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application/pdf, Trypanosoma evansi affects a wide range of domestic animal hosts and can be mechanically cross-transmitted by biting flies when various animals graze together. A total of 1,058 animals (camels, yaks, goats, sheep, cattle, and horses), herded together in the Bayan-Ulgii and Khovd provinces of Mongolia, were screened for animal trypanosomosis using KIN (ITS1) PCR; 21.27% of the samples tested positive. There were significant differences in prevalence among animal species (small ruminants, p < 0.01), sex (males, p < 0.05), and age (adult, p < 0.05). Considering the location, a significant difference in sheep was observed, with the prevalence of trypanosomosis being higher among sheep in Khovd Province (p < 0.01) than in Bayan-Ulgii. This is the first study to highlight the prevalence of animal trypanosomosis in domestic animals that range together in Mongolian grasslands. This study also highlights the significance of small ruminants as possible reservoirs of trypanosomes, and shows the relationship between herd structure, age, and sex and trypanosomosis prevalence in Mongolia.

Cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Taenia saginata which is parasitizes in the human small intestine as definitive host. There is currently no report about the molecular epidemiological survey on the pathogen in Mongolian beef. We aimed to detect the larvae of the human parasite T. saginata in beef using modern molecular biology methods . We isolated DNA from beef samples and conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based a specific part of the cytochrome oxidase sub-gene 1 (COX-1) of T. saginata. A total of 298 samples were taken from bovine heart, masticatory, diaphragm, and transverse femoral muscles. The detection PCR of 491 bp specific part of the COX-1 gene of T. saginata has been performed. As result of PCR screening, 16 samples were positive or it has 5.4% infection rate. Infection rate in consumer grade beef has been shown high the risk of transmission to humans and the spread of infection in the population, as well as the fact that infected beef is a source of human infection. This study is the first evidence that cysticercosis of T. saginata has been detected by PCR in consumer grade beef in Mongolia, and it shows that there is need to further improvement of meat control and prevention of the disease in the population. Хүнсэнд бэлтгэж буй үхрийн махнаас Taenia saginata-г полимеразын гинжин урвалаар илрүүлсэн дүн Цистицеркоз нь хүний нарийн гэдсэнд шимэгчлэгч Taenia saginata зүйлийн шимэгчээр үүсгэгддэг зооноз өвчин юм. Молекул биологийн аргаар Монгол орны үхрийн маханд уг үүсгэгчийг илрүүлсэн талаар мэдээлэл одоогоор байхгүй байна. Бид хүнд шимэгчлэгч Taenia saginata туузан хорхойн авгалдайг үхрийн махнаас молекул биологийн орчин үеийн арга ашиглан илрүүлэх зорилго тавин ажиллав. Үхрийн махнаас ДНХ ялган, Полимеразын Гинжин Урвал (ПГУ)- аар T. saginata- ийн цитохром оксидазын дэд ген 1 (COX-1)- ийн өвөрмөц хэсгийг илрүүлэн тодорхойллоо. Судалгаанд үхрийн зүрх, зажлуур, өрцний булчингийн хэсгүүд болон гуяны хөндлөн судалт булчингаас нийт 298 дээж авч ПГУ-аар шинжлэхэд 16 дээжинд T. saginata- ийн COX-1 генийн 491 хос суурьт өвөрмөц толбо илэрч ПГУ-н эерэг дүн үзүүлсэн ба нийт шинжилсэн дээжний 5.4% халдвартай байлаа. Хүнсэнд хэрэглэгдэж буй үхрийн маханд ПГУ-аар T. saginata- ийн цистицеркийн генийн өвөрмөц хэсгийг илрүүлсэн нь уг үүсгэгчээр хүн халдварлах, хүн амын дунд халдвар тхах өндөр эрсдэлтэй төдийгүй халдвартай үхрийн мах нь хүнд халдвар тархах эх үүсвэр болж байгааг нотолсон судалгаа болж байна. Монгол орны нөхцөлд хүнсэнд хэрэглэж буй үхрийн маханд ПГУ- аар T. saginata- ийн цистицеркийг илрүүлж баталгаажуулсан анхны мэдээлэл болж байгаа төдийгүй энэ нь цаашид махны хяналтыг сайжруулах, хүн амыг уг өвчнөөс урьдчилан сэргийлэх боломж байгааг харуулж байна. Түлхүүр үг: Үхрийн цистицерк, Taeniidae.sp, T. saginata, COX-1 ген

