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Summary: Cold plasma (CP) is a promising technology for fresh‐cut fruits and vegetables. In this study, the effects of CP on postharvest senescence, especially from the perspective of oxidative response of fresh‐cut bamboo shoots were examined, including the colour, firmness, lignin content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and antioxidant enzymatic activities. CP treatments delayed the browning of bamboo shoots indicating by the increase of L* and b* values and decrease of a* value. The browning inhibition coincided with the reduction of PPO activities up to 62% by CP at 20 kV. Cellulose and lignin accumulated during storage. CP at 30 kV accelerated lignification, whereas CP at 10 and 20 kV inhibited the increase. These results were also reflected by PAL, CAD and POD activities that were enhanced by CP at 30 kV and inhibited by CP at 10 and 20 kV. The content of O2− and H2O2 was significantly increased at the first 3 days and decreased afterwards, with a similar trend of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT. As smaller increases in H2O2 and O2− production in CP treated samples than in control were probably attributed to elevated CP‐induced SOD activity. In addition, there was a delay effect observed in the internal parts of bamboo shoots compared with the surface (<5 mm thick). CP extended the shelf‐life of bamboo shoots by triggering the antioxidant defence. CP at 20 kV exhibited the best preservative effect on fresh‐cut bamboo shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the effect of hot water blanching (HWB), high‐humidity air‐impingement blanching (HHAIB), different HHAIB blanching times (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min), and different HHAIB blanching temperatures (80, 85, 90, and 95°C) on texture quality, lignin content, weight loss, color, microstructure, and drying kinetics of bamboo shoots. After HWB treatment, the lignin content of bamboo shoots was apparently lower than that of HHAIB and the samples obtained the highest weight loss value of 6.13%. Both the texture values (brittleness and chewiness) and lignin content of bamboo shoots exhibited an overall downward trend as the HHAIB blanching time and blanching temperature increased. Specifically, the lignin content of bamboo shoots decreased from 5.59% to 4.58% with an increase in HHAIB blanching time from 2 to 10 min and dropped from 5.48% to 4.63% as HHAIB blanching temperature increased from 80 to 85°C, respectively. The lignin content was proved to be positively correlated (p < 0.05) with texture attributes (brittleness and chewiness). A second polynomial model was obtained for fitting the variation kinetics of lignin content during thermal processing. Reducing the HHAIB blanching time and blanching temperature would obtain a lower weight loss and a better color performance (ΔE and L*). Additionally, microstructure observation revealed that the distribution density of microchannels initially increased and then decreased with the extension of blanching time, while it continuously became firmer as HHAIB blanching temperature increased. Overall, the optimal processing parameters were achieved under the HHAIB blanching temperature of 85°C for 6 min, ensuring a high‐quality performance of bamboo shoot products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Drought drastically affects plant growth, development and productivity. Plants respond to drought stress by enhancing sugar accumulation and water transport. Homeodomain‐leucine zipper (HD‐Zip) transcription factors (TFs) participate in various aspects of plant growth and stress response. However, the internal regulatory mechanism of HD‐Zips in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified an HD‐Zip member, PeHDZ72, which was highly expressed in bamboo shoots and roots and was induced by drought. Furthermore, PeSTP_46019, PeSWEET_23178 and PeTIP4‐3 were identified as downstream genes of PeHDZ72 in moso bamboo by DAP‐seq. The expressions of these three genes were all induced by drought stress. Y1H, DLR and GUS activity assays demonstrated that PeHDZ72 could bind to three types of HD‐motifs in the promoters of these three genes. Overexpression of PeHDZ72 led to a remarkable enhancement in drought tolerance in transgenic rice, with significantly improved soluble sugar and sucrose contents. Meanwhile, the expressions of OsSTPs, OsSWEETs and OsTIP were all upregulated in transgenic rice under drought stress. Overall, our results indicate that drought stress might induce the expression of PeHDZ72, which in turn activated downstream genes PeSTP_46019, PeSWEET_23178 and PeTIP4‐3, contributing to the improvement of cellular osmotic potential in moso bamboo in response to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

mice. The researchers found that both lactobacillus and saffron had antidepressant effects, with lactobacillus showing a stronger effect. The study suggests that probiotics and saffron may have potential as alternative or complementary treatments for depression.Overall, this document provides a range of articles from the Journal of Food Science that cover topics such as historical recipes, food history, food technology, nutrition, and health. These articles offer valuable insights into various aspects of food science and can be useful for library patrons conducting research in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

Bamboo shoot is a healthy food rich in dietary fiber (DF). However, its highly insoluble DF and fibrous texture limit its application in industrially processed foods. To achieve industrial processing of bamboo shoot, cellulase was used to improve the physical characteristics of bamboo shoot DF in this study. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of soluble DF (SDF) of bamboo shoot increased by 99.28% (from 5.53% to 11.02%) significantly (p < 0.01). At the same time, the effect of enzymatic‐modified bamboo SDF (EMBSDF) on streptozotocin‐induced type 2 diabetes rats was explored. Results demonstrated that the high dose of EMBSDF (312.8 mg/kg) treated rats showed significant improvements in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01) compared with the diabetes rats. Meantime, it was observed that the levels of glucagon‐like peptide‐1, adiponectin and interleukin‐4 of high dose of EMBSDF compared with diabetes rats were increased (p < 0.01) by 57.79%, 159.13%, and 6.17%, respectively. The tumor necrosis factor‐α, C‐reactive protein, and leptin levels were decreased (p < 0.01) by 62.89%, 31.53%, and 7.84%, respectively. Furthermore, apparent kidney and pancreas histology improvements were found in high‐dose and mid‐dose EMBSDF‐treated diabetes rats. These results indicated that the modified DF significantly improved diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cyrtotrachelus buqueti (C. buqueti) primarily feeds on the tender tips of clustered bamboo shoots and is currently one of the major pests in bamboo forests. In this study, the MaxEnt model, a species distribution model, was used to predict the potential current and future global distribution of suitable habitats for C. buqueti. The results indicate that climate change significantly impacts the area and geographical distribution of four suitable habitat zones for C. buqueti. Under future climate conditions, the area of high, medium, and low suitability zones is expected to increase. In this study, environmental factors affecting the distribution of this species were screened, with temperature and precipitation identified as two key factors likely influencing its distribution. This research provides a scientific basis for preventing the invasion and spread of C. buqueti. Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer is a major pest affecting bamboo forests economically, causing significant damage to bamboo forests in Sichuan Province, China. To understand how C. buqueti responds to future climate conditions, an optimized Maximum Entropy Model (Maxent) was used to simulate the potential global distribution patterns of C. buqueti under current climate conditions and three different future climate scenarios and to analyze the dominant factors influencing its distribution. The results indicate that Bio18 (precipitation of the warmest quarter), Bio04 (temperature seasonality), Bio06 (minimum temperature of the coldest month), and Bio02 (mean diurnal temperature range) are the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of this species. The global area of high-suitability habitats for C. buqueti is 9.00 × 104 km2, primarily distributed in China. Under three different future climate scenarios, there are varying degrees of expansion in both the total suitable habitat and the medium-suitability areas for C. buqueti. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the medium-suitability area of the species increases the most, reaching 9.83 × 104 km2. Additionally, these findings can serve as a reference for developing and implementing control strategies, assisting relevant authorities in more effectively managing and controlling this pest, and mitigating its potential threats to bamboo forest ecosystems and economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to develop a fish sauce made with mechanically separated meat (MSM) of hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) with the addition of a mixture of epsyllium bamboo bud fiber as a thickener, using three treatments: T1: cooked sauce (control), T2: homogenized sauce (blended up to homogenization, and T3: mixed sauce (a mixture of the cooked and homogenized sauces). Microbiological, physical, chemical and sensory characteristics were evaluated. The raw materials and products obtained were within the microbiological standard limits established by international legislation. The color of the fish-based sauce was intensified by the addition of paprika. The addition of a mixture of bamboo shoot fiber and epsyllium contributed to the consistency of the sauce, ensuring greater functionality to the product. The acceptance rates were all above 70% and the purchase intentions above 60%. Therefore, the sauces would be well accepted if available for commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo cultivation, particularly Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), holds significant economic importance in various regions worldwide. Bamboo shoot degradation (BSD) severely affects productivity and economic viability. However, despite its agricultural consequences, the molecular mechanisms underlying BSD remain unclear. Consequently, we explored the dynamic changes of BSD through anatomy, physiology and the transcriptome. Our findings reveal ruptured protoxylem cells, reduced cell wall thickness and the accumulation of sucrose and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during BSD. Transcriptomic analysis underscored the importance of genes related to plant hormone signal transduction, sugar metabolism and ROS homoeostasis in this process. Furthermore, BSD appears to be driven by the coexpression regulatory network of senescence‐associated gene transcription factors (SAG‐TFs), specifically PeSAG39, PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75, primarily located in the protoxylem of vascular bundles. Yeast one‐hybrid and dual‐luciferase assays demonstrated that PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75 activate PeSAG39 expression by binding to its promoter. This study advanced our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing BSD, offering a valuable reference for enhancing Moso bamboo forest productivity. Summary statement: The bamboo shoot degradation occurs first in the protoxylem and impacts phytohormone signalling, starch and sucrose metabolism, as well as reactive oxygen species homoeostasis. PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75 activate PeSAG39 by binding to its promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cephalostachyum pingbianense (Hsueh & Y.M. Yang ex Yi et al.) D.Z. Li & H.Q. Yang is unique among bamboo species for its ability to produce bamboo shoots in all seasons under natural conditions. Apart from the physiological mechanism, information regarding the effects of endophytic microorganisms on this full-year shooting characteristic is limited. We hypothesize that root endophytic microorganisms will have a positive impact on the full-year bamboo shooting characteristic of C. pingbianense by increasing the availability or supply of nutrients. To identify the seasonal variations in the root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities of C. pingbianense, and to assess their correlation with bamboo shoot productivity, the roots of C. pingbianense were selected as research materials, and the 16S rRNA and ITS rDNA genes of root endophytic microorganisms were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Following this sequencing, raw sequencing reads were processed, and OTUs were annotated. Alpha and beta diversity, microbial composition, and functional predictions were analyzed, with correlations to bamboo shoot numbers assessed. The results showed that seasonal changes significantly affected the community diversity and structure of root endophytic microbes of C. pingbianense. Bacterial communities in root samples from all seasons contained more nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, with members of the Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales predominating. The relative abundances of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the autumn sample were significantly higher than in other seasons. Correlation analysis revealed that the bamboo shoot productivity was significantly and positively correlated with bacterial functions of nitrogen fixation, arsenate detoxification, and ureolysis, as well as with symbiotrophic fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. At the genus level, the bacterial genus Herbaspirillum and the fungal genera Russula, unclassified_f_Acaulosporaceae, and unclassified_f_Glomeraceae were found to have a significant positive correlation with bamboo shoot number. Our study provides an ecological perspective for understanding the highly productive attribute of C. pingbianense and offers new insights into the forest management of woody bamboos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii) shoots are not only delicious but also highly nutritious. However, their palatability and quality changed significantly upon being unearthed, making them unsuitable for commercial sale and subsequently diminishing their market value. To clarify the mechanisms that regulate the quality of green bamboo shoots at different growth stages, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome at the unearthed height of 0 cm (H0), 5 cm (H5), and 10 cm (H10). Metabolome analysis identified 149 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) among H0, H5, and H10, primarily comprising phenolic acids, lipids and flavonoids. Metabolic pathways enriched by these DAMs included phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. Further transcriptome analysis identified 2976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among H0, H5, and H10. Additionally, KEGG analysis indicated that these DEGs mainly enriched pathways associated with metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and phenylalanine metabolism. We screened out 10 DEGs and 16 intermediate metabolites of these pathways. Furthermore, we identified six DEGs with expression patterns highly correlated with the content of lignin and the total flavonoids from H0 to H5 and H10. Finally, RT-qPCR analysis of six genes validated the transcriptome sequencing data. Our findings indicate significant quality variations in green bamboo shoots from H0 to H5 and H10. These variations are closely related to key genes involved in the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids, which result in the flavor and quality changes of green bamboo shoots from the belowground stage to unearthed stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The dietary structure and gut microbiota of giant pandas play an important role in nutrient utilization. The relationship between age-related dietary changes, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiota composition is not fully understood. According to this study, bamboo consumption dramatically decreases