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This article focuses on the evolution of the concept of vagrancy in Russia during the period between the second half of the 17th to the first half of the 19th centuries. A set of legislative acts defining vagrants as a separate social group are analyzed. The stages and causes that underlie the transformation of the concept of vagrancy in the state discourse of the Russian Empire are singled out, systematized, and described. A qualitative shift in the Russian state’s perception and understanding of vagrancy as a multifaceted phenomenon is revealed. Based on the results obtained, it is shown that the evolution of vagrancy unfolded in three stages. In the first stage (from the second half of the 17th to the first quarter of the 18th centuries), this concept had no legal status. In the second stage (from the second quarter to the end of the 18th century), vagrancy was gradually introduced into the official legal space of Russia. The third stage (the first half of the 19th century) was marked by the criminalization of this concept in Russian criminal legislation. The key indicators of this process were the introduction of the passport system, the discussions circulating in the Russian public around the status of fugitive people, the recognition of people «who do not remember their kinship» as a social group, and the efforts to curb poverty. The conclusions drawn contribute immensely to the development of historiographic research, as the concept of vagrancy and its formation have escaped the attention of most scholars and remain insufficiently explored.

This research aims to analyze the collaboration of the pentahelix model in forming the independence of homeless people and beggars. Cirebon City Regional Regulation Number 13 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Public Order and Community Peace was issued to tackle homeless people and beggars in Cirebon City but its implementation is not yet optimal. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with data collection techniques, interviews, observation and documentation. The theory used is the theory of collaborative governance by (Ansell and Gash, 2008) "Collaborative governance is therefore a type of governance in which public and private actors work together in a distinctive way, using particular processes, to establish laws and rules for the provision of public goods", namely there are five indicators, face-to-face dialogue, building trust, commitment to the process, mutual understanding, and interim results. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the pentahelix model of collaboration in establishing the independence of homeless people and beggars is not optimal, so there is a need for good collaboration and implementing the pentahelix model from each institution to be able to realize the independence of homeless people and beggars in Cirebon City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its 1940 establishment to the Great Deportation of 1942, accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto testify to the misery of beggars within its walls, who drew attention to their plight using songs, cries, shouts, and other sounds. Diaries, reports, and song texts from the ghetto, alongside memoirs and testimonies, reveal beggars' struggles—as well as non-beggars' often hostile reactions to their songs and other sounds. Drawing on scholarship in sensory history and cultural histories of the Holocaust, this article reveals that these reactions perpetuated established critiques of shund (artistic "trash") and tapped into longstanding anxieties about the Jewish community's status as modern, civilized, and European. However, certain beggars' songs overcame listeners' hostility by directly confronting inequality and ghetto authorities' abuses of power. Beggars and their music were intrinsic to the Warsaw Ghetto's soundscape, and the debates they engendered reveal how Polish Jews imagined their community's future, even amid its destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public characterisations of begging tend in two directions: destitution or fraud. On the one hand begging is portrayed as largely disorganised, and on the other, criminally organised. Based on rare ethnographic research with people who beg and live on a pavement in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this article confronts such understandings, arguing that those who beg often conceive of the act as work, and relationships in such context can mirror those found among labour. Here beggars employ assistants, and associations emerge from beggars themselves, playing diverse roles, including the provision of savings and credit. While such hierarchies are largely neglected in the literature, sparse historical cases, particularly from Asia, suggest similar arrangements may be more common than recognised. This article thus builds towards a broader agenda concerning the hierarchies and associational lives of people who beg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malang City Social Bureau is a place of social services for homeless people. Homeless people are often placed in poor positions by economic means and consequently need to be given a boost in the form of coaching. The events that are intertwined even vagrants and dumbbells have not been handed over coaching. What exactly is the strategy for implementing homeless coaching? The purpose of this research is to identify the contribution of social bureaus in the city of Malang in overcoming homelessness in the city of Malang and what factors influence the contribution of social bureaus in overcoming vagrants in the city of Malang. The philosophy used as an analytical tool in this research is a philosophy about art, as well as a philosophy of overcoming. The type of research used is qualitative, a system of views or an incident in the current era with the meaning of sharing reflections analytically about reality or events in the field with a descriptive approach. The method of collecting information uses questions and answers as well as monitoring. The method of information analysis used in this research is to describe information with the results of questions and answers. Based on the results of this research, the contribution of social