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Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin are entomopathogenic fungi commonly used in microbial control of arthropods. In this study, we evaluated the insecticidal potential of six isolates of B. bassiana (BIITAC10.3.3, BIITAC6.2.2, and BIITAC8.1.5) and M. anisopliae (MIITAC11.3.4, MIITAC6.2.2, and MIITAC6.4.2) from Cameroon, against the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, the vector of the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). Pathogenicity tests were initially conducted using B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolates at a concentration of 3.2 × 106 conidia/ml on P. nigronervosa adults sourced from four agroecologies in Cameroon. Four isolates (BIITAC6.2.2, BIITAC10.3.3, BIITAC8.1.5, and MIITAC6.2.2) were highly pathogenic, causing greater than 75% aphid mortality in all populations. A significant decrease in aphid fecundity was observed with BIITAC6.2.2, MIITAC6.2.2, and BIITAC10.3.3. These three isolates were in a test of a series of four fungal concentrations (3.2 × 101, 3.2 × 102, 3.2 × 104, and 3.2 × 106 conidia/ml). produced LC50 of 1.31 × 101 and 3.12 × 10−2 for BIITAC10.3.3 and MIITAC6.2.2, respectively. MIITAC6.2.2 had the lowest LC90 (1.55 × 103). Our results strongly support the continued development of biopesticides based on one or more of the three fungal entomopathogens for the control of banana aphids as a component of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy for the reduction of the prevalence and transmission of BBTV under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bananas rapidly undergo physiological deterioration after harvest owing to their climacteric and perishable nature causing significant economic yield loss. Thus, the adoption of postharvest loss mitigation strategies becomes imperative for enhancing fruit longevity. This study aimed to assess the effect of postharvest treatment with different concentrations of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on shelf life extension and quality sustainability of bananas, such as Grand Naine, Poovan and Ney Poovan, kept under ambient (27°C ± 2°C) and cool (17°C) conditions. The findings revealed that AVG-treated bananas reduced weight loss of banana hands (0.655–2.559 kg hand−1) and higher peel thickness (0.86–2.73 mm) and firmness (6.54–12.01 N) over untreated control at ambient storage condition, whereas under cool storage, weight loss of banana hands reduced from 0.761 to 2.579 kg hand−1, while both peel thickness (1.24–2.84 mm) and firmness (7.75–11.45 N) were retained for varieties. The physio-chemical traits of fruit, such as total chlorophyll and starch content, were improved due to AVG treatment under both storage conditions. Among the treatments, postharvest application of AVG at 700 ppm showed better performance in the morphological, physiological and quality characters irrespective of the varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of educational attainment on entrepreneurial competence and financial risk tolerance among small-scale banana growers. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design with a complete enumeration sampling technique and moderation analysis, data were gathered from 150 small-scale banana growers in Compostela, Davao de Oro. The findings reveal a high level of entrepreneurial competence and financial risk tolerance among the growers. There is a significant relationship between entrepreneurial competence and financial risk tolerance. However, the interaction between entrepreneurial competence and educational attainment had an insignificant effect on the level of financial risk tolerance. This implies that entrepreneurial competence is associated with greater financial risk tolerance regardless of educational attainment, highlighting pathways for enhancing small-scale agriculture's contribution to economic growth and sustainability. This study aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), by identifying factors that support sustainable agricultural practices and entrepreneurship among small-scale growers. Our findings suggest that fostering entrepreneurial competence can contribute to achieving these goals by enhancing the productivity, sustainability, and financial resilience of small-scale banana growers in developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bananas (Musa spp.) are a popular tropical fruit grown worldwide and are typically harvested when 70% to 80% plump. Postharvest storage is crucial for maintaining fruit quality, with temperature playing a key role due to banana sensitivity to low temperatures. Red peeled bananas, such as the cultivar Hongmeiren, stand out for their unique red peel and pink pulp when ripe. These bananas offer nutritional benefits and are rich in anthocyanins compared with yellow bananas. This study focused on the hardness change, anthocyanin content, and the expression of related genes in red peeled bananas at different temperatures. Results showed that pulp hardness reached an edible state after 4 days at 19 and 25 °C, with stability thereafter. Storage time at 10 °C was longer and anthocyanin content remained stable across temperatures. Gene expression analysis indicated that genes including MaPAL, MaCHS, MaCHI, MaDFR, and MaANS related to anthocyanin synthesis were highly expressed at 10 °C, potentially preserving anthocyanin content and fruit appearance. Although higher anthocyanin content was observed at 19 and 25 °C, black spots appeared on the fruit peel after 8 days, affecting its quality. After 30 days of storage at 10 °C, a significant number of black spots appeared on the peel of the fruit, leading to a gradual loss of its nutritional value. This study indicates that red peeled bananas can be stored for longer periods while maintaining their appearance quality at 10 °C, as opposed to 19 and 25 °C. Hence, it is recommended to store red peeled bananas at low temperatures, especially following ethylene treatment or during periods of high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Author Index" from the journal "Respirology" features a diverse array of authors and their abstract codes for research presentations, reflecting the global nature of respiratory research. This document serves as a valuable resource for library patrons interested in respiratory topics, showcasing the collaborative efforts of researchers worldwide. The index includes a wide range of names and codes, likely representing individuals in an academic or research database, with entries reflecting diverse cultural backgrounds. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to develop the application of 405 nm LEDs to reduce the spoilage risk of bananas in the distribution chain. Fusarium oxysporum was spread-plated onto dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar and illuminated with an array of 405 nm light emitting diodes at mean irradiances ranging from 0.5–2.2 mW/cm2. A minimum irradiance of 2.2 ± 0.9 mW/cm2 was required to bring about an antifungal effect, with the mold population reduced below the detection limit within 6 h of illumination. This was attributed to the presence of porphyrins (5.46 ± 2.49 fg/CFU) in the F. oxysporum spores, as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. A statistically significant (P > 0.05) 70% reduction was observed relative to the control group when the bananas were spot-inoculated on their stem scar with Fusarium, stored under simulated warehouse conditions (15.0 °C and 80.0% RH for 24 h) and illuminated with 2.2 ± 0.9 mW/cm2 for 48 h under simulated retail conditions (25.5 °C and 63.5% RH for another 54 h). The control group was kept in the dark under the same conditions otherwise. The illumination did not produce any significant difference (P > 0.05) in the appearance, peel color, mass and hardness of the bananas. A slight decrease in the activity of polyphenol oxidase, the enzyme responsible for browning, was also observed. These results suggest that 405 nm LED illumination has the potential to reduce the risk of Fusarium spoilage of bananas in supermarkets while preserving the physicochemical properties that influence the consumers' purchase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During transportation and storage after harvest, bananas exhibit an abnormal phenomenon called "green-soft," where the pulp softens prematurely while the peel remains green and hard. To understand the mechanism of abnormal softening of banana pulp, the influence of high temperature (35 °C) and high humidity (saturated humidity) on the intrinsic physiology of the pulp was investigated from the aspects of ROS metabolism, membrane lipid peroxidation, and starch metabolism. The results showed that hardness of the bananas stored in high humidity and high temperature decreased by 77% at 14 days compared to control, suggesting that the combined treatment of high temperature and high humidity caused the formation of the banana "green-soft" phenomenon. Further analysis showed that ROS content was significantly increased (33%), membrane lipid peroxidation was intensified (460%), starch content was significantly reduced (68%), and cellular integrity was disrupted during this process. This work clarifies the potential mechanisms of abnormally softened banana pulp and provides a detailed theoretical foundation for the study of "green-soft" banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banana mealybug Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is a pest of economic