Dourine is a deadly protozoan disease in equids caused by infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum. Neurological signs in the later stage of infection may be caused by peripheral polyneuritis and related axonal degeneration. This neuritis involves T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages, and is observed in cases without obvious neurological signs. However, the pathogenesis of neuritis remains unclear. We identified M2 macrophages and CD8 T cells as the predominant phenotypes in neuritis of dourine-affected horses with or without neurological signs. In contrast, the populations of M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells were small. This result indicates that inflammation was chronic and suggests that dourine-associated neuritis occurs at the early stage of infection.

Neosporosis is caused by an intracellular protozoan,Neospora caninum, which is an important pathogen of dogs and cattle. In this study, we analyzed Neospora caninum cyclophilin 18 protein (NcCyp18), which regulates proliferation and migration of murine macrophages and lymphocytes. From our study, NcCyp18 showed the activity of macrophage proliferation in a CCR5-independent manner and activity of spleen cell proliferation in a CCR5-dependent manner. NcCyp18 showed the activity of macrophage migration in a CCR5-independent manner and activity of spleen cell migration in a CCR5-dependent manner. Moreover, recombinant NcCyp18 induced the production of the nitric oxide and IL-12 p40. The data suggest that NcCyp18 recruits host cells and enhances the growth of host cells at the site of infection for maintenance of interaction between the parasite and host. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.209 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.17-23

application/pdf, Anaplasma marginale is an etiologic agent of bovine anaplasmosis. This study aimed to molecularly detect and characterize A. marginale that is prevalent in Mongolian cattle populations. A highly specific and sensitive nested PCR (nPCR) method based on the Msp5 gene was developed to detect A. marginale (Msp5 nPCR). The method detected A. marginale from the positive DNA samples obtained from different countries, while no amplicons were observed from DNA samples of several other bovine blood pathogens tested. The detection limit of Msp5 nPCR was determined to be 2 copies/μl. The method was tested against field blood DNA samples prepared from 300 Mongolian cattle in 2010. Results indicated a prevalence rate of 8.7% (26 of 300). On the other hand, partial DNA fragments of an Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. ovis (with 95.0% identity) were detected using a different nPCR method based on groEL gene. The phylogenetic analyses based on the Msp5, groEL and 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that A. marginale isolates in Mongolia were not divergent from the isolates distributed in other countries. The present study successfully established a new nPCR assay that can detect A. marginale, and reported the first molecular detection and characterization of A. marginale and an Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. ovis in Mongolian cattle populations.

application/pdf, Babesia ovata is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan parasite that infects cattle. In our study, bovine blood samples (n=2,034) were collected from 10 different countries (Brazil, China, Ghana, Japan, Mongolia, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam) and DNA extracted. The DNA samples were screened using an established and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) gene. Parasite DNA was detected among samples collected from Japan, Mongolia and Thailand. Sequence analyses confirmed that the PCR assay detected only B. ovata AMA-1, and that amplicons from different geographical locations were conserved. Our findings highlight the importance of designing adequate strategies to control B. ovata infection in Japan, Mongolia, and Thailand.

Ticks are well-known vectors of various pathogens but migration of the pathogens in the tick midgut is not fully understood. In the present study, the fate of microbes in the midgut of Ornithodoros moubata was observed using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Escherichia coli. Fluctuations in the percentage of hemocytes in the hemolymph (Hc) and expression of an antimicrobial peptide, defensin, in the midgut was also investigated. Most E. coli gradually disappeared in the midgut after ingestion fluctuations in Hc coincided with the changes. Expression of defensin was also confirmed and slightly up-regulated after E. coli ingestion. Moreover, it was demonstrated that E. coli can not pass through the tick midgut epithelium after ingestion by the hemolymph cultures. It is known that various pathogens and host immunoglobulins ingested with a blood meal can enter into the hemocoel, which suggests the presence of unique and complex passage mechanisms for each molecule and organism. The results obtained here help to clarify that digestion enzymes is an important function of the tick midgut to protect against invading molecules and organisms.