bureaus in overcoming homelessness in the city of Malang does not run efficiently, because there are efforts that have not been realized by the social bureau in the city of Malang in overcoming solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper originates from a novel investigation into the lived encounters of migrant women street beggars in Enugu and Nsukka within Igbo land, Nigeria. Street begging in this region brings forth a plethora of distressing and stringent realities, especially exacerbating for women beggars. Despite the harshness of their lived experiences, these women persist in their actions. This article scrutinizes their experiences, contending that their relentless engagement in begging, despite adversities, can be linked to a sense of helplessness, yet it also underscores their exceptional resilience, courage, and endurance--qualities reminiscent of the determined diligence exhibited by 18th-century Igbo women. Rooted in the theory of reasoned action and the learned helplessness hypothesis, this study employs in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and public engagement for data collection and analysis. To safeguard participant anonymity, pseudonyms were allocated to the 12 individuals involved, comprising two men and ten women. Participation was voluntary, and existing secondary sources were consulted to provide comparative insights. In amplifying the poignant narratives of migrant women street beggars, this research deepens our comprehension of their steadfast determination in the face of formidable adversities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty remains a pervasive problem in many cities, resulting in a large population of homeless people and beggars. This study examines the management of street beggars in Medan City, Indonesia, and finds that the current approach has not been effective in addressing the issue. Despite the existence of a regional regulation prohibiting homelessness and begging, the practice continues to persist, especially among children. The cost of managing street beggars is still relatively low, and the services provided are inadequate to meet their needs. Moreover, the local government's response is limited to appeals and temporary detention, rather than longterm solutions. The study used a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys of street beggars and government officials. The data revealed a complex picture of the challenges and opportunities in managing street begging, including the need for more comprehensive and coordinated services for homeless people and beggars, as well as greater public awareness and involvement in the issue. The findings suggest that a more holistic and inclusive approach is needed to address the root causes of poverty and homelessness, and to provide a sustainable solution for street beggars in Medan City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how discourses on panhandling intertwine with the governance of beggars on China's urban streets. It focuses on local policy implementation in Guangzhou city, led by the bureau of civil affairs along with its centres for "custody and repatriation" and "assistance stations." The study aims to understand how the state regulates panhandling and engages with beggars in public spaces. Exploring the internal logic of the state's approach and how it has changed during the 40 years of reform, it also considers the junctures at which contradictions and conflicts arise. Based on fieldwork data (2011 to 2014) and the analysis of government documents, yearbooks, academic and mass media discourses, I argue that the state's treatment of panhandlers poses a conundrum as welfare measures conflict with control. While several layers of state regulation and actors contradict each other and create grey areas of state-induced informality, people who beg for alms are continuously criminalized and excluded from public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Migration is a social determinant of health, and a major underlying factor of inequity of access to health and disparities in health outcomes. Migrant beggars from Northern part of Nigeria are a common feature in Southern Nigeria. Not too much is known about the challenges associated with access to healthcare and social determinants of health among this group of people in Nigeria. This study aims to fill existing gaps and contribute to the efforts of stakeholders in ameliorating the perennial challenges faced by this group of people. Materials and methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among female migrants in the city of Ibadan. Using Open Data Kit (ODK), a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents relating to access to health and basic social amenities, and challenges associated with these and as well as coping strategies. Data analysis was done with STATA version 15. More than a third-fifth of the respondents gave birth to their babies at home, used open defecation 189(49.6%), well/borehole 204(53.6%) is the source of drinking water. Three hundred and fifty-six (90.8%) of the respondents sleep in open space. Respondents with secondary school level of education, had a 129% increased odds of using health facilities compared to those who did not have any formal education (OR=2.29, p=0.014, CI: 1.18-4.44). Access to healthcare services and social amenities among women beggars was poor. There is a need for stakeholders to address this.

This paper examines an aspect of the functioning of the organization of Vilnius’ beggars that has not yet been sufficiently covered in the historiography: the role of the clergy of St. John’s Church in the life of the city’s beggars. This text focuses on the relationship between the clergy and the beggars during the 18th century. By using the personal documents of bishops, registers of the masses held in the church, and sources written by the beggars themselves or related to the aforementioned organization, it is shown that the clergy of Vilnius’ parish church not only took care of the spiritual needs of the beggars, but also looked after the finances of the organization and actively participated in its internal life, with their influence on the beggars manifesting itself in their personal relations with beggars beyond the scope of the organization.