importance in Cameroon that requires effective control practices, especially after the routinely used chlorpyrifos insecticide was banned in 2019. For effective mealybug control, it is imperative to understand their ecology in relation to banana growth stages and climate‐induced seasonal variations. Therefore, the influence of climatic variables and banana growth stages on a spatio‐temporal distribution of mealybugs in Esuke and Benoe banana plantations of the Cameroon Development Corporation in Tiko was assessed.A 60‐ha area was mapped in each plantation and divided into 12 plots of 5 ha each, which were further sub‐divided into four quadrants of 1.25 ha. A total of 10 banana suckers, 10 pre‐flowering, 10 flowering and 10 bunchy plants were sampled per quadrant.Monthly mealybug population dynamics were assessed across 2 years in 2021 and 2022 on lower or upper pseudostem, leaves and banana bunches.Significant yearly and monthly mealybug population variation on banana plants were observed, with more mealybugs in 2022 than 2021, and two monthly mealybug peaks in February and November (p < 0.001). Mealybug population was higher on banana bunches and lower or upper pseudostem than on leaves (p < 0.001). Mealybugs preferred bunchy plants than suckers or pre‐flowering and flowering plants, and exhibited clumped distribution with Taylor aggregation index (b) greater than one (p < 0.001). A simple linear regression revealed strong positive effects of high temperature on mealybug population ecology, while relative humidity and rainfall had inverse effects on the population of mealybug.These highlight the dynamics of banana mealybug population ecology under variable climatic conditions and banana growth stages, which provides valuable baseline information to facilitate developing effective control strategies for mealybugs in banana plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana is one of the most important crops produced globally. It contains a wide variety of valuable compounds and has interesting functional properties. Moreover, many by-products and wastes are generated from its collection to its consumption. Bananas are highly perishable due to their high moisture content and an appropriate post-harvest technology and agricultural engineering would prolong its shelf life. Drying is an important and the widely used method of food processing. In addition, drying can also promote the development of value-added products. The quality of dried banana is highly dependent upon the drying method and conditions. Conventionally, bananas are sun- or hot-air-dried. However, these methods are often slow processes and the products obtained have poor quality, so other alternate drying technologies have been developed. This review focuses upon conventional and new drying technologies and pre-treatment methods. The hybrid drying techniques minimize the undesirable effects of drying on banana quality, improve the drying efficiency and provide superior quality products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectively regulating anger driving has become critical in ensuring road safety. The existing research lacks a feasible exploration of anger-driving regulation. This paper delves into the effect and neural mechanisms of emotional olfactory stimuli (EOS) on regulating anger driving based on EEG. First, this study designed an angry driving regulation experiment based on EOS to record EEG signals. Second, brain activation patterns under various EOS conditions are explored by analyzing functional brain networks (FBNs). Additionally, the paper analyzes dynamic alterations in anger-related characteristics to explore the intensity and persistence of regulating anger driving under different EOS. Finally, the paper studies the frequency energy of EEG changes under EOS through time–frequency analysis. The results indicate that EOS can effectively regulate a driver's anger emotions, especially with the banana odor showing superior effects. Under banana odor stimulus, synchronization between the parietal and temporal lobes significantly decreased. Notably, the regulatory effect of banana odor is optimal and exhibits sustained efficacy. The regulatory effect of banana odor on anger emotions is persistent. Furthermore, the impact of banana odor significantly reduces the distribution of high-energy activation states in the parietal lobe region. Our findings provide new insights into the dynamic characterization of functional connectivity during anger-driving regulation and demonstrate the potential of using EOS as a reliable tool for regulating angry driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture biotechnology offers a sustainable way to adapt to climate change by propagating disease-free plants with the desired traits. This study investigated stakeholders' agronomic, social and economic evaluation of tissue culture plants (TCPs). It unravels micro-level outcomes and indicators that determine TCPs evaluation through a systematic literature review. The 35 articles examined show an imbalance of studies in the three evaluation streams, with social studies on horticultural crops, especially bananas in developing countries, dominating. The results of the TCPs evaluation vary considerably between stakeholders. The main determinants of evaluation are TCPs attributes. TCPs are very knowledge-intensive and costly to establish and manage. Therefore, customising of TCPs to local conditions and closer collaboration between stakeholders are essential for successful implementation. Advisory services, social entrepreneurship and networks are needed to create knowledge-sharing platforms and ecosystems. While single-stream evaluations reveal TCPs superiority over conventionally propagated crops, it is suggested that an integrated assessment be undertaken to combine social, economic, and agronomic indicators and evaluate the technology simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript focuses on the development of Fruit Storage Chamber (FSC) equipped with nano-TiO2 and its modular prototype to improve the value of bamboo-based FSC by its photocatalytic and feasibility aspects. Its effects on fruit shelf life and ripening-related gene expression were studied. Cavendish bananas were stored in FSC equipped with nano-TiO2 and modular FSC for treatments. Relative expression level of ethylene biosynthesis-related (MaACS1, MaACO1) and polyphenol oxidase (MaPPO4, MaPPO5) genes were examined. The dynamics of ripening variables throughout the storage period were illustrated in regression lines, followed with hypothesis testing. Banana quantity showed no significant changes upon storage in FSC equipped with nano-TiO2. Physical appearance indicated a ripening delay of up to two days on nano-TiO2 treatments compared to control. Ethylene production rate and ethylene related gene expression were not significantly altered. Browning index was more maintained in nano-TiO2 treated samples, supported by the observation of slower increase of MaPPO4 and MaPPO5 relative expressions compared to control. The findings highlight the suppression of fruit ripening related gene expression and the maintenance of fruit quality in treated samples compared to control, indicating the potential use of nano-TiO2 to prolong banana shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although adding flocculants is an essential step in wastewater treatment and maintaining the stability of the solid-state in solution to produce a loose cell-like structure, in some instances, polymeric material fails to support this due to specific surface charges. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a cationic form (CBS) obtained from unripe waste bananas as native starch and characterize it as a flocculating agent. The starch from unripe waste banana fruit peel was extracted and synthesized to CBS using an etherification reaction via grafting a cationic moiety such as 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC). In addition, the synthesis process was optimized using quality by design (QBD). The utilization of QBD led to the attainment of the maximum degree of substitution (DS) value of 0.623 under optimal circumstances, which involved reacting moieties such as CHPTAC (0.007 moL) and NaOH (30% w/v) with a reaction duration of 18 h at a temperature of 50 °C. Moreover, elemental, structural, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and surface morphology indicated that a significant cationic fraction was integrated within the BS. In addition, the biocompatibility study showed that both native BS and CBS were > 95% biocompatible against CaCO-2 and HeK-293 cells. Furthermore, the flocculation performance of CBS showed that the transmittance of the supernatant fluid augmented in direct correlation to the sedimentation and flocculation time for CBS. Thus, the modified CBS can be utilized as an economical, safe, and potential substitute against available flocculating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faster ripening and senescence of banana fruit is closely associated with higher ethylene production and oxidative damages. Present study evaluated the mechanism of sodium nitroprusside (as a nitric oxide donor) on delayed ripening and senescence in banana as well as mitigating the oxidative damage. Nitric oxide (NO) was applied to fruit by vacuum infiltration (1 mM) and stored for 8 days at 25 °C with 65–70% relative humidity. Fruit quality, electrolytic leakage, phenolic content, reactive oxygen species production and scavenging activity were investigated. The results