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Ovaj rad opisuje proces razvoja mobilne aplikacije za igranje kartaške igre Bela. Aplikacija igračima omogućuje stvaranje privatne igre i ulazak u postojeću privatnu igru kako bi igrači igru mogli igrati s prijateljima, osim toga moguće je stvoriti ili ući u javnu igru s nasumičnim igračima. Aplikacija osigurava da svi igrači poštuju pravila igre te omogućuje sve interakcije koje su moguće u stvarnoj igri. U potpunosti je napravljena u Flutteru i uz pomoć Firebasea. This paper describes the development process of a mobile application for playing the card game Bela. The app allows players to create a private game and enter an existing private game so that players can play the game with friends, in addition it is possible to create or enter a public game with random players. The app ensures that all players follow the rules of the game and allows all interactions that are possible in the actual game. It was made entirely in Flutter and with the help of Firebase.

U ovom radu opisana je izrada mrežne kartaške igre Belot imena Aleb. Na početku je odrađena analiza problemskog područja u kojoj je analizirano nekoliko sličnih aplikacija. Uz pomoć prikupljenih podataka iz analize i inovativnih ideja navedena je specifikacija zahtjeva. Nakon toga opisana je arhitektura sustava i iznesene su sve funkcionalnosti izrađene aplikacije uz opis korisničkog sučelja. Na kraju rada navedene su tehnologije korištene pri izradi i iznesen je zaključak. Razvijena aplikacija ima implementirana sva pravila kartaške igre Belot, podržava više usporednih partija na istom poslužitelju, podržava razne varijacije igre, ima minimalno i responzivno korisničko sučelje, ima pregled karata završene runde ostalih igrača, prati statistike igrača i pregled prethodnih igara te ima mogućnost gledanja tuđe partije u tijeku uživo. Aplikacija je razvijena za operacijski sustav Windows na .NET platformi u radnom okviru Avalonia. This paper describes the development of the online card game Belote named Aleb. At the beginning, an analysis of the problem area is performed, in which several similar applications are analysed. With the help of the collected data from the analysis and innovative ideas, the requirements are specified. After that, the system architecture is described and all the functionalities of the developed application are presented, along with a description of the user interface. At the end of the paper, the technologies used in development are listed and a conclusion is presented. The developed application has implemented all the rules of the card game Belote, supports multiple simultaneous games on the same server, supports various game variations, has a minimal and responsive user interface, allows viewing hands of other players from completed rounds, tracks player statistics and allows viewing previous games, and allows watching someone else's game live. The application was developed for Windows on the .NET platform in the Avalonia UI framework.

The article is devoted to the image of the Caucasian mountaineers, with whom the war was waged in the North Caucasus. In the person of Kazbich, Lermontov shows one of the representatives of the historically established type of fighter against the Russian conquerors – Abrek. On the one hand, the author draws the life and everyday life of a Russian fortress on the so – called "Caucasian line", on the other hand, the mountain village. To recreate the local color, Lermontov turned to the traditional comparison of a woman and a horse in the East. Lermontov is an artist, not a historian or ethnographer, so he did not slavishly follow the facts of life.