with age. Meanwhile, a notably higher amount of bamboo shoots are consumed by geriatric giant pandas (GGP), which may be an important source of nutrients for them as bamboo shoots have a strong positive correlation with the concentration of crude protein (CP) and specific amino acids. In addition, the digestibility of crude fiber (CF) and certain amino acids are significantly correlated with the abundance of specific bacterial genera, highlighting that an age-related shift in gut microbiota has an influence on nutrient utilization. Our study provides new insights into the further study on the mechanisms underlying the effects of certain gut microbiota on nutrient digestion. Proper feeding and nutrition are vital for maintaining the health of giant pandas (GPs), yet the impact of dietary changes and gut microbiota on their nutrient utilization remains unclear. To address these uncertainties, we investigated nutrient intake and apparent digestibility, as well as gut microbiota composition across different age groups of giant pandas: sub-adults (SGPs), adults (AGPs), and geriatrics (GGPs). Our findings revealed notable shifts in dietary patterns from SGPs to GGPs. As they aged, significantly more bamboo shoots and less bamboo were consumed. Consequently, GGPs showed significantly reduced crude fiber (CF) intake and digestibility, while crude protein (CP) did not alter significantly. In addition, 16S rRNA microbial sequencing results showed that unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus were the dominant genera among all age groups. The relative abundance of the genus Enterococcus in GGPs was significantly higher than that in SGPs and AGPs (p < 0.05). Overall, our results indicated the importance of bamboo shoots as a major source of protein in GGPs' diet, which can effectively compensate for the certain nutritional loss caused by the reduction in bamboo intake. Age-related changes in bacterial abundance have an effect on specific nutrient apparent digestibility in the gut of GPs. The data presented in this study serve as a useful reference for nutritional management in different ages of GPs under healthy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dendrocalamus farinosus bamboo shoots, a species with rich nutritional value, are important in Southwest China. Lignin is an important factor affecting the postharvest flavor quality of bamboo shoots; however, the underlying mechanism of lignin deposition in D. farinosus bamboo shoots during cold storage is still not fully understood. In this study, the mutant D. farinosus XK4 with low lignin content at 3.11% and the cultivated variety ZPX at 4.47% were used as experimental materials. The lignin content of D. farinosus XK4 and ZPX, as well as the gene expression differences between them, were compared and analyzed during cold storage using transcriptomic and physiological methods. Our analysis revealed several key genes and found that D. farinosus CCoAOMT1 plays a key role in the regulatory network of bamboo shoots during cold storage. Tobacco heterologous transformation experiments demonstrated that overexpression of DfCCoAOMT1 significantly increases lignin content. This study provides a novel foundation for future research aimed at improving the postharvest quality and flavor of D. farinosus bamboo shoots through targeted genetic manipulation during cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the regulatory effect of near-freezing temperature (NFT) storage on postharvest lignification of Dendrocalamus brandisii shoots was evaluated. Samples stored at room temperature and 4 ℃ served as controls. Respiratory intensity, mass loss rate, hardness, H2O2 content, lignin content, and the activities and gene expression of key enzymes involved in lignin synthesis were measured during storage. The results showed that compared with the controls, NFT storage significantly inhibited the increase of respiration intensity, mass loss, hardness, H2O2 content and lignin content in D. brandisii shoots, and delayed the increase of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and peroxidase (POD) activities. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 33 genes members in PAL, 4CL, HCT, CCR, and CAD families were down-regulated and 25 gene members were up-regulated. Correlation analysis revealed that most physiological indexes and the activities and gene expression of key enzymes involved in lignin synthesis were significantly and positively correlated with the lignin content. In conclusion, NFT storage could effectively suppress the lignification of D. brandisii shoots during storage by regulating the respiratory intensity, mass loss rate, hardness, H2O2 content, lignin content, and key enzyme activities and gene expression related to lignin synthesis.

Summary: Hybrid meat products are a beneficial approach to incorporating plant proteins into conventional meat formulations, taking into account current market trends that emphasise the partial decrease in animal protein content. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using different percentages of beef meat (BM), jackfruit flesh (JF) and bamboo shoot (BS) as a meat substitute in beef meat emulsion. Emulsion with 100% BM (Control), (A) 50% JF + 50% BM, (B) 50% BS + 50% BM, (C) 50% BM + 25% JF + 25% BS, (D) 100% JF and (E) 100% BS were developed. Six formulations of meat emulsion samples were prepared and analysed in terms of physicochemical and microstructure properties. The substitution of JF and BS in meat emulsion resulted in more stable emulsion stability. The WHC and pH values showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between samples. The samples with different percentages of JF and BS had significantly increased (P < 0.05) the moisture content and the crude fibre content, however, it significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the crude protein content. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in ash and fat content for the formulated meat emulsions from the control. One hundred per cent BS showed higher lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and lower redness (a*) values significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the control. One hundred per cent JF and 100% BS depicted significant differences (P < 0.05) for the textural properties and gel strength compared to the control. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided evidence for the microstructure that the higher the percentages of plant‐based ingredients, the smaller the cavities. Overall, the incorporation of 50% BM + 25% JF + 25% BS could produce the best‐suited meat substitution product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study investigated the effects of hydrothermal treatment temperature and time on the textural characteristics of Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) shoots. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyse changes in chemical structure, crystallinity and microstructure. Mechanical properties, including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and the bonding strength between bamboo shoot flesh and shell, were also measured. Results indicated that with increasing temperature and treatment duration, hemicellulose and cellulose components in both bamboo shoot shell and flesh degraded, primarily affecting the amorphous regions of cellulose, leading to increased relative crystallinity and alterations in the bamboo shoots' microstructure. The mechanical properties of the bamboo shoots generally decreased with increasing hydrothermal treatment intensity. Optimal softening and minimal mechanical properties were achieved at a hydrothermal treatment temperature of 100 °C for 30 min, with the bonding strength between bamboo shoot shell and flesh reaching a minimum of 3.21 N. These findings provide crucial data support for optimising bamboo shoot processing techniques and developing efficient peeling equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bamboo with its remarkable growth rate and economic significance, offers an ideal system to investigate the molecular basis of organogenesis in rapidly growing plants, particular in monocots, where gene regulatory networks governing the maintenance