showed that NO treated fruit retained higher phenolics, antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging activity), and reduced electrolytic leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and free radical production (H2O2 and O2−) than control on the last day. The inhibitory effect of NO on ripening was observed with delayed chlorophyll loss as well as reduced ethylene and CO2 production rate in banana during storage. Therefore, vacuum infiltrated NO could be a possible postharvest treatment for mitigating the oxidative damages and preserving banana fruit up to 8 days at ambient condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fusarium wilt of banana, also recognized as Panama disease, is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (FOC TR4). In recent years, strategies utilizing biocontrol agents, comprising antifungal microorganisms and their associated bioactive compounds from various environments, have been implemented to control this destructive disease. Our previous study showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-2 had significant antifungal effects against FOC TR4. However, there has been little scientific investigation of the antibacterial or antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and evaluate the inhibition strength of active compounds in P. aeruginosa Gxun-2, so as to explain the mechanism of the strain inhibition on FOC TR4 from the perspective of compounds. Methods: The main antibacterial compounds of strain Gxun-2 were isolated, purified and identified using by fermentation extraction, silica gel column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The effect of the compounds on the mycelial growth, morphology and spore germination of strain FOC TR4 was observed by 96-well plate method and AGAR diffusion method. Results: Among the metabolites produced by the strain, four antifungal compounds which were identified phenazine (C12H8N2), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) (C13H8N2O2), 2-acetamidophenol (C8H9NO2) and aeruginaldehyde (C10H7NO2S) were identified through HPLC and NMR. Of these compounds, phenazine and PCA exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on the spore germination and mycelial growth of FOC TR4. Phenazine demonstrated potent antifungal activity against FOC TR4 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 mg/L. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) was calculated to be 26.24 mg/L using the toxicity regression equation. PCA exhibited antifungal activity against FOC TR4 with an MIC of 25 mg/L and an EC50 of 89.63 mg/L. Furthermore, phenazine and PCA triggered substantial morphological transformations in the mycelia of FOC TR4, encompassing folding, bending, fracturing, and diminished spore formation. Discussion: These findings indicate that strain Gxun-2 plays a crucial role in controlling FOC TR4 pathogenesis, predominantly through producing the antifungal compounds phenazine and PCA, and possesses potential as a costefficient and sustainable biocontrol agent against Fusarium wilt of banana in forthcoming times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of proper cleaning and sanitizing practices on natural food-contact surfaces can lead to foodborne illness outbreaks. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning and sanitizing methods for reducing Salmonella inoculated onto banana leaf and bamboo basket surfaces. Surfaces were inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail and assigned to a combination treatment of cleaning and sanitizing methods. Three cleaning methods were evaluated (wiping, scrubbing, or no cleaning) alone or in combination with 200 ppm of bleach or 400 ppm of peracetic acid (either applied for 3 or 5 min) or no sanitizing. Regardless of cleaning method or contact time, peracetic acid reduced Salmonella on banana leaves to a level below the limit of quantification (<1.44 log CFU/cm2). The efficacy of sanitizing with bleach for banana leaves differed depending on the cleaning method (P = 0.044). Bleach applied for 5 min with wiping was most effective and reduced Salmonella on banana leaves to 2.85 log CFU/cm2 (95% confidence interval: 2.52, 3.18). For bamboo baskets, the most effective treatment was sanitizing with peracetic acid for 5 min regardless of cleaning method (P < 0.0001). This study offers insights for controlling Salmonella on food-contact surfaces commonly used in Cambodian fresh food markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of blending passion fruit peel extract (PFPE) with polydopamine (PDA) solution and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) to prepare the properties of PFPE/PDA/HPMC composite films for their application in fruit and vegetable packaging. PFPE was extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction method, which is simple, easy to operate and has high extraction efficiency, PFPE and dopamine were subjected to PFPE/PDA solution preparation, which in turn led to the preparation of HPMC, PFPE/PDA/HPMC films at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), and 10% PDA/HPMC and PFPE/HPMC films were prepared with PDA and PFPE solutions, respectively. The interactions between the components in the films were analysed by infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometer, and the colour, mechanical properties, barrier properties and antioxidant activity of the films were determined. The results showed that the addition of PFPE/PDA solution had a positive effect on the performance of the films. The tensile strength of the composite films was 8.21 MPa, the elongation at break was 85.02% and the water vapour transmission was 2.62 × 10−14 g·mm/(cm2·h·Pa) when the content of PFPE/PDA was 20% compared to that of HPMC films; the DPPH radical scavenging rate and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of the films increased with the increase of PFPE/PDA concentration, and the DPPH radical scavenging rate of the film with 20% additive was 28.71% and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 34.77%, which were much higher than that of the HPMC film. The simulated bananas were stored at room temperature together with the films and stored at 25°C and tested every day, and it was found that the bananas without packaging film began to show browning on the third day, while the film with 20% additive still did not show obvious browning on the fifth day, so the addition of PFPE/PDA could effectively delay the browning of bananas and prolong their shelf life. In summary, this study improves the use value of passion fruit peel waste and provides new effective packaging for fresh bananas, while it can also provide a new way for the development of degradable films from plant extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global banana industry faces a significant threat from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (TR4). While prior research has concentrated on TR4's dissemination, reproductive conditions, and resistant banana varieties, this study employs a socioeconomic and cost-benefit analysis to explore the vulnerability of banana producers to TR4 in Colombia. It assesses the financial viability of current monitoring strategies and estimates potential losses in the event of TR4 spreading within the study area. Interviews were conducted with producers and key stakeholders in Colombia's top two banana-producing departments, Antioquia and Magdalena. The findings reveal that farming systems are highly vulnerable to TR4, particularly due to the prevalent use of corms. Producers employ preventive measures such as cement paths, fences, disinfecting stations, and footbaths to counteract TR4's spread. A cost-benefit analysis indicates that the benefits of these prevention methods significantly outweigh the associated costs, with a net present value of implementing prevention strategies per hectare of $95,389 USD and $112,527 USD in Magdalena and Antioquia and a benefit-cost ratio of 3.1 and 4.2, respectively. Considering the substantial impact TR4 could have in Colombia if it becomes more widespread, we recommend widespread adoption of preventive measures, including the construction and utilization of cement paths and disinfectant methods on all banana farms. Additionally, to enhance awareness and early detection, we propose leveraging technology, such as mobile applications (apps) and chat groups, to empower farmers in identifying and preventing the spread of TR4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium carbide is prohibited as a fruit ripening agent in many countries due to its harmful effects. Current methods for detecting calcium carbide in fruit involve time-consuming and destructive chemical analysis techniques, necessitating the need for non-destructive and rapid detection techniques. This study combined near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with chemometrics to detect two banana varieties ripened with calcium carbide in different forms when they are peeled or unpeeled. Sixteen linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models were developed with high average classification accuracies for classifying banana based on the mode used to ripen banana, type of carbide treatment and the duration of soaking banana in carbide solution. Banana colour was predicted with partial least squared regression (PLSR) models with R2CV > 0.74, RMSECV and <5.4 and RPD close to 3. NIR coupled with chemometrics has good potential as a technique for detecting carbide ripened banana even if the banana is peeled