Full lists of authors: Thomas, N.; Hussmann, H.; Spohn, T.; Lara, L. M.; Christensen, U.; Affolter, M.; Bandy, T.; Beck, T.; Chakraborty, S.; Geissbuehler, U.; Gerber, M.; Ghose, K.; Gouman, J.; HosseiniArani, S.; Kuske, K.; Peteut, A.; Piazza, D.; Rieder, M.; Servonet, A.; Althaus, C. Behnke, T.; Gwinner, K.; Hüttig, C.; Kallenbach, R.; Lichopoj, A.; Lingenauber, K.; Lötzke, H. -G.; Lüdicke, F.; Michaelis, H.; Oberst, J.; Schrödter, R.; Stark, A.; Steinbrügge, G.; del Togno, S.; Wickhusen, K.; Castro, J. M.; Herranz, M.; Rodrigo, J.; Perplies, H.; Weigel, T.; Schulze-Walewski, S.; Blum, S.; Casciello, A.; Rugi-Grond, E.; Coppoolse, W.; Rech, M.; Weidlich, K.; Leikert, T.; Henkelmann, R.; Trefzger, B.; Metz, B.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Open Access funding provided by Universitat Bern., The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) is the first European laser altimeter constructed for interplanetary flight. BELA uses a 50 mJ pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 10 Hz with a 20 cm aperture receiver to perform the ranging. The instrument also uses a digital approach for range detection and pulse analysis. The ranging accuracy is expected to be better than 2 metres and ∼20 cm in optimum conditions. With the given, only slightly elliptical, orbit, BELA should return a consistent data set for the most if not all of the planet. The instrument is required to function in an extreme environment with the thermal issues being particularly demanding. Novel solutions have been taken to resolve these issues. BELA is described in detail and its predicted performance outlined on the basis of pre-flight testing. © The Author(s) 2021, This work was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under the PRODEX scheme (contract number C90191). The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Swiss Government. DLR would like to thank all involved collaborators in the BELA transmitter team. Financial support was provided by the DLR Space Administration on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology of Germany. We acknowledge the financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award SEV-2017-0709, and from the research projects ESP 2014-54062-R, ESP 2016-76076-R and PGC 2018-099425-B-I00. Open Access funding provided by Universitat Bern.

In the life of the world, from time to time, great social events take place that make life difficult, cause people to be unhappy and cause material damage, even result in death and cannot be controlled by human power. People's attitudes and reactions to major social events, which are called calamity and misfortune in Turkish, are shaped according to their beliefs and worldview. Muslims, who know that life is a test from beginning to end according to the Qur’anic doctrine, patiently meet social events and develop some measures to get out of the current situation with the least damage. While some explained the pandemic (Covid-19), which was effective all over the world in 2020, with conspiracy theories, Muslims interpreted it as a divine test and the incapacity of the servant in the face of divine power. In Turkish, the word belâ is used to mean great distress, and the word fitna is generally used to mean social turmoil. When patience is mentioned, it is understood passive waiting in the face of adversity. In this article, we aimed to clarify both what should be the attitude people should take in the face of major social events, and the etymological and semantic meanings of belâ, fitna and sabır, which are the key concepts of the Quran regarding these events, in the context of the Qur'an and its tafsir sources. As a result of our research, examination and analysis, it is understood that in the Qur’an, the words belâ and fitna are used in the meanings of great event and chaos, as well as divine tests and trials. Accordingly, Allah is testing His servants by giving some bounties too much and others less. Family members, neighbors, relatives and colleagues are a test occasion for each other. Temporary or chronic diseases, epidemic diseases, physical or mental disability, old age and unexpected deaths are among the severe tests that everyone can face. We hope that with this study we will have clarified a little more the nature of divine testing and patience., Dünya hayatında zaman zaman, hayatı zorlaştıran, insanların mutsuz olmasına ve maddi zarara yol açan, hatta ölümle sonuçlanan ve beşer gücü ile kontrol edilemeyen büyük toplumsal olaylar yaşanmaktadır. Türkçede belâ ve musibet olarak adlandırılan büyük toplumsal olaylarla ilgili insanların ortaya koydukları yaklaşımları ve tepkileri, sahip oldukları inanç ve dünya görüşüne göre şekillenir. Kur’ani öğretiye göre hayatın baştan sona bir sınav olduğunu bilen müslümanlar toplumsal olayları sabırla karşılarlar ve mevcut durumdan en az zararla çıkmak için bir takım tedbirler geliştirirler. 2020 yılında bütün dünyada etkili olan pandemiyi (Covid-19) kimileri komplo teorileriyle açıklarken müslümanlar bunu ilahi bir sınama ve ilahi kudretin karşısında kulun aciz kalması şeklinde yorumlamışlardır. Türkçede belâ kelimesi büyük sıkıntı anlamında, fitne kelimesi ise genellikle toplumsal kargaşa anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Sabır denilince de sıkıntı karşısında pasif bekleyiş anlaşılmaktadır. Biz bu makalede, hem insanların büyük toplumsal olaylar karşısında almaları gereken tavrın ne olması gerektiğini, hem de bu olaylarla ilgili Kur’an’ın anahtar kavramları olan belâ, fitne ve sabrın etimolojik ve semantik anlamlarını Kur’an ve tefsir kaynakları bağlamında açıklığa kavuşturmayı amaçladık. Yaptığımız araştırma, inceleme ve tahliller sonucunda Kur’ân’da belâ ve fitne kelimelerinin büyük olay, kargaşa anlamlarının yanı sıra daha çok, ilâhî sınama ve deneme anlamlarında kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Buna göre Allah bazılarına çok, bazılarına da az nimet vererek kullarını sınamaktadır. Aile fertleri, komşular, akrabalar ve iş arkadaşları bir biri için bir sınav vesilesidir. Geçici veya kronik hastalıklar, salgın hastalıklar, bedensel veya ruhsal engellilik durumu, yaşlılık ve beklenmedik ölümler de herkesin karşılaşabileceği ağır sınavlardandır. Bu çalışma ile ilâhî sınamanın ve sabrın mahiyetini biraz daha vuzuha kavuşturmayı umuyoruz.