and differentiation of shoot apical and intercalary meristems remain a subject of controversy.We employed both spatial and single‐nucleus transcriptome sequencing on 10× platform to precisely dissect the gene functions in various tissues and early developmental stages of bamboo shoots. Our comprehensive analysis reveals distinct cell trajectories during shoot development, uncovering critical genes and pathways involved in procambium differentiation, intercalary meristem formation, and vascular tissue development.Spatial and temporal expression patterns of key regulatory genes, particularly those related to hormone signaling and lipid metabolism, strongly support the hypothesis that intercalary meristem origin from surrounded parenchyma cells. Specific gene expressions in intercalary meristem exhibit regular and dispersed distribution pattern, offering clues for understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms that drive the rapid growth of bamboo shoots.The single‐nucleus and spatial transcriptome analysis reveal a comprehensive landscape of gene activity, enhancing the understanding of the molecular architecture of organogenesis and providing valuable resources for future genomic and genetic studies relying on identities of specific cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bambu muda atau rebung memiliki sumber selulosa dan berpotensi untuk produksi bioetanol. Rebung juga memiliki kandungan lignin yang rendah yaitu 0,89%, sehingga memungkinkan untuk tidak dilakukan proses pre-treatment. Rebung bambu merupakan salah satu bahan yang berpotensi untuk produksi bioetanol mengingat laju produktivitas yang tinggi yaitu 8.124 kg/ha/tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis data produksi bioetanol dari rebung dengan teknik SSF menggunakan konsorsium mikroba Trichoderma reesei dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mikroba T. reesei digunakan untuk menghasilkan enzim selulase yang menghidrolisis selulosa menjadi gula sederhana, sedangkan S. cerevisiae digunakan untuk memproduksi bioetanol dari gula yang dihasilkan sebelumnya. Sintesis bioetanol terdiri dari dua tahap utama yaitu hidrolisis dan fermentasi. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, proses hidrolisis dan fermentasi dilakukan secara terpisah menggunakan metode SHF (Separated Hydrolysis Fermentation), sedangkan pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation) yang diharapkan menghasilkan efisiensi substrat, Yp/s, dan laju produktivitas bioetanol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode SHF. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan aerasi 1 vvm dan agitasi 125 rpm selama 72 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi bioetanol tertinggi di waktu 72 jam sebesar 6,94 g/L dengan laju produktivitas bioetanol 0,08 g/L/h dan rendemen produk (Yp/s) 0,19 g bioetanol/g substrat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rebung merupakan media yang layak untuk produksi bioetanol. Rebung memiliki kandungan selulosa yang potensial sebagai substrat untuk T. reesei dan terbukti menghasilkan bioetanol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan teknik SHF dengan bambu pada penelitian sebelumnya.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Degradation of shoots, characterized by stunted growth and signs of water deficit, is common in bamboo stands. However, the specific mechanisms underlying water utilization in degrading shoots remain unclear. This study sought to address this gap by harvesting bamboo shoots and culms of Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen', employing cytological and physiological techniques to compare water utilization mechanisms between healthy and degrading shoots, and investigating the water supply to bamboo shoots by the parent bamboo. The water pressure in the degrading shoots was markedly lower compared to that of the healthy shoots, and it declined as the degradation progressed, resulting in reduced water content and the cessation of guttation in the degrading shoots. In conditions of water deficit, the percentage of free water in bamboo shoots decreased while the percentages of bound and semi-bound water increased, with the proportion of semi-bound water reaching as high as 88.13% in the late stages of degradation. The water potential of parent bamboo culms of different ages varied at different times of the day and during different growth stages of bamboo shoots, showing a strong association with the development of bamboo shoots. Conversely, the correlation between changes in the water potential of bamboo shoots and their degradation patterns was found to be comparatively minimal. The weakening of the connection between the bamboo shoots and the parent bamboo culms may play a significant role in the degradation of the bamboo shoots. This is evidenced by a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the nucleus in bamboo shoots and the degradation of genetic material. This study lays the foundation for future research into the mechanisms of bamboo shoot degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thorough analysis of the article describes the therapeutic potential of herbal treatments, such as ginger, papaya, bamboo shoots, and Plectranthus species, in addressing the complex issues of oxidative stress, microbial infections, and cancer. Innovative and comprehensive approaches to disease management are desperately needed in light of rising cancer rates and the advent of microbial resistance to traditional treatments. While papaya leaves contain a multitude of bioactive constituents, such as papain, chymopapain, and flavonoids, with demonstrated anticancer and antimicrobial effects, bamboo shoots, rich in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Because of its bioactive ingredients, such as gingerol and shogaol, ginger, a popular culinary and medicinal herb, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. Meanwhile, Plectranthus species possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties linked to substances like carvacrol and thymol. The combination of these herbal substances exhibits synergistic effects that offer potential routes for targeting many disease pathways, such as immune response modulation, tumour growth suppression, and oxidative damage mitigation. To further understand their modes of action, adjust dosage schedules, and assess their efficacy and safety in clinical settings, more study is necessary. Herbal medicines have great promise for enhancing health outcomes and reducing the worldwide burden of cancer, microbial resistance, and oxidative stress. They provide a natural and possibly beneficial supplement to conventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the pretreatment and characterization of natural fibers from the bamboo shoot shell (BSS) of Phyllostachys heterocycla to determine their suitability as biorefining materials. The discarded bamboo shoot shell was used as a source of fibers, which were analyzed for their physical, chemical, and microstructure properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectra, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that a mixture of sodium hydroxide immersion plus high-pressure steam treatment allowed the cellulose structure to be disrupted, providing more adsorption sites for cellulases. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) also showed that the pretreatment exposed the internal structure of the fibers and that highmass silicon compounds were present in the eluted solution. After adding the cellulase produced by Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, the reducing sugar yield was increased by 268% and 251%, compared to unpretreated BSS fibers. This strategy may apply to many industries, especially biorefining and lignocellulose biotransformation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ramet system is a typical structural type in the life history of clonal plants. This massive structure is formed by many similar ramets connected by underground rhizomes, which are independent and mutually influential. Therefore, the ramet system is unique to bamboo forests, and its role in the construction, maintenance, and productivity of bamboo populations is irreplaceable. Mulch management is a high-level cultivation model for bamboo forests that is used to cultivate bamboo shoots. However, the basic conditions of bamboo ramet systems in this managed model are poorly understood. This study analyzed the underground rhizome morphology, bud bank, and branching of bamboo ramets in a Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu et C.S. Chao 'Prevernalis' forest to explore the growth patterns of bamboo ramets in high-level management fields. In mulched bamboo forests, the bamboo rhizomes, distributed in intermediate positions of the bamboo ramet system, were long with many lateral buds and branches, and those at the initial and distal ends were short with few lateral buds and branches. The initial end of the ramet system reduced the ramet system, the intermediate part expanded the ramet system, and the distal end promoted ramet system regeneration. Owing to the continuous reduction, expansion, and renewal of ramet systems, the bamboo rhizome system demonstrates mobility and adaptability. This study found that a higher level of bamboo forest management increased the possibility of artificial fragmentation of the ramet system and that improving the efficiency of the ramet system was beneficial for maintaining its high vitality. Thus, this study provides a crucial reference for guiding the precise regulation of bamboo ramet systems in artificial bamboo forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese sour bamboo shoot is a traditionally, spontaneous fermented food that is particularly popular due to its complex and distinctive flavor. The volatile compounds of sour bamboo shoot originate mainly from the raw materials and the microbial fermentation. To reveal the correlation between microorganisms and flavor, third-generation sequencing and Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry were applied to analyze the dynamics of microbial communities at the species level and volatile compounds during sour bamboo shoot fermentation. The abundance of Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus fermentum increased during the fermentation, while Lactobacillus amyloliquefaciens decreased at first but then began to rise. At the end of fermentation, Lactobacillus amyloliquefaciens and Lactobacillus acetotolerans became the predominant species. A total of sixty-seven volatile compounds, which included twenty-three esters, nineteen alcohols, eight ketones, six aldehydes, six aromatic hydrocarbons, four acids and one ether, were identified. These compounds constituted the primary flavor of sour bamboo, which created a complex flavor of sour bamboo shoot. Among them, the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, and isoamyl alcohol gradually increased during the fermentation process, and they became the main volatile compounds. Furthermore, the correlation between microorganisms and volatile compounds was investigated through two-way Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (O2PLS), which revealed a positive correlation between Lactobacillus amylolyticus and ethyl propanoate. Additionally, the abundance of Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus fermentum was found to be positively correlated with 2-heptenal. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the formation mechanism of sour bamboo shoot flavor and the standardized production of high-quality sour bamboo shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tender bamboo shoots undergo rapid senescence that influences their quality and commercial value after harvest. In this study, the tender sweet bamboo shoots ('Wensun') were packed by a passive modified atmosphere packaging (PMAP) to inhibit the senescence process, taking polyethylene package as control. The increase in CO2 and the decrease in O2 gas concentrations in the headspace atmosphere of the packages were remarkably modified by PMAP treatments. The modified gas atmosphere packaging inhibited the changes in firmness, as well as the content of cellulose, total pectin, and lignin in the cell walls of bamboo shoots. The enzymatic activities of cellulase, pectinase, and polygalacturonase that act on cell wall polysaccharides, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and laccase regulating the lignin biosynthesis were modified by PMAP treatment different from control during storage. The expression levels of the lignin biosynthesis genes PePAL3/4, PeCAD, Pe4CL5, PeC4H, PeCCOAOMT, PeCOMT, cellulose synthase PeCESA1, and related transcription factors PeSND2, PeKNAT7, PeMYB20, PeMYB63, and PeMYB85 were clearly regulated. These results suggest that PMAP efficiently retards the changes in lignin and cell wall polysaccharides, thus delaying the senescence of tender sweet bamboo shoots during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]This study aims to investigate the impact of different straw mulching methods on surface warming and bamboo shoot yield. [Method]Six treatment groups were established for the study: no cover (CK), straw + rice bran (JL), straw + urea composting agent + rice bran (JLNF), straw + organic fertilizer composting agent + rice bran (JLOF), straw + urea + rice bran (JLN) and straw + organic fertilizer + rice bran (JLO), continuously monitoring surface temperature, shoot emergence and other indicators. [Result]The results demonstrated that treatments utilizing organic fertilizer or urea to adjust the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of straw, along with the application of composting agents, exhibited the best warming effects. In January, the highest temperatures were recorded in the JLOF and JLNF treatments, reaching 24. 25 and 21. 70 ℃, respectively. The overall temperature variation trend across treatments was as follows: JLOF>JLNF>JLO>JLN>JL>CK. Correspondingly, the JLOF and JLNF treatments also yielded the highest bamboo shoot production, with 47 355 and 47 190 kg / hm², respectively. After cost and output accounting, the final economic benefit trend of each treatment is: JLNF>JLOF>JLN>JLO>JL. Compared to the JL treatment, the JLNF treatment exhibited a remarkable increase in economic benefit with a gain of 68 940 yuan / hm², reaching 627 555 yuan / hm² . [Conclusion]On the basis of the straw rice husk double coverage model, the effective way to promote the early emergence of bamboo shoots and improve their economic benefits is to adjust the carbon nitrogen ratio of straw by adding organic fertilizer or urea externally, while also applying a ripening agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz is a sympodial bamboo species with inimitable taste and flavorful shoots. Its rapid growth and use as high‐quality material make this bamboo species highly valued for both food processing and wood applications. However, genome information for D. brandisii is lacking, primarily due to its polyploidy and large genome size. Here, we assembled a high‐quality genome for hexaploid D. brandisii, which comprises 70 chromosomes with a total size of 2,756 Mb, using long‐read HiFi sequencing. Furthermore, we accurately separated the genome into its three constituent subgenomes. We used Oxford Nanopore Technologies long reads to construct a transcriptomic dataset covering 15 tissues for gene annotation to complement our genome assembly, revealing differential gene expression and post‐transcriptional regulation. By integrating metabolome analysis, we unveiled that well‐balanced lignin formation, as well as abundant flavonoid and fructose contents, contribute to the superior quality of D. brandisii shoots. Integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic datasets provided a solid foundation for enhancing bamboo shoot quality and developing efficient gene‐editing techniques. This study should facilitate research on D. brandisii and enhance its use as a food source and wood material by providing crucial genomic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high respiration rate and ethylene production at the cut surface of bamboo (Dendrocalamus latifloxus Munro) shoots after harvesting, browning and lignification at the cut surface reduce their quality and shelf life. Due to the demand of consumers, using physical treatment to inhibit