or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divergent banana streak viruses (BSV) were characterized from banana plants exhibiting diverse symptoms in the Northeast region (NER) of India. Using rolling circle amplification (RCA), the complete genome sequences of seven episomal banana streak MY virus (BSMYV) isolates, including two novel variants, and two new banana streak IM virus (BSIMV) isolates were characterized. The novel BSMYV genetic variants were associated with conspicuous necrosis on newly emerged leaves, peduncle distortion, pseudostem internal necrosis, in addition to common streak symptoms. For complete genome nucleotide sequences, BSMYV-IN4 and IN5 shared 77–79% identity with other BSMYVs, while BSMYV-IN7 and IN8 exhibited identities of 77–97%. This study reports for the first time, the complete genomes of two banana streak IM virus (BSIMV-IN1 and -IN2) infecting triploid banana hybrids exhibiting leaf distortion, stunted rosette-like growth, and necrosis, sharing 87% sequence identity with reference BSIMV genome (GenBank accession no. HQ593112). Phylogenetic inference based on complete genomes revealed the distinct and congruent placement of BSMYV-IN4 and IN5 within the BSMYV cluster. Pairwise sequence comparisons of the conserved RT/RNase H nucleotide (nt) sequences revealed that the BSMYV-IN7 and IN4 isolates showed 85% and 97% identity to BSMYV (AY805074), respectively, which shared highest nt identity with BSMYV-IN6, IN9, and IN10, at 100%. The RT/RNase H nt sequences of BSIMV-IN1 and IN2 had 98% identity with the BSIMV (HQ593112), but were characterized as novel variants of BSIMV based on complete genomes. An analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) pattern in the ORFIII polyprotein of BSMYV and BSIMV isolates revealed AGA and AGG (arginine) as the most frequently overrepresented codons (>1.5), evolutionary conserved in the genome of both species. A total of 14 recombination events were detected among the 36 BSV genomes, with recombination breakpoints mainly located in the ORFI, III, and IGR genomic regions. A novel phylogenetic cluster, comprised of BSMYV-IN4 and IN5 within the clade I was probably derived from heterologous recombination between parents resembling banana streak VN virus (BSVNV; AY750155) and banana streak GF virus (BSGFV; KJ013507) isolates. The present study conclusively reports the infection of genetically and symptomatically distinct variants of BSMYV and BSIMV infecting banana hybrids in NER India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiometabolic risk triggers a state of chronic and subclinical inflammation, conferring a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Thus, minimal processing of foods with high nutritional value, in the form of flour, becomes an effective dietary strategy in preventing and treating cardiometabolic risk factors. This systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence on the effect of flour-based food intake on reducing the most common cardiometabolic risk factors. We included all randomized controlled trials published up to April 2023 in the main databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Eleven clinical trials were included. The amount of flour used in the studies ranged from 1.5 g to 36 g/day, and the supplementation period ranged from six weeks to 120 days. Green jackfruit flour, green banana flour, soy flour, flour from rind of the yellow passion fruit, and fenugreek powder demonstrated significant results in improve parameters of glucose homeostasis. Chia flour, green banana flour, soy flour, and fenugreek powder showed improvements in blood pressure measurements. Brazil nut flour and chia flour reduced total cholesterol. Chia flour also increased HDL cholesterol levels. The evidence presented in the current systematic review indicates that flour-derived foods intake is related to improve cardiometabolic risk factors parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Magnet-mediated gene therapy has gained considerable interest from researchers as a novel alternative for treating genetic disorders, particularly through the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs)—such as magnetite NPs (Fe3O4NPs)—as non-viral genetic vectors. Despite their commercial availability for specific genetic transfection, such as in microglia cell lines, many potential uses remain unexplored. Still, ethical concerns surrounding the use of human DNA often impede genetic research. Hence, this study examined DNA-coated Fe3O4NPs (DNA-Fe₃O₄NPs) as potential transfection vectors for human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and A549 (lung cancer) cell lines, using banana (Musa sp.) as a low-cost, and bioethically unproblematic DNA source. Following coprecipitation synthesis, DNA-Fe₃O₄NP characterization revealed a ζ-potential of 40.65 ± 4.10 mV, indicating good colloidal stability in aqueous media, as well as a superparamagnetic regime, evidenced by the absence of hysteresis in their magnetization curves. Successful DNA coating on the NPs was confirmed through infrared spectra and surface analysis results, while magnetite content was verified via characteristic X-ray diffraction peaks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) determined the average size of the DNA-Fe3O4NPs to be 14.69 ± 5.22 nm. TEM micrographs also showed no morphological changes in the DNA-Fe3O4NPs over a 30-day period. Confocal microscopy of HFF and A549 lung cancer cell lines incubated with fluoresceinamine-labeled DNA-Fe3O4NPs demonstrated their internalization into both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Neither uncoated Fe3O4NPs nor DNA-Fe3O4NPs showed cytotoxicity to A549 lung cancer cells at 1–50 μg/mL and 25–100 μg/mL, respectively, after 24 h. HFFs also maintained viability at 1–10 μg/mL for both NP types. In conclusion, DNA-Fe3O4NPs were successfully internalized into cells and exhibited no cytotoxicity in both healthy and cancerous cells across a range of concentrations. These NPs, capable of binding to various types of DNA and RNA, hold promise for applications in gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work examines the relationship between aerial spraying and its health impacts on the population living in the banana production areas of Ecuador (the rural sectors of the cantons Milagro and Naranjito, Guayas Province). Objectives: the objectives of this study are to obtain information on sanitation, basic services, and environmental rationality and to interpret the low levels of cholinesterase and prevalent diseases among the population. Methods: the methodology involved a face-to-face questionnaire, the formal authorization of an informed consent document, and venipuncture for cholinesterase tests. The information was processed in the EPI–INFO system 7.2 (statistical software for professionals and researchers dedicated to public health), with the certification of protocols issued by the Bioethics Committee of the Kennedy Hospital Clinic of Ecuador. Results: the results showed that 89.5% of inhabitants do not have access to drinking water, 92.5% do not have a sewage disposal service, 97.50% experience aerial spraying at their homes or workplaces, and 57% have low cholinesterase levels. Additionally, several gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological, dermatological, and reproductive disorders were detected among the inhabitants. Conclusions: we found that companies in the banana sector have not implemented corporate social responsibility measures. For example, no blood tests are conducted to monitor cholinesterase levels or to track hereditary disorders. Moreover, entities such as the Ministry of Public Health have not taken action to serve this at-risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana fruits are rich in starch, and unripe banana flour is considered a beneficial ingredient in the food industry because it has high levels of resistant starch, which significantly aids in promoting gut health and regulating blood sugar and lipid levels. However, the associations between banana cultivars with various genotypes cultivated globally and their resistant starch properties remain unclear. Herein, we investigated resistant starches from 16 banana cultivars covering three genome groups (ABB, AAB, and AAA) in order to reveal the differences and similarities among these cultivars. The results showed that there was a genotype-specific pattern in banana resistant starch (BRS) degradation. The AAA genome BRS exhibited a high degree of resistant starch degradation. The genotypes of the banana cultivars also impacted the granular morphology of the resistant starch. The ABB and AAB genome BRS were more conducive to forming resistant starch. The BRS samples from the three genome groups displayed either B-type or C-type structures. Even within the same genome group, the BRS samples exhibited differences in thermal and pasting properties. These findings reveal the impact of genotypes on BRS content and characteristics, providing a basis for future breeding and resistant starch utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Bananas are nutritious fruits of major importance worldwide. Characterizing their diversity is essential to ensure their conservation and use. A catalog showcasing cultivated bananas genomic diversity was compiled and is to be used as a tool to support the classification of banana cultivars. This research revealed that cultivated banana groups are not all made of identical clones. Materials from recent collecting missions indicated