DergiPark: 684004 rumeli Korku, açlık, hastalık, mal ve can kaybı gibi insan hayatını olumsuz etkileyen, Kur’ân’da farklı çeşitlerine işaret edilen bela ve musibetler bir imtihan vesilesidir. Bela ve musibetler sebebiyle hayatındaki ani değişmelere karşı uyum sağlama ve başa çıkma becerisini kaybeden insan, içinde bulunduğu bu olumsuz durumdan kurtulmak ve tekrar normal hayata dönebilmek için manevi bir destek arayışı içerisine girmektedir. Bu kapsamda gerek Avrupa’da gerekse Türkiye’de özellikle hasta ve hasta yakınları için ilgili kurumlar tarafından manevi destek hizmetleri verilmeye başlamıştır. Zira manevi destek hizmetlerinin bela ve musibetlerle karşı karşıya gelen insanların hüzünlü gönüllerini ferahlattığına inanılmaktadır. Bela ve musibetlerle karşı karşıya gelen bireyler dini başa çıkma yöntemlerine başvurabildiği gibi, farklı başa çıkma stratejileri de kullanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e göre bela ve musibetlerin çeşitleri ve musibetlerle başa çıkmada insanın durumu ve manevi değerlerin önemi ele alınmıştır. Troubles and calamities that adversely influence human life like fear, hunger, disease, loss of property and life various types of which are pointed at Koran are occasions for test. A human who loses skill of adapting to sudden changes in his life and coping because of troubles and calamities embark on a quest for moral support for getting rid of negative situation he is in and to return normal life again. In this scope, relevant agencies started to provide spiritual support services in both Europe and Turkey especially for patients and patient's relatives. Because, it is believed that moral support services relieve sorrowful souls of people who face troubles and calamities. Individuals who encounter troubles and calamities may seek religious methods of coping, also they can employ different coping strategies. This study handles types of troubles and calamities and importance of human status and spiritual values in coping with calamities according to Koran.

Context.The Love numberh2describes the radial tidal displacements of Mercury’s surface and allows constraints to be set on the inner core size when combined with the potential Love numberk2. Knowledge of Mercury’s inner core size is fundamental to gaining insights into the planet’s thermal evolution and dynamo working principle. The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) is currently cruising to Mercury as part of the BepiColombo mission and once it is in orbit around Mercury, it will acquire precise measurements of the planet’s surface topography, potentially including variability that is due to tidal deformation.Aims.We use synthetic measurements acquired using BELA to assess how accurately Mercury’s tidal Love numberh2can be determined by laser altimetry.Methods.We generated realistic, synthetic BELA measurements, including instrument performance, orbit determination, as well as uncertainties in spacecraft attitude and Mercury’s libration. We then retrieved Mercury’sh2and global topography from the synthetic data through a joint inversion.Results.Our results suggest thath2can be determined with an absolute accuracy of ± 0.012, enabling a determination of Mercury’s inner core size to ± 150 km given the inner core is sufficiently large (>800 km). We also show that the uncertainty ofh2depends strongly on the assumed scaling behavior of the topography at small scales and on the periodic misalignment of the instrument.