microbial growth and maintain quality has become more and more popular. In this study, bamboo shoots were treated with hot water at 70 °C for 30 s after harvesting and then stored at 1, 3, or 5 °C for 4 weeks to measure the quality change. Our results show that the L* value and h° angle at the cut surface of the bamboo shoots were significantly higher, but the respiration rate was significantly lower when stored at 1 °C compared with those at 3 and 5 °C. In terms of quality, the bamboo shoots showed lower firmness and cutting force values, and no decay was observed at 1 °C. The results from the shelf simulation test with rewarming of the cold-treated bamboo shoots at ambient temperature (25 °C) for 1 day indicated that the L* value and h° angle were significantly higher for the bamboo shoots stored at 1 °C compared with those stored at 3 and 5 °C. Taken together, browning and lignification at the cut surface were effectively inhibited, quality was maintained, and the storage life could be extended to 4 weeks at 1 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, we explore the harnessing of bamboo shoot residues (BSR) as a viable source for ruminant feed through fungal treatment, with the overarching objective of elevating feed quality and optimizing bamboo shoot utilization. The white-rot fungi (Wr.fungi), Aspergillus niger (A.niger), and its co-cultures (A.niger&Wr.fungi) were employed to ferment BSR. And the impact of different fermentation methods and culture time on the chemical composition (Crude protein Ash, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibers), enzyme activity (Cellulase, Laccase, Filter paperase and Lignin peroxidase activities), and rumen digestibility in vitro were assessed. The findings reveal a nota ble 30.39% increase in crude protein in fermented BSR, accompanied by respective decreases of 13.02% and 17.31% in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fibre content. Enzyme activities experienced augmentation post-fermentation with A.niger&Wr.fungi. Specifically, the peak Cellulase, Laccase, and Lignin peroxidase activities for BSR with Wr.fungi treatment reached 748.4 U/g, 156.92 U/g, and 291.61 U/g, respectively, on the sixth day of fermentation. Concurrently, NH3-N concentration exhibited an upward trend with prolonged fermentation time. Total volatile fatty acids registered a decline, and the Acetate/Propionate ratio reached its nadir after 6 days of fermentation under the A.niger&Wr.fungi treatment. These outcomes furnish a theoretical foundation for the development of ruminant feeds treated via fungal co-culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bamboo shoots are considered as a healthy food and are popular in Asian cooking. The distribution of nutrients and their dynamics during the growth of bamboo shoots play a crucial role in guiding the harvesting and processing of bamboo shoots. In this study, Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz, an important bamboo species for harvesting fine edible shoots in southern China and Southeast Asia, was used to measure several indicators related to the edibility and nutritional value of fresh shoots across five height grades (H1: 20~30 cm; H2: 31~40 cm; H3: 41~50 cm; H4: 51~60 cm; and H5: 61~70 cm). The results indicated that, although the nutrient and mineral elements showed an increasing (crude fiber content, CFC), decreasing (total soluble sugars content, TSSC; ash content, AC; Fe; Zn), or fluctuating (soluble protein content, SPC; P; K; Ca) pattern with the growth of bamboo shoots, both the CFC and TSSC showed the highest values in the lower part at five growth heights, indicating that carbohydrates were mainly enriched in the bases of bamboo shoots. The SPC, AC, and other mineral elements were higher in the upper part, especially in H1–H3. Combined with the relatively high activity of metabolic enzymes (sucrose-phosphate synthase, SPS; neutral invertase, NI) in the upper part of bamboo shoots (although not statistically significant), it can be inferred that the shoot tip may be the main tissue for early nutrient synthesis and metabolism. Compared with the shoot height, different parts of a D. brandisii bamboo shoot are more indicative of its nutrient properties. Although all heights of bamboo shoots showed an abundance of nutrients and mineral elements, bamboo shoots with a height of less than 40 cm had a higher TSSC, AC, Fe, and Zn, and a lower CFC, thus having a better balance between nutrients and edibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noodles, a ubiquitous and convenient dietary choice for millions, have become an integral part of the contemporary diet. As dietary preferences evolve and nutritional deficiencies persist, the necessity of fortifying noodles with essential nutrients has gained prominence. In the present study, the nutritional content of noodles fortified with a fiber rich powder of freeze-dried and oven-dried bamboo shoots was compared to the control. The noodles fortified with the powder had a maximum content of amino acid (1.15 g/100 g), proteins (7.14 g/100 g), carbohydrates (40.4 g/100 g), starch (71.1 g/100 g). Vitamin C and E contents of the fortified noodles were enhanced compared to control noodles, with fortified noodles containing a maximum vitamin C content of 2.91 mg/100 g and a maximum vitamin E content of 0.79 mg/100 g. The content of fat in the fortified noodles was lower than the control noodles (2.71 g/100 g), which will be beneficial for health conscious consumers. The antioxidant activity was highest in the fortified noodles (1420.6 µg/ml, IC50 of DPPH), and the minimum antioxidant activity was observed in control noodles (IC50 value of 2431.17 μg/ml). The sensory score for fortified noodles was greater for texture (7.5), taste (7.7), and overall acceptability (7.2) compared to the control noodles (7.4, 7.6, and 7.0 respectively). Fortifying noodles with essential nutrients is a promising way to improve the nutritional value of this popular food item. Bamboo shoots, being rich in micro- and macro-nutrients, could play a key role in improving the nutritional and health-enhancing properties of fortified products.

Objective: To establish a method for simultaneous determination of cytosine, uracil, cytidine, hypoxanthine, uridine, thymidine, adenine, guanosine, thymidine and adenosine in different selenium-rich bamboo shoots. Methods: The determination was performed on Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (gradient elution). The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm and the flow rate was 0.8 mL·min−1. The column temperature was 30 ℃, and the sample size was 20 μL. Fingerprints of 21 selenium-rich bamboo shoots were drawn for similarity evaluation of common peaks. The nucleosides of 21 selenium-rich bamboo shoots were analysised by principal component analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. Results: 10 nucleosides were separated within 30 min, and the linear relationship was good (R2≥0.9990). RSDS of precision, stability, repeatability and accuracy tests were all less than 2%. Significant differences in the contents and structure ratio of 10 nucleosides were found in different selenium-rich bamboo shoots, and there were different degrees of correlation between nucleoside components. Four principal components were selected by principal component analysis. Thymidine, thymine, adenosine and guanosine were identified as four core indexes, which could be used to evaluate the quality of different selenium-rich bamboo shoots. The correlation between uracil and cytidine, guanosine and thymidine, thymidine and adenosine was high, and the contents of these indexes would influence each other. After cluster analysis, it was concluded that the new selenium-rich bamboo shoots were mainly concentrated in one category, and the common selenium-rich bamboo shoots in the market are mainly divided into two categories. Conclusion: The method was rapid, simple and reproducible, and could be used for the determination of 10 nucleosides in 21 selenium-rich bamboo shoots. At the same time, the results would provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development and utilization of bamboo shoots in the later period.