that more banana diversity is expected to be found as the exploration of the banana gene pool continues. These discoveries will drive dynamic conservation strategies for banana genetic resources and should increase their use. Banana is an important food crop cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Because banana cultivars often have low fertility, they are typically propagated clonally, which maintains desirable traits across generations. However, different factors, such as synonymy, incomplete passport data, and environmental effects, complicate the morphological‐based assignment of banana cultivars to specific clones or cultivar groups. In this study, we applied a previously developed genomic‐based tool for fine‐scale characterization of banana ancestry, known as in silico chromosome painting, to high‐throughput genotyping data from 317 banana accessions. This dataset covers most of the globally conserved, studied, and cultivated cultivar groups and includes both genebanks and new, uncharacterized materials. By comparing curated morphological assignation to the genomic patterns resulting from in silico chromosome painting, we compiled a diversity catalog referencing curated passport data, pictures, and chromosome painting patterns of the cultivar groups. Examining the genomic patterns obtained, intra‐cultivar group variability was discovered. In some cultivar groups, mitotic recombination or deletions accumulated clonally. In addition, at least four cultivar groups encompassed cultivars from distinct sexual events co‐existing, notably Pisang Awak with five distinct patterns across two ploidy levels. Finally, additional patterns were discovered in the newest materials of the set, showing that a wider diversity of clones still exists on farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-Ray micro-computed tomography (XCT) is used to reveal the micro-structural changes of banana pseudostem nanocellulose bioplastic due to a biodegradation process initiated in a formulated composting media that allowed the growth of aerobic microflora. The bioplastic itself was made of nanocellulose, which was isolated from banana pseudostem using the 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) mediated oxidation method, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticiser. XCT provided insights into the 3D structural change of the bioplastic identifying the degradation process at two scales. The results showed that the local thickness and roughness of the bioplastic increased after degradation, while the density of the material decreased. Enlarged voids and tunnels were observed in the material after degradation. The formation of these tunnels is attributed to the popping of internal PEG-containing voids because of the generation of gases, which after forming may further accelerate biodegradation by microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass pretreatment is essential to facilitate lignin removal and enhance cellulose concentration for optimal bioethanol production. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effects of conventional KOH (KP) and Combined KOH microwave-assisted (CKMP) pretreatment on the banana stem (BS) composition, analyzing the kinetics of lignin removal at various temperatures and KOH concentrations for 25 min. Kinetics variables were calculated by fitting experimental data and cellulose was hydrolyzed to produce reducing sugars. The results showed that the highest lignin removal for KP and CKMP were 37.11%, and 40.39%, respectively, with CKMP having the lowest activation energy of approximately 2.688 kJ mol−1. CMCase and FPase activity were 1988.3474 and 1605.4187 U mL−1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the values reported in previous research. The maximum concentration of reducing sugars achieved was 17.69 g L-1, with an enzyme concentration of 50% (v/w), pH 5, and a hydrolysis duration of 25 h. Michaelis constant varied from 0.0037 to 0.0079, and the maximal rate ranged from 1.28 × 10−6 to 2.76 × 10−6 Mol L−1 s−1 when computing the reaction rate using the Michaelis–Menten kinetics model. [Display omitted] • The results of this study provided insight into producing bioethanol from banana stems. • Combined KOH microwave-assisted pretreatment (CKMP) of banana stem was carried out. • Lignin content was effectively removed at 43.02%. • Enzymatic hydrolysis kinetics followed the Michaelis–Menten kinetics model. • K M value was 0.0037–0.0079 and v max was 1.28 × 10−6 to 2.76 × 10−6 Mol L−1 s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), poses a significant global threat to banana cultivation. Conventional methods of disease management are increasingly challenged, thus making it necessary to explore alternative strategies. Bacterial endophytes, particularly from resistant genotypes, are gaining attention as potential biocontrol agents. Sphingobacterium thalpophilum, isolated from the resistant banana cultivar Pisang lilin (JALHSB010000001-JALHSB010000029), presents an intriguing prospect for combating Fusarium wilt. However, its underlying biocontrol mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the antifungal efficacy of S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 against Foc and explore its biocontrol mechanisms at the genomic level. Methods: Whole genome sequencing of S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 was conducted using next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify genes associated with antifungal properties. In vitro assays were used to assess the inhibitory effects of the bacterial isolate on the mycelial growth of Foc. To explore the biomolecules responsible for the observed antagonistic activity, metabolites diffused into the agar at the zone of inhibition between Foc S16 and S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 were extracted and identified. Results: Whole genome sequencing revealed an array of genes encoding antifungal enzymes and secondary metabolites in S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296. In vitro experiments demonstrated significant inhibition of Foc mycelial growth by the bacterial endophyte. Comparative genomic analysis highlighted unique genomic features in S. thalpophilum linked to its biocontrol potential, setting it apart from other bacterial species. Discussion: The study underscores the remarkable antifungal efficacy of S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 against Fusarium wilt. The genetic basis for its biocontrol potential was elucidated through whole genome sequencing, shedding light on the mechanisms behind its antifungal activity. This study advanced our understanding of bacterial endophytes as biocontrol agents and offers a promising avenue for plant growth promotion towards sustainable strategies to mitigate Fusarium wilt in banana cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The projection of prana to soil, seeds and seedlings to enhance plant growth is referred to as Pranic Agriculture (PA). Methods: A field study was carried out to study the influence of PA on Banana var. (Musa sps. var. Nanjangud rasabale) growth for a duration of one year. Banana suckers and agricultural land were divided into two groups namely pranic and control in half acre. The land and suckers were treated with PA and were referred to as the pranic group, while non-pranic were referred to as the control group. Growth parameters (shoot length, shoot diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf diameter) were evaluated on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th months and statistically analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA. Fruit morphology and days to flowering were analyzed using a t-test. Result: For pranic group, shoot diameter (F= 9.407, p= 0.001), leaf length (F= 7.082, p= 0.003) and leaf diameter (F= 11.459, p= .000), flowering days (t= 3.39, P=.002), fruit characteristics like fruit bunch weight (t= 8.81, p= .000), total number of fruits in bunch (t= 9.20, p= .000), fruits weight (t= 7.48, p= .000), fruit length (t= 7.94, p= .000) enhanced considerably and the results were all significant when compared to control. Further studies are needed to find out the mechanism for the improved growth in the pranic group. This study will help the farmers to get higher yields and more income by using pranic agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying chilling injury (CI) development have been widely investigated in model plants and cold‐sensitive fruits, such as banana (Musa acuminata). However, unlike the well‐known NAC and WRKY transcription factors (TFs), the function and deciphering mechanism of heat shock factors (HSFs) involving in cold response are still fragmented. Here, we showed that hot water treatment (HWT) alleviated CI in harvested banana fruits accomplishing with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. A cold‐inducible but HWT‐inhibited HSF, MaHsf24, was identified. Using DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP‐seq) combined with RNA‐seq analyses, we found three heat shock protein (HSP) genes (MaHSP23.6, MaHSP70‐1.1 and MaHSP70‐1.2) and three antioxidant enzyme genes (MaAPX1, MaMDAR4 and MaGSTZ1) were the potential targets of MaHsf24. Subsequent electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR (ChIP‐qPCR) and dual‐luciferase reporter (DLR) analyses demonstrated that MaHsf24 repressed the transcription of these six targets via directly binding to their promoters. Moreover, stably overexpressing MaHsf24 in tomatoes increased cold