This bachelor thesis analyses the influence of Mercurys gravity field on the orbit of the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) which is the part of the European-Japanese mission BepiColombo launched in October 2018. The gravity field of Mercury was determined from radio tracking data of the NASAs spacecraft MESSENGER which was orbiting the planet until 2015. Due to the highly eccentric orbit of MESSENGER, the calculated gravitational harmonic coefficients are afflicted with uncertainties. Therefore, the orbital evolution of MPO is predictable but with some inaccuracy. For this reason, different plausible gravity fields were generated using a Monte Carlo Method. The generation of the random gravity fields was performed using the gravitational coefficients up to degree and order of 100 and their uncertainties, which were determined by MESSENGER. For that, a function, based on Gaussian distribution, was used. This function was implemented in a numerical orbit integrator developed by DLR, Berlin. Furthermore, scale factors 1, 3, 5 and 10 were used for generating the gravity fields. Before performing the simulations for orbital prediction of MPO, the boundary conditions were determined. The number of the simulations was set to 10,000 per scale factor, the degree and order of the gravity field was limited to 50. The time frame of the mission was set to 2 Earth years, which covers the nominal and the extended mission phases. The distribution of some important harmonic coefficients was checked and the impact of the gravitational and non-gravitational forces affecting the motion of MPO was determined. As expected, the main accelerations are caused by the gravity field of Mercury, followed by the gravity force of the Sun. The third and fourth disturbing forces are the solar radiation pressure and indirect radiation pressure. The smallest perturbations are caused by the remaining solar system bodies. The simulations of the orbital evolution of MPO were performed using the generated gravity fields of Mercury with the scale factors 1, 3, 5 and 10. The results of the simulations were analyzed and compared with each other. The evolution of the orbit of MPO is expressed in the orbital elements. The analysis is mainly focused on the periherm as the minimal distance to the surface of Mercury is critical for the mission. The results show that the geopotential of Mercury causes an increase in the eccentricity and a decrease in the periherm altitude. The semi-major axis and the inclination have a periodic character but remain almost constant. The longitude of ascending node decreases slowly with periodic fluctuations. The argument of periapsis falls almost linear. The standard deviations, as well as the difference between the minimal and maximal values get larger with a growing scale factor and over time. The values of the elements are still in an acceptable range after the first year. The change in the periherm after 2 years could already be considered as critical in some cases for the scale factor 1 because the periherm falls below critical value of 200 km. Moreover, the likelihood that the periherm is below 200 km after 2 years increases with the rising scale factor. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the satellite collides with the planet in the simulations for the scale factor 5 and 10. The influence of the harmonic coefficients J2, J3 and J$ on the longitude of ascending node, argument of periapsis and the eccentricity was investigated analytically which allows for an estimation of the effect of these coefficients, assuming the linear tendency. In addition, the influence of the gravity of the Sun was investigated. The results show that the Sun has positive effect on the evolution of the periherm after 2 years. Taking into account Mercurys gravity field, the gravity of the Sun, radiation pressure and the solar system bodies, the results of the simulations are very similar to the case with the consideration of the geopotential of Mercury and of the Sun. Thus, the orbital evolution of MPO in mainly affected by the gravity of Mercury and the Sun.