【Objective】Fresh bamboo shoots are bamboo shoot products that have not been blanched or pickled, with a crispy taste and refreshing flavor. However, fresh bamboo shoots breathe vigorously, which are prone to dehydration and wilting, making them difficult to keep fresh, thus affecting their sales. Spontaneous modified atmosphere packaging reduces the respiratory intensity of packaged fruits and vegetables by regulating the gas composition of the internal environment. Studying the effects of different modified atmosphere packaging treatments on the postharvest storage quality and lignification of fresh bamboo shoots could provide references for the selection of fresh-keeping packaging for fresh bamboo shoots.【Method】The peeled fresh bamboo shoots were packed in the spontaneous modified atmosphere preservation bag (thickness 20μm, O2transmission rate 11 643 cm3/m2·d·atm, water vapor transmission rate 62.586 g/m2·d), and the vacuum bag made of nylon was used as control. The packaged fresh bamboo shoots were stored in the cold storage to study the quality change and the difference of lignification degree during storage.【Result】Compared with traditional vacuum preservation techniques, spontaneous modified atmosphere packaging could significantly reduce the respiratory intensity of fresh bamboo shoots during storage by creating a low oxygen and low carbon dioxide(O2 < 5%, CO2 < 5%) environment inside the bag through the respiration of the bamboo shoots themselves and the gas permeability of the membrane material. The peak intensity was only 46.93% of that of vacuum treatment. After 21 days of storage, modified atmosphere packaging significantly inhibited the browning and membrane lipid peroxidation of bamboo shoots. The brightness of the core of packaged bamboo shoots decreased by only 6.17% compared with that upon harvest, while that of vacuum packaging decreased by 17.74%. The content of malondialdehyde in vacuum packaged bamboo shoots was 2.93 times that in modified atmosphere packaging. In terms of lignification, the lignification rates of bamboo shoots in two types of packaging began to increase after 14 days of storage. The activities of key enzymes for lignification of bamboo shoots (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, cinnamon dehydrogenase) peaked in vacuum packaging, and lignification intensified; however, there was no peak in the related enzyme activity of bamboo shoots in the modified atmosphere packaging, and the enzyme activity increased slowly, delaying the lignification of bamboo shoot and maintaining the crisp taste of the bamboo shoots. After 21 days of storage, the lignin content of packaged bamboo shoots decreased by 15.01% compared to vacuum packaged bamboo shoots, effectively extending the freshness period of fresh bamboo shoots.【Conclusion】The low oxygen and low carbon dioxide gas environment in the spontaneous modified atmosphere packaging bag is conducive to the storage of fresh bamboo shoots, and the quality and nutrient content are significantly better than those of vacuum packaging treatment. It has a good market prospect for fresh bamboo shoots.

Bamboo shoots are a nutritious food rich in protein and dietary fibre, low in carbohydrates and fats, and with good mineral and vitamin profiles. Bamboo shoots are projected to be a superfood, although at present they are considered a neglected food commodity that is restricted to a few Asian countries. The use of bamboo shoot powder (BSP) in food fortification represents a promising avenue for enhancing the nutritional value of foods. This study evaluated the differences in nutrient composition and functional properties of two BSP species (Gigantochloa levis and Bambusa vulgaris), and their effects on the proximate analysis, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of cassava crackers. G. levis BSP had greater amounts of moisture, protein, fat, ash, and total dietary fibre than B. vulgaris BSP. Both types of BSP had good WHC and swelling power which suggest that they could easily be incorporated into food systems. B. vulgaris BSP had better WHC and swelling power than G. levis BSP. The cassava crackers were formulated as C control (0 % BSP), B5 (5 % B. vulgaris), B10 (10 % B. vulgaris), G5 (5 % G. levis), and G10 (10 % G. levis). Adding BSP significantly increased (p

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Livestock grazing and the collection of bamboo shoots are the main threats to giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat in the Liangshan Mountains in China. It is important to clarify the effect of these disturbances to the giant panda to formulate targeted management policies. Based on species distribution models and daily activity models, we investigated the effects of livestock grazing and bamboo shoot collection on giant pandas from May 2021 to July 2022. Our results indicated the giant panda's suitable habitat in the reserve covered 51.83 km² (15.02% of the reserve area). Grazing and bamboo shoot collection led to losses of 19.08 km² and 7.68 km² of suitable habitat, respectively. Together, the 2 activities resulted in a loss of 28.35 km² of suitable habitat, which was more than half of the area of panda habitat. The areas of suitable habitat for giant pandas significantly overlapped with the areas affected by both disturbances. Giant pandas did not show significant differences in daily activity rhythms under a single disturbance, but the daily activity rhythms of giant pandas differed when we compared the area combining the 2 disturbances with the undisturbed area. Our study reveals that the anthropogenic disturbances in the reserve have varying effects on the suitable habitat range and daily activity rhythm of giant pandas and evidence of a synergistic effect. Therefore, when formulating relevant conservation policies, it is important to fully evaluate the extent and characteristics of anthropogenic disturbances in shaping the population distribution and habitat preferences of the giant panda and other wildlife to enhance the efficacy of conservation management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified flour is widely used in the food industry to enhance viscosity and texture. Previous research has investigated fermenting Bamboo Shoots Flour from Ampel Gading Bamboo which is rich in fiber. Physical process combination, like temperature changes, and chemical modifications using acids or bases, may alter the flour's gel-forming properties, thereby expanding its applications, including as a thickening agent. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical properties and potential applications of Modified Bamboo Shoots Flour (MBFS) as a thickening agent. The analysis demonstrated that MBSF comprises 28.41% carbohydrates, with 4.88% crude fiber and 18.68% starch, featuring 4.74% amylose and 13.94% amylopectin (wet basis). Additionally, it contains 28.10% protein and 11.17% fat (wet basis), maintaining the characteristic form of MBSF. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) evaluation revealed the presence of ovate-shaped, rough and irregular surface starch granules. Heating a 2% MBSF suspension to 100°C increases viscosity, solubility, and swelling power. Low acidity (pH 10) enhances swelling power without affecting viscosity significantly. Both low acidity and heat treatments enhance the thickening properties of the MBFS. This study offers fundamental insights into the physical and chemical characteristics of MBFS, thereby facilitating its potential application in final products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betung bamboo shoots (Dencrocalamus asper) is a plant derived from the shoots of bamboo betung processed into additional stuffing in Egyptian martabak. Betung bamboo shoots contain 59 gm of phosphorus and 13 mg of calcium, so they are good sources of natural nutrients for the body. The purpose of the study was to determine the organoleptic characteristics of the Egyptian martabak from bamboo betung shoots and to determine consumer acceptance of the Egyptian martabak from bamboo betung shoots. This study used an experimental method with three treatments and 3 repetitions using a completely randomized design (CRD). Data collection techniques used observation tests conducted by 5 sources, and acceptance tests were carried out by 30 consumers. The results of the observation test were analyzed by calculating the average value obtained from the sources, while the acceptance test was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANAVA). The results of the observation by the interviewees chose the Egyptian martabak, bamboo shoots, treatment 3 with the code MM3 with the addition of 70 gm of bamboo shoots, the average value was 23.31. The results of the research acceptance test consumers like the color, texture, taste of the Egyptian martabak bamboo shoots betung treatment 1 (MM1) with the addition of 50 gm of bamboo shoots (25%), for the aroma consumers like Egyptian martabak bamboo betung shoots treatment 2 (MM2) with the addition of bamboo shoots bamboo betung 60 gm (30%). The resource person chose the Egyptian martabak, bamboo shoots, treatment 3 with the code MM3 in terms of color, aroma, texture, and taste. Consumers choose the Egyptian martabak bamboo shoots with treatment 1 (MM1) in terms of color, texture, and taste. Meanwhile, in terms of aroma, consumers chose the Egyptian martabak, bamboo shoots, and treatment 2 (MM2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influence of deashing on fusion characteristics, a combined method of water and acid washing with different sequences (water washing followed by acid washing, and acid washing followed by water washing) was used to treat the biochar of bamboo shoot shells (BBSSs). The results show that deashing decreased the K content of the biochar from 50.3% to 1.08% but increased the Si content from 33.48% to 89.15%. The formation of silicates and aluminosilicates from alkali metal oxides with silicon was an inevitable result of ash phase transformation at the high temperatures used to improve the fusion temperature (>1450 °C). The thermochemical behavior of ash mainly occurs at 1000 °C. The deashing treatment significantly reduced the reaction intensity during the high-temperature process. This significantly increased the thermal stability of the ash. The adjustment of the washing sequence had a slight impact on the chemical compositions, but the differences in ash micromorphology were obvious. Deashing treatments with different washing sequences can significantly improve ash fusion properties effectively and reduce the risk of scaling, slagging, and corrosion. This study provides a new and reasonable strategy for the deashing of biochar to commercially utilize bamboo shoot shell resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic is a major pollutant in aquatic environments. Due to its high toxicity and poor biodegradability, arsenic has emerged as a significant challenge in the realm of water pollution management. In this study, bamboo shoot shells activated carbon modified with cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce‐BAC) is prepared, and its adsorption properties for As (V) and As (III) are investigated. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of bamboo shoot shells activated carbon (BAC) for As (V) and As (III) is measured to be 3.718 mg/g and 3.527 mg/g, respectively, under the conditions of an activation temperature of 900 °C, activation time of 75 minutes, and pH=7. After modifying it with cerium nitrate hexahydrate, the greatest adsorption capacity of Ce‐BAC for As (V) increases to 16.5 mg/g, and for As (III) to 21.47 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption process of As (V) and As (III) by BAC and Ce‐BAC in this study exhibits conformity to pseudo‐second order kinetics. These findings indicate that the adsorption performance of As (V) and As (III) by Ce‐BAC has been greatly improved. Therefore, Ce‐BAC exhibits a vast potential in adsorbing both As (V) and As (III), showcasing promising prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In order to explore the impact of tree canopy density on the growth of Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, expand the space for artificial planting of Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, and improve forest productivity. [Method] An experiment was conducted at the Shuifu Tongluoba Bamboo Industry Professional Cooperative to plant Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu under the forest. Five small areas with different canopy densities were designed for the upper layer of trees, and two treatments were used; non covered plastic film and covered plastic film. After planting for one year, a random sampling method was used to select 10 clusters of bamboo, and their bamboo ground diameter, height, number of bamboo shoots, number of shooting shoots and diameter of bamboo shoots were investigated. [Result] The results showed that without covering plastic film, the average ground diameter of bamboo was 2.27 mm/clump, the average height of bamboo was 0.28 m/clump, the average number of bamboo shoots was 5.14, the average number of shooting shoots was 3.52, and the average ground diameter of bamboo shoots was 3.92 mm/clump; When covered with plastic film, the average ground diameter of bamboo is 2.77 mm/clump, the average height of bamboo is 0.33 m/clump, the average number of bamboo plants is 3.98, the average number of bamboo shoots is 2.88, and the average ground diameter of bamboo shoots is 4.52 mm/clump. [Conclusion] Through F-test and other analysis, the following conclusions are drawn the canopy density of the upper layer arbor forest has a significant impact on the diameter growth, height growth, number of mature bamboo trees, number of shoots, and ground diameter of bamboo shoots within one year of planting. However, by covering with plastic film, the impact of the canopy density of the upper layer arbor on the growth of Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu can be reduced, especially the impact of the high canopy density of the upper layer arbor on the growth of Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to produce fermented bamboo shoots with functional properties, two strains of lactic acid bacteria were selected for inoculation and fermentation. One strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum R1, exhibited prominent potential probiotic properties (including gastrointestinal condition tolerance, adhesion ability, antimicrobial ability, and antibiotic resistance), while the other, Levilactobacillus brevis R2, demonstrated the capability of high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production (913.99 ± 14.2 mg/L). The synergistic inoculation of both strains during bamboo shoot fermentation led to a remarkable increase in GABA content (382.31 ± 12.17 mg/kg), surpassing that of naturally fermented bamboo shoots by more than 4.5 times and outperforming mono-inoculated fermentation. Simultaneously, the nitrite content was maintained at a safe level (5.96 ± 1.81 mg/kg). Besides, inoculated fermented bamboo shoots exhibited an increased crude fiber content (16.58 ± 0.04 g/100 g) and reduced fat content (0.39 ± 0.02 g/100 g). Sensory evaluation results indicated a high overall acceptability for the synergistically inoculated fermented bamboo shoots. This study may provide a strategy for the safe and rapid fermentation of bamboo shoots and lay the groundwork for the development of functional vegetable products enriched with GABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]