In Padangsidempuan, Indonesia, the Sangkumpal Bonang market is a prominent place for individuals begging. A beggar is a person who earns money in public in various ways in the hopes of receiving charity from others and who engages in activities by exploiting physical impairments to make others feel sorry for them. In addition, some beggars deliberately create physical disabilities and poverty that lead to feelings of compassion from others. However, these beggars' lives are not as poor as it seems; they live decent and luxurious life. The research focuses on how persons who engage in begging activities manage their front stage, backstage, and impressions. Through a study of dramaturgy, this study employs a qualitative methodology. The results demonstrate that beggars verbally managed impressions by saying, "have mercy, sir, madam." Using bowls as a symbol of asking, beggars with unclean clothes, sorrowful faces, and sluggish movements remove their hands. Their onstage image takes advantage of physical handicaps, pretending to be crippled, and living an impoverished and nomadic existence to elicit sympathy. It contrasts with a figure in the backstage appearance who is in good physical condition, goes about her daily activities, dresses well, smiles, lives in luxury, and has good social contacts with her family and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to study the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of children beggars in the city of Samawa for the year (2021), as well as to develop many proposals to reduce child beggary in the city of Samawa. Accompanied by the geographical analysis of the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of children beggars in the study area, a random sample of (81) respondents was selected for the purpose of giving accurate and clear data about their demographic, social, and economic characteristics. The research revealed that most of the child beggars are located in the central area sector, at a rate of (33.3%) due to the activity of the population movement for the purpose of shopping and the high income for shop owners in this vital area, which contributed to the descent of children beggars there, while the small greenhouse sector came with the lowest percentage and amounted to (11.1%), and the number of male child beggars outnumbered females by (75.3%) compared to (24.7%) for females. Many of them are religion, custom, and prevailing customs, and it became clear from the research that most of the children beggars are without an academic qualification, at a rate of (45.7%), and that the cause of poverty is the most influential in the presence of the phenomenon of child beggary in the city of Samawa, at a rate of (34.6%) among the economic reasons. This is due to the difficult financial conditions of some families in light of the harshness of life and the difficulty of living, and the corresponding rise in the prices of some commodities and foodstuffs, which represent the minimum for a decent living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Good sanitation and hygiene are prerequisites for economic development and health. Sanitary practices among beggars within llorin is becoming a challenge and is being explored. This study was quantitative and qualitative regarding the employed approach for the case study as a research design. Methods: 200 beggars across the three local government areas that made up the metropolis were randomly selected for the interview. The data were analyzed using statistical tools and results were measured against key sanitary metrics. Results: 200 beggars were enrolled, comprising 133 (66.5%) males. 71 respondents (35.5%) had no access to toilet facilities. The remaining 129 (64.5 %) had a shared one toilet seat for households between 15-20 people. 106 (53%) of the respondents resort to urinating or defecating in the open drains. The women use a can or polythene for urine or feces before disposing to open drains, resulting in foul-smelling environments. Contributing to unsanitary practices were attitude, ignorance, and poor educational background, 135 (67.5%) never attended school. Conclusion: The need for intensive public education, providing basic sanitary facilities, and strengthening and enforcement of the existing environmental sanitation bye-laws to make every individual responsible for good environmental sanitation in the metropolis were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigeria is among the major countries contending with the social problem of street begging. The pervasiveness of the problem has continually placed it at the front burner of scholarly engagements and intellectual discourse. However, despite the existence of abundant literature on the phenomenon of street begging, the epistemological and methodological issues typically embedded in the process of data elicitation from street beggars in Nigeria are yet to command adequate scholarly attention. Therefore, this article attempted to fill this observed lacuna by focusing on the necessity for data collection on street begging and the major challenges that are associated with data elicitation from street beggars in Nigeria. The paper ascribed the necessity for data collection on street begging to multiple reasons. Language barrier, the fluid nature of street begging, the mobile nature of street beggars, and trust issue are among the major challenges that are associated with data collection on street begging research in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Middle Ages, the figures of poverty and marginality have aroused ambivalent reactions within French society, permanently torn between compassion and fear. The long nineteenth century did not escape these prejudiced feelings against the beggar and the vagrant, taking on an unprecedented dimension in the years 1880-1890 when the question of recidivism became acute. Faced with this "army of crime", experts of all kinds - alienists, doctors, psychiatrists, criminologists, magistrates, police officers and journalists - took up this burning social issue in a climate of insecurity and collective psychosis. They accuse them of all the evils and plagues (contagious diseases, petty crime, theft, prostitution, etc.) to explain the reasons why they indulge in this asocial state, placing them outside the dominant social norms. Thus, behind these discourses of exclusion and hatred, revealing a medicalization and a criminalization of wandering, the analysis of these impoverished and marginalized men and women reveals a more nuanced social reality that is linked to the working classes vulnerable to economic upheavals and the vagaries of life.