sensitivity by suppressing the expressions of HSPs and antioxidant enzyme genes, while HWT could recover cold tolerance, maintaining higher levels of HSPs and antioxidant enzyme genes, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. In contrast, transiently silencing MaHsf24 by virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in banana peels conferred cold resistance with the upregulation of MaHSPs and antioxidant enzyme genes. Collectively, our findings support the negative role of MaHsf24 in cold tolerance, and unravel a novel regulatory network controlling bananas CI occurrence, concerning MaHsf24‐exerted inhibition of MaHSPs and antioxidant enzyme genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal synthesis of CuO/NiO composites was conducted using banana fruit biomass waste. In this study, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the crystalline properties, shape structure, and functional group characterization of CuO/NiO composites. The typical morphology of the prepared materials consisted of irregular nanoparticles arranged into clusters of less than 200 nanometers in size. In spite of this, the CuO/NiO composites showed monoclinic CuO and cubic NiO phases and were therefore successfully synthesized. It was observed that rotten banana fruit juice had a significant impact on the particle size and crystal quality of CuO/NiO composites. This was due to the presence of capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents in banana fruit juice. Under alkaline conditions, the CuO/NiO composites were found to be highly electro catalytically active toward the oxidation of urea. Sample 2, which was prepared by adding 1.2 g of CuO decorated with NiO, showed a linear increase in urea detection ranging from 0.1 mM to 17 mM, with a limit of detection of 0.004 mM. Furthermore, sample 2 of the CuO/NiO composite demonstrated exceptional stability, selectivity, and reproducibility. Consequently, sample 2 of CuO/NiO could effectively detect urea in spinach, lotus root, milk, and curd. The improved performance of sample 2 of the CuO/NiO composite can be attributed to its favorable surface properties, which contain enriched active sites and a rapid charge transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow Sigatoka, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora musae, represents one of the most challenging diseases in bananas, which is aggravated due to the genetic variability of this pathogen. The main objective of this study was to characterize the infection process of P. musae in two banana cultivars with different levels of resistance and to quantify the expression of resistance genes. Inoculated and non-inoculated leaf samples of the two cultivars, Yangambi km 5—resistant and Grande Naine—susceptible, were investigated by light microscopy, histochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and RT-qPCR. The cultivar Grande Naine showed early signs of P. musae infection, including the production of lipophilic substances and phenolic compounds, while the cultivar Yangambi km 5 was not affected. In the Grande Naine cultivar, the protein kinase gene was upregulated, while in the Yangambi km 5, it was repressed. The WAK2 gene was initially upregulated in both cultivars; however, in Grande Naine, it was subsequently repressed, while in Yangambi km 5, it remained downregulated. These findings have the potential to contribute to more effective management strategies in the control of yellow Sigatoka and the development of banana varieties resistant to yellow Sigatoka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What type of conceptual information about an object do we get at a brief glance? In two experiments, we investigated the nature of conceptual tokening—the moment at which conceptual information about an object is accessed. Using a masked picture‐word congruency task with dichoptic presentations at "brief" (50−60 ms) and "long" (190−200 ms) durations, participants judged the relation between a picture (e.g., a banana) and a word representing one of four property types about the object: superordinate (fruit), basic level (banana), a high‐salient (yellow), or low‐salient feature (peel). In Experiment 1, stimuli were presented in black‐and‐white; in Experiment 2, they were presented in red and blue, with participants wearing red‐blue anaglyph glasses. This manipulation allowed for the independent projection of stimuli to the left‐ and right‐hemisphere visual areas, aiming to probe the early effects of these projections in conceptual tokening. Results showed that superordinate and basic‐level properties elicited faster and more accurate responses than high‐ and low‐salient features at both presentation times. This advantage persisted even when the objects were divided into categories (e.g., animals, vegetables, vehicles, tools), and when objects contained high‐salient visual features. However, contrasts between categories show that animals, fruits, and vegetables tend to be categorized at the superordinate level, while vehicles tend to be categorized at the basic level. Also, for a restricted class of objects, high‐salient features representing diagnostic color information (yellow for the picture of a banana) facilitated congruency judgments to the same extent as that of superordinate and basic‐level labels. We suggest that early access to object concepts yields superordinate and basic‐level information, with features only yielding effects at a later stage of processing, unless they represent diagnostic color information. We discuss these results advancing a unified theory of conceptual representation, integrating key postulates of atomism and feature‐based theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Author Index" from the International Journal of Stroke, published on October 2, 2024, features a diverse array of authors and their corresponding document codes, reflecting a global representation of contributors to stroke research. The index provides a comprehensive list of authors and their codes for easy reference by researchers interested in stroke-related topics. The list includes individuals from various cultural backgrounds and regions, showcasing a broad spectrum of expertise within the academic and medical communities. Each entry in the index lists the individual's name and associated research or professional interests, highlighting the wide range of contributions to stroke research from around the world. [Extracted from the article]

Aiming at the problems of the difficulty to deal with the waste of banana stems after harvest and the high labor intensity and low efficiency of banana farmers, a banana stem roller squeeze dehydrator was designed, which aimed to realize the squeeze dehydration of the whole stem of banana stems in order to obtain the juice and fiber of banana stems. The banana stem roller squeeze dehydrator was mainly composed of juice storage tank, dehydration frame, upper pressure roll group, lower pressure roll group, transmission mechanism, feeding mechanism and so on. First of all, according to the characteristics of banana stems, such as easy winding and not easy to crush or slice, a four-stage roller squeeze mechanism with gradually reduced opening was designed. The four-stage roller squeeze mechanism was a classification squeeze, the first three stages of the roller were responsible for conveying and preliminary squeezing, and the fourth stage of the roller was mainly dehydrated. The upper and lower stages of the roller gap can be adjusted to adapt to different specifications of banana stems. The adjustment of the gap of the first stage of the roller was for the convenience of feeding, and the adjustment of the gap of the fourth stage of the roller was for the remarkable dehydration rate. The pattern design of the roller surface increased the friction between the roller and the banana stem, ensuring the smooth juice discharge of the squeeze mechanism and preventing the banana stem fiber from winding the roller. The transmission mechanism was designed, which made the angular velocity of the four-stage roller remain the same through the gear transmission, and drove the feeding mechanism and the slag discharge mechanism through the chain transmission. The first pair of rollers were analyzed by force, and the approximate diameter range of bananas that can enter the squeeze mechanism was obtained. Combined with the design of the roller pattern, the feeding was smooth. The mechanical analysis of the roller squeeze mechanism was carried out, and the theoretical formula of the pressure of the roller on the banana stem was obtained. It was concluded that under the condition of the characteristics of the raw material of the banana stem, the equipment parameters and the feeding meshing angle, the smaller the gap of the roller, the greater the pressure, which provided a reference for the adjustment of the gap of the roller in the squeeze dehydration test. The ANSYS/LS-DYNA module was used to analyze the squeeze dehydration of the banana stem. The banana stem was deformed by passing through each level of the roller to verify the feasibility of the squeeze dehydration of the squeeze mechanism. The simulation value and the theoretical value of the pressure of the roller on the banana were compared to verify the reliability of the squeeze dehydration of the squeeze mechanism. The relationship between the pressure and the gap of the roller was verified by the response surface design. Finally, the squeeze dehydration test was carried out on the banana stem roller squeeze