Musibet kavramı, Kurandaki anlam alanı itibariyle geniş bir yer işgal etmektedir. Bu çalışmada `musibet` kavramı, Kur'an'daki tezahürü açısından incelenmiştir. Öncelikle musibet kavramının Kur'an'daki manaları üzerinde durulmuş, bu kavramın anlamına yakın/eş veya zıt olan kavramlar da tespit edilerek kavramın anlam alanı ve sınırları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Kur'an'da `musibet`, genel anlamda insanın başına gelen her türlü kötü durum için kullanılır. Kur'an açısından temel olarak musibetler iki kısma ayrılır. Birincisi, kaynağı insanlar olan ve onlar vasıtasıyla meydana gelen ve maruz kalanın da yok edip ortadan kaldırmaya güç yetiremediği musibetlerdir. İkincisi ise doğrudan Yüce Allah tarafından gönderilen felaketlerdir.Dolayısıyla karşılaşılmak istenmeyen musibetlerin oluşma sebepleri insanlar tarafından sorgulanmaktadır. Özellikle din karşıtı anlayışlara sahip olanlar tarafından sorulan, `Allah neden musibetleri insanlara gönderiyor?` sorusu, geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de güncelliğini korumaktadır.Yaptığımız çalışma musibetin çok farklı şekillerde insanın başına gelebileceği, bir kısım musibetin dünyevi bir kısmının ise ahirete müteallik olabileceği, bir kısmının maddi, bir kısmının manevi yada bedeni olabileceği kanaatini oluşturmuştur.Ayrıca bu çalışma bana musibetin çok farklı sebeplere bağlı olabileceği bilgisini vermenin yanında, her musibete uğrayanın günahkar olmadığı gibi, her musibete uğramayanın da hakiki mümin olmadığı gerçeğini öğretmiştir. The concept of plague in the Qur'an occupies a large place in terms of meaning. In this study, the concept of misery was examined in terms of its manifestation in Quran. Firstly, the concept of disbelief is focused on the meanings of the Qur'An. The concepts and limitations of the concept have been determined by determining the concepts which are close or opposite to the meaning of this concept.Qur'an is also used for all kinds of bad conditions that happen to human beings in general. The main reasons for the Qur'an are divided into two parts:the first one is the people who are the source and the things that occur through them and the ones that are exposed to it cannot destroy and eliminate. The second is direct disasters by Allah.Therefore, the reasons for the occurrence of undesirable plagues are questioned by people. Asked by those who have especially anti-religious understandings, why is God sending disasters to the people ? The question is still up-to-date as it was in the past.My work has made me believe that many different shapes can happen to human beings; some are apocalyptic , a portion of some are hereafter , some may be material and part of them may be spiritual or body.In addition to the fact that this study may be related to many different reasons, it has taught me the fact that not all the victims are sinful, nor are they not true believers. 93

We provide a brief description of the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter experiment for the joint ESA-JAXA mission to Mercury, BepiColombo. The text describes the main elements of the instrument and discusses several of the problems encountered during the instrument development. The actions taken to mitigate the issues are also described and the resulting performance of the instrument as determined by combining ground test data with models of Mercury and the spacecraft orbit is presented. The instrument has met the requirements set in 2005 and should provide a solid data set for the global study of the topography and internal structure of Mercury. © 2019, CEAS., We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Swiss Space Office via ESA’s PRODEX programme, the German Aerospace Center’s Space Administration, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

The ESA/JAXA joint mission BepiColombo to Mercury was launched successfully on October 20, 2018 (UTC) from Kourou, French Guiana. Currently BepiColombo is on its nominal 7-years cruise to the innermost planet. BepiColombo consists of two spacecraft, the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO), both targeted for different orbits around Mercury after arrival in December 2025. The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) is one of ten payloads on the MPO. After launch the spacecraft and the instruments entered the Near-Earth Commissioning Phase (NECP), including a first switch-on of BELA on November24, 2018. Here we report on the status of the instrument based on the analysis of NECP data and on data from a second switch-on, planned for June 2019.