Regardless of the reasons for making begging a vocation, the beggars were noted as constituting a significant population in most cities of Nigeria. They are consistently becoming an interesting phenomenon in every academic discourse. This study, as a modest complement to existing academic efforts, examined the development and public health implications of street begging. It is qualitative in nature, hence the adoption of in-depth and key informant interviews as well as non-participant observation data collection approach. It covered six purposively selected areas with appreciable numbers of beggars in Abuja Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The investigated population from these settlements comprised 30 beggars, 16 staff of Ministries of Women Affairs and Social Development, Ministry of Health, 2 journalists, and 7 residents of the areas where beggars' joints were located. The data collected was treated with content analysis. The results showed that some of the beggars have been in the act for more than 3 decades. They viewed begging as a legitimate occupation rather than a nuisance to the society. Relative deprivation led some people to adopt street begging as a means of making a livelihood. Recurring business failure influenced the incursion into begging as a means of survival. The development and public health implications of street begging come in the form of environmental nuisance and health hazards, poor image of human development index in the country to the outsiders. With incessant increase in their population, consistent reduction of the percentage of productive forces becomes the order of the day. This consequently implies a breakdown in social welfare system and vulnerable socio-environmental system where unsustainability thrives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on alcohol nevertheless being consumed in surprisingly large quantities in traditional Islamic culture and society. Topics include birth, marriage, and bereavement being less a recreational drink symbolizing sociability; and traditionally a center of vice and crime filled with coffeehouses, taverns and brothels, continued to teem with prostitutes, beggars, and hustlers.

The increasing number of people with social welfare problems has received serious attention from the government. The majority of people with social welfare problems are due to poverty. The mindset of beggars is also the mindset of the community, often when people see beggars they always feel sorry and pity. The government has taken many steps, one of which is the enforcement of laws and regulations regarding the prohibition of begging in public. This writing method is to use the normative method, namely research that focuses on the study of the application of a rule or norm in positive law. The reason for this is that the Regional Regulation (Perda) of Malang City Number 2 of 2012 concerning Public Order and the Environment still creates regulatory ineffectiveness. This step aims to overcome public begging which can disrupt public order. The statutory regulations issued by the Malang City Government to overcome these social problems are the Malang City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2012 concerning Public Order and the Environment. How to cite item: Wijaya, N., Perwira, T., Rusman, R. (2020). Politik hukum dalam pembentukan undang-undang Republik Indonesia nomor 18 Tahun 2019 tentang pesantren. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 11(2), 194-201. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v11i2.3867

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This article analyzes the reactions of Catholic laymen to a 1578 sodomy trial held in Ghent. The recently established Calvinist city council had accused a number of mendicants of the crime to slander their religious opponents. The lack of official response from the clergy has led to the assumption that the laity also remained silent in the face of the slurs. Remarkably, a considerable number of Catholic laymen passionately attempted to rehabilitate the friars through the popular narrative genre of city chronicles, the Memorieboeken, even though sodomy was an unmentionable sin. Furthermore, chroniclers were still writing about the trial more than a century after the fall of the Calvinist regime. Clearly, the Catholic restoration of Ghent was accompanied by the stigmatization of old enemies. This particular sodomy trial not only shows how religious polemics could influence responses to deviant sexuality but also reflects the formation of an urban historical consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pada tahun 1812, pembangunan kubah di atas makam Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari di Astambul pada dasarnya merupakan penghargaan kepada ulama tersebut sebagai salah satu pemimpin Muslim yang berpengaruh. Namun, tujuan utama telah berubah sementara jumlah pengunjung telah meningkat. Kegiatan komersial tidak dapat dipisahkan dari orang-orang yang ingin menuai manfaat dan manfaatnya. Keberadaa sejumlah pengemis di desa ini menjadikan situs ziarah ini dikenal sebagai desa dengan banyak pengemis. Artikel ini bermaksud untuk mengidentifikasi keterlibatan sakralitas dalam objek peziarah dan peran kesakralan dalam aktivitas komersial dan pengemis di area makam Syekh Muhammad Arsyad, kota Astambul. