decreased since 2017. This study shows that the uncertainty in the data‐based ocean CO2flux estimate has increased by 65% due to this decline in data availability. The estimated fluxes, especially the long‐term flux trend, are remarkably affected by the data availability in SOCAT, reducing the reliability of ocean CO2uptake estimates in years and regions with sparse observations. Lower surface ocean fCO2data availability leads to higher uncertainty in data‐based estimates of ocean CO2uptakeThe long‐term trend in the ocean CO2flux increases by 1.5 times for subsequent years if the data availability is reduced to that in 2000The annual mean CO2flux is not sensitive to the seasonal skew in the data and to the addition of low accuracy data Lower surface ocean fCO2data availability leads to higher uncertainty in data‐based estimates of ocean CO2uptake The long‐term trend in the ocean CO2flux increases by 1.5 times for subsequent years if the data availability is reduced to that in 2000 The annual mean CO2flux is not sensitive to the seasonal skew in the data and to the addition of low accuracy data
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- 2024
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50. Interannual sea–air CO2 flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme
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Rödenbeck, Christian, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Metzl, Nicolas, Olsen, Are, Sabine, Christopher L., Cassar, Nicolas, Reum, F., Keeling, Ralph F., Heimann, M., Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Duke University [Durham], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and University of California-University of California
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Biogeochemical cycle ,[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,lcsh:Life ,Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP] ,chemistry.chemical_element ,OISO ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,ORE SSS ,Standard deviation ,Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP] ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,SOCAT ,Sea air ,14. Life underwater ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Earth-Surface Processes ,SURATLANT ,Atmospheric oxygen ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Co2 flux ,lcsh:Geology ,lcsh:QH501-531 ,Amplitude ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,lcsh:Ecology ,Carbon ,Ocean mixed layer - Abstract
International audience; Interannual anomalies in the sea-air carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange have been estimated from surface-ocean CO2 partial pressure measurements. Available data are sufficient to constrain these anomalies in large parts of the tropical and North Pacific and in the North Atlantic, in some areas covering the period from the mid 1980s to 2011. Global interannual variability is estimated as about 0.31 Pg C yr−1 (temporal standard deviation 1993-2008). The tropical Pacific accounts for a large fraction of this global variability, closely tied to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Anomalies occur more than 6 months later in the east than in the west. The estimated amplitude and ENSO response are roughly consistent with independent information from atmospheric oxygen data. This both supports the variability estimated from surface-ocean carbon data and demonstrates the potential of the atmospheric oxygen signal to constrain ocean biogeochemical processes. The ocean variability estimated from surface-ocean carbon data can be used to improve land CO2 flux estimates from atmospheric inversions.
- Published
- 2018
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