We explore the perspectives of the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) onboard ESA / JAXA's Mercury mission BepiColombo and present an updated semi-analytical instrument performance model, in which we estimate signal-to-noise ratio, single shot probability of false detection, range errors and the accuracy of pulse width reconstruction. The model is generally applicable for other laser altimeters using matched filter algorithms for pulse detection and has been validated against the recently tested BELA flight model after integration on the BepiColombo spacecraft. Further, we perform numerical simulations of the instrument performance expected in orbit about Mercury. In particular, we study the measurement accuracy of topography, slopes and surface roughness, which will allow us to estimate local and global topographic coverage based on the current trajectory design. We also assess the potential for measuring the tidal Love number h 2 using cross-over points, which we estimate to be constrained with an absolute accuracy of 0.14 corresponding to a relative accuracy of about 18% after two years in Mercury orbit.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-03-26T12:27:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonor Louro de Freitas.pdf: 1162259 bytes, checksum: d59063b222f821e269b793ed6d74a08e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T12:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonor Louro de Freitas.pdf: 1162259 bytes, checksum: d59063b222f821e269b793ed6d74a08e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-30 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# #2075167498588264571# #600 Esta disertación analiza la repetición del enunciado Bela, Recatada y "del Hogar" en discursos que emergieron después de su publicación en la revista Veja el 18 de abril de 2016. A partir de estas repeticiones, se realiza un estudio a fin de llegar a los posibles efectos de sentido de algunos enunciados (re) producidos y, de esa forma, observar el mantenimiento, el deslizamiento y el desplazamiento de sentido, las posiciones-sujeto y la formación discursiva (FD) en la que se inscriben. De ese modo, se busca en la teoría del Análisis de Discurso (AD) de filiación pecheuxtiana el soporte necesario que fundamenta el análisis del corpus discursivo. Para ello, moviliza, además de los conceptos básicos de la AD, las nociones de repetición y paráfrasis, ya que el objetivo principal de esta investigación es examinar lo mismo y lo diferente en los enunciados repetidos y (re) significados. El corpus presenta, como materialidades discursivas, memes producidos entre 2016 y 2017 recogidos en la red social Facebook y en el sitio de búsquedas Google, cuyo enunciado Bela, Recatada y "del Hogar" aparece (re) tomado y (re) formulado. Palabras clave: Discurso; Bella, recatada y del hogar; Paráfrase; Repetición, Sentido Esta dissertação analisa a repetição do enunciado Bela, Recatada e “do Lar” em discursos que emergiram após sua publicação na revista Veja em 18 de abril de 2016. A partir dessas repetições, realiza-se um estudo a fim de se chegar aos possíveis efeitos de sentido de alguns enunciados (re)produzidos e, dessa forma, observar a manutenção, o deslizamento e o deslocamento de sentido, as posições-sujeito e a formação discursiva (FD) em que se encontram inscritos. Desse modo, busca-se na teoria da Análise de Discurso (AD) de filiação pecheuxtiana o suporte necessário que fundamenta a análise do corpus discursivo. Para tal, mobiliza, além dos conceitos basilares da AD, as noções de repetição e paráfrase, já que o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é examinar o mesmo e o diferente nos enunciados repetidos e (re)significados. O corpus apresenta, como materialidades discursivas, memes produzidos entre 2016 e 2017 coletados na rede social Facebook e no site de buscas Google, cujo enunciado Bela, Recatada e “do Lar” aparece (re)tomado e (re)formulado.

"Extended voice" is a vocal-electronic practice integrating compositional and performative, especially improvisational, methodologies. In extended voice, the same single practitioner does both vocal and technological work. This document is structured in three parts: (1) technical discussion of my hardware, software, and vocal work; (2) analysis of works by seven other extended voice practitioners (Antye Greie-Ripatti (AGF), Marie Guilleray, Stine Janvin Motland, Maja S. K. Ratkje, Andrea Pensado, Ami Yoshida, and Pamela Z); (3) and critical discussion of extended voice. Extended voice encompasses a wide variety of sounds, but crucial themes are the desire for complex, novel interaction between voice and electronics, and, toward this end, the dovetailing of ‘recorded’ and ‘live’ methodologies. Practitioners undertake "self-listening" to manage the vocal-electronic whole, which is a cyborg of sorts, and thus evince "presence," or curation of one’s own vocal-electronic sound. Research futures for extended voice center on its use of creative methodologies to subvert the notion of normative body, and its demonstrated ability to encourage more diverse participation than that which currently typifies electronic music as a whole.