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan observasi fenomenologis, wawancara dengan jamaah haji dan masyarakat setempat yang menunjukkan objek ziarah religius dan sisi komersialnya untuk membawa manfaat bagi pelestarian situs ziarah agama. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis melihat bahwa pelestarian makam yang disucikan telah menjadi generator ekonomi bagi masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah. Selain itu, perilaku mengemis dari penduduk desa telah meningkatkan identifikasi di antara para peziarah untuk menandai tempat ziarah ini sebagai tempat dengan banyak pengemis. In 1812, the building of the dome on the grave of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari in Astambul city basically is a form of homage for the clergy as one of the influential Muslim. However, the main purpose changes in a row with an increasing number of visitors. Hence, commercial activities cannot be far from the people who want to gain the benefits and merits thereof. Moreover, a number of beggars in this village have made this pilgrimage site is well known as the village with a lot of beggars. This paper will focus on the shrine of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari in Astambul city. The purpose of this paper is to identify the involvement of sacredness into the tourist object and to identify the role of government with commercial activity and beggars in the shrine of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad in Astambul city. In this respect, we carried out phenomenological observations, interviews with tourists and local people indicating religious tourist object and its commercial side to bring about benefits for the religious pilgrimage site preservation. In this study, the author sees that the preservation of sanctified tomb has become an economic generator for the local people and government. In another case, the begging behaviour of villagers has raised identification among the tourist to mark this pilgrimage place as the village with a lot of beggars.

Poverty is a classic problem that plagues various countries and seems to be an actual change in the future. The impact of poverty is the emergence of beggars. In this case, social problems such as beggars in urban areas also happen in Yogyakarta. Therefore, cooperation from government or non-government is needed to reduce beggars. At present, the government through the Society of Social Workers Association (IPSM) is one of the social institutions in Yogyakarta which together reduces the level of beggars through handling held every week. The social workers must have the skills of interpersonal communication in order to communicate with beggars. The method used in writing is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that beggars were asked for data and directed to take part in the training and would be sent home in their original areas, because social workers at IPSM has used the interpersonal communication using local language and face to face in order to approach beggars and look like ordinary people and does not use IPSM attributes.

This study examined the perceptions of able-bodied beggars to factors responsible for their prevalence and the land uses they occupied for their activities in Ibadan metropolis. Nigeria. Data were obtained from 117 (18, 12, 46, 13 and 28 in the areas of Sango, Iwo Road, Sabo, Challenge and Oja Oba, respectively) randomly selected able-bodied beggars using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using percentages, mean index, standard deviation, chi-square and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study showed that 51.3% of the beggars were males; the youngest was 19 years old, while the oldest was 59 years. The average age of the beggars was 33 years. Further findings revealed that the average household size for the study area was 5, while the standard deviation was 2.6. The important perceived factors responsible for the prevalence of begging among the able-bodied beggars, measured on a 5-point Likert Scale, were homelessness (4.29), lack of skills for gainful employment (3.77), debt (3.64), meeting cost of education/children’s education (3.64), inability to secure a job (3.52) and lack of food (2.97). The study further revealed that the prevalence of begging among able-bodied beggars varied with land uses. Against this background, it was concluded that the information obtained on the socio-economic attributes of able-bodied beggars, perceived determinants of their prevalence and their targeted land uses could be utilized by policy-makers and urban planners to proffer lasting solutions to the menace of begging.