dehydrator. The test results show that the squeeze dehydration rate of the banana stem is about 28%-47%, and in the case of feeding and no blockage, the larger the diameter of the banana stem, the smaller the gap of the fourth level of the roller, the higher the dehydration rate of the banana stem. The designed squeeze dehydrator greatly reduced the volume and weight of banana stems, reduced the labor intensity and transportation costs of banana farmers, and facilitated the subsequent high-value utilization of banana stem waste. The research can provide theoretical reference and practical reference for the design and development of whole stem press dewatering equipment of banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) is a fungus that not only causes disease while bananas are being grown, but it also causes begetting after bananas are harvested, which limits the production of bananas. Zingiberaceae plants contain a high number of extractable secondary metabolites that are regarded to have effective antifungal activities. However, in order for the compounds to be suitable for use, they must be tested by modifying the polarity in the extracting solvent. In this study, four Zingiberaceae species were examined, namely Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, C. zanthorrhiza, and Alpinia galanga. The extraction of rhizomes of each plant was accomplished by using solvents with distinct polarity index (PI) viz. water (PI 9.0); a mixture of 50% water and 50% ethanol (PI 7.1); ethanol (PI 5.2); and n-hexane (PI 0.0). The anti-Fusarium evaluation of these 16 extracts was carried out in vitro by implementing the pour plate method in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Our results showed that the C. zanthorrhiza n-hexane extract possessed the greatest antifungal activity among other extracts. The fungal inhibition ability of the extracts was negatively correlated with the increase in solvent polarity index. In order to comprehend our understanding of the antifungal activity, the chemical compositions of each extract were identified through non-targeted Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), showing the main components of the n-hexane extracts were terpenes and terpenoids. Particularly, C. zanthorrhiza n-hexane extract contained, with the percentage of abundance in parentheses, germacrene B (22.99%), β-farnesene (14.72%), curzerene (10.87%), 2-bornanone (9.60%), α-curcumene (9.32%), zingiberene (8.30%), β-curcumene (6.36%), β-elemene (5.31%), caryophyllene (3.36%), cedrene (2.73%), α-bergamotene (1.36%), and humulene (0.20%). As conclusion, this crude extract or its pure chemical constituents have potential application as biofumigant to control Foc in postharvest banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many fMRI papers in the mind-reading literature present decoders as a final product, arguing that decoders provide neurophysiological insight and have real-world utility. However, mental state decoders are commonly built in a way that precludes straightforward physiological interpretations. This undermines the claim that decoders are interpretable or capture 'representations' of mental states. In contrast to decoding models, encoding models of task fMRI are computationally straightforward and more interpretable. Mind-reading research would benefit from shifting its focus from successful decoding per se to understanding how decoding is affected by different experimental parameters, which would demonstrate the information that decoders are sensitive to (e.g., the color of a banana versus its orientation). Decoding mental and perceptual states using fMRI has become increasingly popular over the past two decades, with numerous highly-cited studies published in high-profile journals. Nevertheless, what have we learned from these decoders? In this opinion, we argue that fMRI-based decoders are not neurophysiologically informative and are not, and likely cannot be, applicable to real-world decision-making. The former point stems from the fact that decoding models cannot disentangle neural mechanisms from their epiphenomena. The latter point stems from both logical and ethical constraints. Constructing decoders requires precious time and resources that should instead be directed toward scientific endeavors more likely to yield meaningful scientific progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific competition is an important ecological concept which can play a major role in insect population dynamics. In the southeastern United States, a complex of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), primarily the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are the 2 most common pests of field corn, Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae). Stink bugs have the greatest potential for economic injury during the late stages of vegetative corn development when feeding can result in deformed or "banana-shaped" ears and reduced grain yield. Corn earworm moths lay eggs on corn silks during the first stages of reproductive development. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the impact of feeding by the brown stink bug during late-vegetative stages on subsequent corn earworm oviposition, larval infestations, and grain yield. Brown stink bug feeding prior to tasseling caused deformed ears and reduced overall grain yield by up to 92%. Across all trials, varying levels of brown stink bug density and injury reduced the number of corn earworm larvae by 29–100% and larval feeding by 46–85%. Averaged across brown stink bug densities, later planted corn experienced a 9-fold increase in number of corn earworm larvae. This is the first study demonstrating a competitive interaction between these major pests in a field corn setting, and these results have potential implications for insect resistance management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat loss and encroachment lead to conservation challenges such as human-elephant conflicts (HEC). Understanding the patterns and predictors of HEC is crucial to identify priority areas for mitigation efforts. Accordingly, a study was conducted across the forest divisions of Tamil Nadu, India. We collected HEC data for 2016–2021 from the forest department compensation database maintained in forest divisions. Our analysis encompassed division-wise, crop-wise, conflict-wise assessments, temporal analysis and conflict risk modelling (CRM). We divided the forest divisions into 4 different zones based on the variables that likely influence HEC. The results revealed that conflict frequency was higher in the forest range Denkankottai, located in the Hosur division, which falls under Zone 1. HEC was higher from November to January in correspondence with the cropping season. Elephants primarily damaged millet (ragi) (Eleusine coracana), with n = 2,182, particularly during November and December, followed by banana (Musa genus) with n = 1,690. The CRM predicts that the southwest and northwest regions of Tamil Nādu had higher conflict risks and area coverage of medium and high conflict risk zones as 17,025 km2 and 3521 km2, respectively. The CRM revealed that the most significant variables in predicting conflict risk are the annual mean temperature, human modification index, and digital elevation model. Areas with higher conflict risk were closer to forest cover, croplands, roads, and water bodies. These regions typically had lower terrain ruggedness, higher human modification, lower temperatures, and dense vegetation. The present study's findings underscore the need for a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to managing HEC, which is crucial for fostering coexistence between humans and elephants in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of treatment with sodium hydroxide on the nutritional value of banana (Musa acuminata) trees to see if they can be used as a source of fibre for ruminants since there is large banana production and consequently some waste. The samples were collected and dried in an oven with a controlled air flow. They were then sprinkled with a sodium hydroxide solution (2, 4, 6 and 8% of dry matter) and placed in a suitable container. The chemical properties were analysed. The results show that sodium hydroxide treatment leads to a significant decrease in neutral fibre and acid lignin contents in both leaves and pseudostems. A significant (p < 0.05) increase was observed in ash, and digestibility values were lower in leaves, confirming the values for neutral detergent fibres. The total amount of gas produced was measured after 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. The results showed that the gas production in the leaves was lower in all treatments compared to the pseudostem, which was consistent with the digestibility results. Analysis of the results showed that the best NaOH concentration to improve the nutritional value of M. acuminata was 6 and 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bananas are economically important fruits, but they are vulnerable to mechanical damage during harvesting and transport. This study examined the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the cell membrane integrity and membrane lipid metabolism of wounded banana fruits after harvest. The results showed that 10 and 50 μM MeJA treatments on mechanically wounded bananas significantly delayed ripening and senescence in comparison with the control. At the end of storage, MeJA-treated groups showed a significant reduction in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content, indicating