Margečanska župna crkva svete Margarete i tri filijalne kapele u Beli, Radovanu i Tužnom čuvaju vrijedan i zanimljiv inventar iz 15. - 20. stoljeća, čije stanje, između zapuštenosti i brige lišene odgovarajuće i dovoljne stručne potpore, tužno svjedoči o manjkavosti sustava zaštite kulturne baštine. Pregled inventara proveden u sklopu programa konzervatorsko-restauratorskih istraživanja gotičkog kipa Majke Božje Radovanske ukazao je na to da umjetnine te župe, osim povijesti, dijele i zajedničke konzervatorske probleme, poput aktivne crvotočine i nedavnih, amaterskih obnova usmjerenih ponajprije postizanju izgleda novog. Istraživanja prate tragove premještanja i recikliranja umjetnina unutar iste župe kroz povijest., It is impossible to achieve the sustainability of conservation without an insight and realistic assessment of the situation in the field. Hence, the acquaintence of the conservator with the artwork’s context, and also the monitoring of the condition in the field during and after the project should be part of the standard procedure. While the narrowing of focus is a highly important and necessary phase of the conservation research, an insight into the context is both complementary and corrective. It is an indicator of the complexity of conservation as a discipline which at the same time must combine views measured on a meter-, millimeter- and micro-scale that have to be valid on their own and be in tune with each other. Therefore, the former practice of acquainting the conservator with the artwork at the “operating table” is far from ideal. An overview of the condition in the field will not only draw attention to the conservation issues, even the urgent ones, but also allow the widening of knowledge of the heritage material, as can be seen in the Croatian Conservation Institute project focusing on the Gothic statue of Our Lady of Radovan but also including the parish furnishings. As the previous renovations of the church and its affiliated chapels were connected, the artworks have been relocated from one building to another. Thus the two statues from the parish church in Margečan probably originate from the chapel in Bela, from the former altar of St. John of Nepomuk, erected in 1729. They can be typologically linked to the earlier-known works of Varaždin sculptor Johann Adam Rosemberger. Although damaged and lacking attributes, the statues can be interpreted, according to how they were carved and postured, as depicting St. Barbara and St. John the Evangelist. The Gothic statue of Our Lady of Radovan has to a great extent been degraded by a recent renovation. Conservation research indicated that the statue had in the past undergone multiple renovations, whereby the Virgin’s crown was replaced with a new one on at least two occasions. The most recent renovation in 1997 saw at least one historical layer of painting removed and the sculpture fully repainted, repeating to some extent the found late 18th-century polychromy. Given that the latter is preserved only in fragments, it was for the time being decided against the removing of the 1997 repolychromy and its presentation.

Bachelor thesis is focused on identifying opportunities for economic development of very small municipalities and the role of the primary sector. At the beginning, this work assesses the extensive European literature concerning the problems and prospects of small and very small rural municipalities, mostly dealing with factors influencing the population of smaller municipalities. This work also addresses to the situation of small and very small municipalities in the Vysočina region based on the results of the census and the labor market situation, moreover, this paper describes residential structure of the settlement in the region and its economic situation with respect to the primary sector. Current demographic changes within the settlements with fewer than 200 inhabitants in the Vysočina region are examined more specifically. Then the available information on the current status of selected very small municipalities, especially of Bělá and Michalovice, is evaluated in terms of geographic location, economic activity of the population, demographic changes and structure. The main task is to examine the economic base of these municipalities using the automated register of economic entities. The findings are presented in tables and graphs. The development possibilities for the municipalities are proposed in the conclusion.

Margečanska župna crkva svete Margarete i tri filijalne kapele u Beli, Radovanu i Tužnom čuvaju vrijedan i zanimljiv inventar iz 15. - 20. stoljeća, čije stanje, između zapuštenosti i brige lišene odgovarajuće i dovoljne stručne potpore, tužno svjedoči o manjkavosti sustava zaštite kulturne baštine. Pregled inventara proveden u sklopu programa konzervatorsko-restauratorskih istraživanja gotičkog kipa Majke Božje Radovanske ukazao je na to da umjetnine te župe, osim povijesti, dijele i zajedničke konzervatorske probleme, poput aktivne crvotočine i nedavnih, amaterskih obnova usmjerenih ponajprije postizanju izgleda novog. Istraživanja prate tragove premještanja i recikliranja umjetnina unutar iste župe kroz povijest.

The Recent species currently ascribed to the Bela brachystoma-complex, Gastropoda Mangeliidae, (i.e.: Bela brachystoma (Philippi, 1844); Bela africana Ardovini, 2004; Bela ardoviniiMariottini et Oliverio, 2008; Bela exilis (Ardovini, 2004) should better be allocated in the genus Sorgenfreispira Moroni, 1979. Based on numerous samples, the distribution of the Recent species is summarised. Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) comb. nov. ranges from Scandinavia to southern Morocco. Sorgenfreispira africana (Ardovini, 2004) comb. nov. is first recorded from Western Sahara, Ivory Coast, Angola and Ghana; Sorgenfreispira ardovinii (Mariottini et Oliverio, 2008) comb. nov. is first recorded from Ivory Coast; S. exilis (Ardovini, 2004) comb. nov. is first recorded from Mauritania, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast, Angola. Based on the study of the type material, Bela brachystoma apicalis Nordsieck, 1977, was actually based on specimens of B. taprurensis Pallary, 1904. Bela taprurensis is here first recorded from Libya.