Linguistic choices often reveal gender identity which reinforces the notion of gender performativity introduced by Butler (1990; 1999). This qualitative study using discourse analysis as its framework, was undertaken with the aim to explore how the linguistic choices made by beggars who have the same intention --- the intention of extracting money or food --- synchronize with the notion of gender performativity. The data for the study are based on the discourse of beggars in some of the major cities and hill stations in Pakistan. Since the study focused on gender differences in the employment of language used for begging, the data were collected by employing both convenience and stratified sampling techniques based on the discourse of 50 beggars: 25 male and 25 female beggars of different age groups. The speech acts of beggars were analyzed with reference to five major categories: number of utterances produced within a single speech act, the syntactic features of beggars' discourse, the nature of the request for help, the kind of prayers offered in exchange of help and the nature of their verbal responses in case of the denial of help from their potential benefactors. The results of the study show significant gender differences in the use of beggars' discourse. The study is a significant contribution in the field of research on gender differences in discourse style in general and differences in the discourse of beggars, in particular. The study's significance also lies in its attempt to explore the manipulative function of discourse, and seen from this perspective, beggars' discourse is not much different from political discourse and the discourse of advertising, as in both the cases the aim is to appeal to the psychology of the target audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper analyses the causes of the domestic violence against female beggars and their impacts on their lives. The paper is strictly limited to Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad. The domestic violence against women exits in various forms. However, it is pretty horrible in the form being inflicted against female beggars in Qasimabad. The scores of causes for the domestic violence against female beggars range from rising poverty to population explosions with deep physical and mental impacts on the sufferers. For data collection qualitative research through Focused Group discussion method has been used through snow ball technique. 10 Cases of female beggars have been opted for the FGDs out of which two participated with their social backgrounds. The study concludes the pathetic condition of the female beggars due to multiple factors and their serious implications both physically as well as mentally. The study recommends prompt action from the Government as well as social scientist to go deep further in the social issues such as violence against the female beggars. Simultaneously there is immediate intervention of Government and the concerned department to address these issues on emergent basis as the number is likely to reach an alarming level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 18th century, a series of new institutions appeared in the provinces of Denmark. Their purpose was to discipline beggars and vagrants and to teach them not only to work, but also the Word of God. These tugt workhouses also became institutions for the reform of disobedient children behaving in an "un‐Christian" manner. Children were often placed here at the initiative of their parents. The article argues that the trust placed by parents in the state authorities in this way can be understood within the framework of Luther's social teaching, especially his doctrine of the three estates and the understanding of the nature of authority and of mutual obligation that is represented there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic crises during Chile's civic–military dictatorship (1973–90) forced a growing number of people onto the streets, including women who commuted from peripheral neighbourhoods to beg in downtown Santiago. Under military rule, impoverished women in public spaces became a police problem. Despite their constant presence on the streets throughout the twentieth century, Chile's begging laws were rarely applied to women, except for a brief period under Pinochet, when begging emerged as a female crime in Santiago. This paper examines female begging and the policing of female begging, revealing both to be framed as a defence of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is going to explain how a competent and talented leader with charismatic potentials ensures the socio-political and economic development of a country. It is also mentioned that how classical philosopher-king had been different from the contemporary loafer king. Pakistan has been a victim of political instability owing to the personal jealousies of political demagogues and the dejure political elite. There has been a conventional practice of apathy regarding holding elections at the party level within the so-called political parties of Pakistan. Since the definition of political science calls for a political strive of a group of people may be having a like-minded goal known as a political party. There are only interest groups in Pakistan rather than any political party. Such interest groups hardly create Philosopher Kings but of course Loafer Kings. However, the electoral process is an essential procedure where citizens of any country are allowed to select their leaders to rule the country according to the law of the land. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the difference between the phenomenon of Plato's Philosopher King (PK) and the contemporary world's Loafer King (LK) that signifies the present-day leadership of the world as well as in Pakistan. Therefore, major changes took place in Pakistan in the post-2013 General Elections. It sheds light on the complexities between the numerous political parties how they are playing cards in Pakistan to become more successful than the other. The institutions are at the helm of sorry affairs owing to the inefficiency and tunnel vision of the so-called leadership in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edgar's disguise in King Lear draws upon a popular early modern figure, the Bedlam beggar. This article argues that Poor Tom transcends the cultural representations of the Bedlamites, inasmuch as his liminality and otherness turn him into a monstrous creature. Tom's monstrosity emerges from his language rather than his appearance or actions. Close readings reveal how the fashioning of Tom in 2.2 is anticipated by Edmund's and Gloucester's words, which foretell the metaphorical self-birth whereby Edgar delivers his own monstrous alter ego through language, in a multifaceted linguistic performance made of overlapping voices that are monstrous in structure and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the outbreak of World War I, vagrants and beggars were depicted as a group lacking the basic elements of morality, which the national elite considered its own identity-maker. Unwillingness to work, filth, drunkenness, ignorance, and contagious diseases were depicted as the visible features of moral indignity. Their condition remained redeemable through educational tools. In postwar Lithuania, the overall characterization of vagrants and beggars remained unchanged. Nevertheless, their sanitary stigmatization and the concept of heritability of social 'diseases' became dominant, making isolation and disciplining the only tools to protect the 'healthy' organism of society from social contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]