that MeJA protected cell membrane integrity. MeJA also led to a significant decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including lipoxygenase, diacylglycerol kinase, and lipid phosphate phosphatase. Furthermore, MeJA reduced phospholipase (C and D), phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol levels, as well as slowed down the decrease in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol contents. Compared to the control, MeJA significantly downregulated the expression of MaPLDγ, MaPLDα, and MaPLDζ. Therefore, MeJA treatment could be a reliable method to delay the senescence of harvested banana fruits subjected to mechanical wounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, modification methods are used to ascertain the nutritional composition and functional characteristics of the cassava (rhizome), bananas (fruits), and corn (grains) starches. The physical modification by autoclaving-cooling cycle method results in higher starch yield than chemical modification using acid hydrolysis approach. Native starches are recorded with higher proximate chemical compositions than modified starches, including moisture, acidity, ash, protein, fat, and amylopectin concentrations. However, the modified starches had higher levels of crude fiber, pH, and amylose content. Native cassava starch (87.49 ± 0.76) and native corn starch (74.98 ± 0.51) were found to have higher values (L*) in the colour measurement. It was shown that the native starch required a lower gelatinization temperature (ºC) and shorter gelatinization times (min) than the modified starches from cassava, bananas, and corn. In comparison to modified starches (4.00 ± 0.03, 2.90 ± 0.09, and 14.10 ± 0.38%), the solubility of cassava, banana, and corn native starches was found to be 14.60 ± 0.12, 11.60 ± 0.46, and 22.64 ± 0.22%. Similarly, native starches have a stronger swelling power than modified starches. The solubility index (%) and swelling power (g/g) on the native and modified starches of cassava, banana, and corn were calculated, and the effects of temperature (60–90ºC), dry heat (50–200ºC), and moist heat (25–100ºC) treatment methods were explored. The association between the functional characteristics of starches from cassava, bananas, and corn and their modification processes and temperature variations is revealed by the study. The outcomes will offer the information needed to use these modified starches as functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Starch from a non‐conventional source such as cardaba banana is relatively underexplored compared to conventional sources such as potato, maize or tapioca. Its high amylose content, however, suggests its suitability for specific industrial uses. Understanding the flowability, rheology and thermal properties of cardaba banana starch could lead to its novel application in food product formulation and pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of modification on the bulk material characterization (powder flowability), granule size and shape (measured by light microscope), rheology and thermal properties of cardaba banana starch.The flowability of cross‐linked starch was affected significantly by the granule size (105 892.7 μm), shape (circularity 0.78) and compressibility (0.20), making it a more free‐flowing powder than other starch powders. The rheological behavior of the starch paste revealed that the Herschel–Bulkley model best predicts the rheological behavior with the highest coefficient of determinant (R2 > 0.9).Cross‐linked Cardaba banana starch with an excellent characteristic will find good application in food products that require free‐flowing behavior. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Endogenous banana streak virus (eBSV) integrants derived from three distinct species, present in Musa balbisiana (B) but not Musa acuminata (A) banana genomes are able to reconstitute functional episomal viruses causing banana streak disease in interspecific triploid AAB banana hybrids but not in the diploid (BB) parent line, which harbours identical eBSV loci. Here, we investigated the regulation of these eBSV. In‐depth characterization of siRNAs, transcripts and methylation derived from eBSV using Illumina and bisulfite sequencing were carried out on eBSV‐free Musa acuminata AAA plants and BB or AAB banana plants with eBSV. eBSV loci produce low‐abundance transcripts covering most of the viral sequence and generate predominantly 24‐nt siRNAs. siRNA accumulation is restricted to duplicated and inverted viral sequences present in eBSV. Both siRNA‐accumulating and nonaccumulating sequences of eBSV in BB plants are heavily methylated in all three CG, CHG and CHH contexts. Our data suggest that eBSVs are controlled at the epigenetic level in BB diploids. This regulation not only prevents their awakening and systemic infection of the plant but is also probably involved in the inherent resistance of the BB plants to mealybug‐transmitted viral infection. These findings are thus of relevance to other plant resources hosting integrated viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color discrimination is fundamental to human behavior. We find bananas by coarsely searching for yellow but then differentiate nuances of yellow to pick the best exemplars. How does the brain adjust the resolution of color selectivity to our changing needs? Here, we analyze the brain magnetic response in the human visual cortex to show that color selectivity is adaptively set by coarse-and fine-resolving processes running in parallel at different hierarchical levels. Those include a gain enhancement in the higher-lever cortex of color units tuned away from the target to resolve very similar colors and a coarsely resolving gain enhancement in the mid-level cortex of units tuned to the target. Our findings suggest that attention operates on a form of multiresolution representation of color at different levels in the visual hierarchy, which keeps selectivity adaptive to a changing resolution context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Bacillus inaquosorum strains is widely recognized for their plant‐growth‐promoting and biocontrol capabilities, yet their roles in protease production remain unclear. The present study aimed to comprehensively assess the protease‐producing performance of B. inaquosorum strain E1‐8, at the same time as exploring the novel application of agricultural Bacillus proteases in the preparation of protein hydrolysates for fresh‐cut fruits preservation.First, genomic sequencing revealed the diversity of E1‐8 proteases, indicating 15 putative extracellular proteases. Subsequently, the fermentation conditions for E1‐8 protease production were optimized, with sweet potato powder and soybean meal identified as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, resulting in a maximum protease activity of 321.48 U mL−1. Upon culturing the strain under these optimized conditions, only an S8 family serine protease and an M48 family metalloprotease were revealed by secretomic analysis and protease inhibitor assays. Additionally, the optimal protease conditions for generating protein hydrolysates from soy, pea, fish and porcine proteins were determined. The molecular weight of the hydrolysates primarily ranged from 2000 to 180 Da, with a total of 17 amino acids identified. The application of these hydrolysates demonstrated a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (i.e. DPPH) scavenging activity ranging from 58.64% to 84.12%, significantly reducing of the melting peaks and the freezing points. Furthermore, the browning index of apple slices stored at 4 °C decreased by 14.81% to 22.15% on the second day, and similar effects were observed in fresh‐cut banana stored at 4 °C for 7 days.The protein hydrolysates obtained exhibit remarkable antioxidant, antifreeze and anti‐browning properties for fresh‐cut fruits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the proximate composition and inhibitory potential of hot water and ethanolic extracts of the pulp, peel and whole fruit of green banana (Musa sapientum) on α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Bioactive compounds were identified using GC‐MS analysis. In addition, the cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblast (hGF) was evaluated using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The results showed that the peel of green banana had the highest amount of ash (10.05%), fat (2.83%), protein (3.64%) and total dietary fibre (36.62%). The carbohydrate content of the whole fruit (81.79%) and pulp (81.50%) was higher than that of the peel (71.90%). The moisture content of the pulp (13.08%) was higher than that of the peel (11.58%) and whole fruit (11.30%). The ethanolic green banana peel extract showed a good inhibitory effect of α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase with the concentration necessary for 50% inhibition (IC50) of 0.512 and 0.100 mg·mL−1, respectively. The α‐glucosidase inhibitory effect of the ethanolic green banana peel extract and the hot water green banana peel extract was not significantly different from that of acarbose (IC50 0.108 mg·mL−1). GC‐MS analysis of the ethanolic green banana peel extract revealed fatty acids and fatty acid ester (9‐octadecenamide (Z), octadecanamide and other compounds). The ethanolic peel extract exhibits a significant noncytotoxicity effect on hGF cells at concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 1.0 mg·mL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]