Bela nebula Lectotype: implications for Bela and Mangelia Although the number of species included in the genus Bela has been drastically reduced during the last decades, Bela may still represent several distinct genus-level groups. Doubts on its monophyly have been expressed, in particular concerning Pleurotoma brachystoma Philippi, 1844 and related species (see Mariottini et al. 2008, 2009 for further details). The species illustrated in figures 2 A–I and 2 M– O give an idea of the broad morphological shell variability seen in the genus Bela, as currently conceived. The designation of a lectotype for B. nebula allows closer constraint on the usage of Bela Leach in Gray (1847 a). The genus Bela should include species with small shells (commonly shell height 2), the protoconch whorls are smooth, except for the last where low, curved axial riblets are overrun by a few rows of obsolete spiral elements forming swollen tubercles at the intersection. Micropustules are sometimes present, especially in proximity to the protoconch-teleoconch junction. The teleoconch is generally fusiform with the spire whorls of slight to medium convexity, hence giving the spire a conical profile. Sutures are commonly bordered by a subsutural, slightly swollen collar. On the teleoconch, the axial sculpture is predominant and extending between the sutures, whereas the numerous spiral elements are subdued and commonly interrupted by dense growth lines. In addition, dense micropustules cover the remaining teleoconch surface. The aperture is lanceolate, elongated, with a thin outer lip smooth inside. The siphonal canal is short and the anal sinus is shallow and placed on the subsutural ramp. Examples of species we consider belonging to Bela are: Ginnania taprurensis Pallary 1904; Pleurotoma fuscata Deshayes 1835 sensu Nordsieck (1977) (Figs. 2 A–C, M); Raphitoma zonata Locard 1891, R. decussata Locard 1891 and Bela pseudoappeliusi Naldi, Della Bella & Scarponi, 2013; we refer to Tucker (2004) and Naldi et al. (2013) for iconographic references. As mentioned above, Pleurotoma brachystoma Philippi 1844 (Figs. 2 D–F, N) and allied Pleurotoma scalariforme Brugnone 1862, Bela nitida Pavia 1976, B. africana Ardovini 2008, B. exilis Ardovini 2004 (see Tucker 2004 and Mariottini et al. 2008 for iconographic references), even though often referred to Bela, are dubiously attributed to it (e.g., Mariottini et al. 2008). These species have very small shells (shell height B. nebula, except the sculpture on the last protoconch whorl is stronger, the tubercles are pointed at the intersection with the axials, and extend over more of the surface. With respect to Bela nebula, the teleoconch of P. brachystoma and allied species (what we subsequently refer to as the ‘ B. brachystoma group’) is characterized by inflated whorls separated by a deep suture that gives the spire a cyrtoconid-turriculate profile. In addition, the sculpture is more pronounced than in B. nebula and allied species, especially the spiral elements, which are more widely spaced, less numerous and more variable in thickness (i.e., very thin on the subsutural ramp and thicker below the shoulder). The aperture of P. brachystoma is also peculiar, with a sub-rectangular outline and a very thin, almost transparent, outer lip. For anatomical features see Fretter & Graham (1985) and Mariottini et al. (2008). Additional species within the genus Bela (see Tucker 2004 for references) that share features that are distinct from those of members of the B. nebula group include a set of fossil species: Pleurotoma nevropleura Brugnone 1862, Raphitoma plicatella Bellardi 1847 and R. hispidula Bellardi 1847 (Figs. 2 G–I, O). These species have larger shell dimensions in comparison to members of the B. nebula group; however, shell height is commonly less than 30 mm. The protoconch ornamentation is comparable to that of B. brachystoma group, but with weaker sculpture. The teleoconch shape is distinct from that of the previous groups (i.e., B. nebula and P. brachystoma groups). The teleoconch profile is generally biconic, the whorls are depressed to slightly concave above the angular periphery, flat-sided below, resulting in a markedly turriculate spire profile. The suture is linear, bordered by a narrow subsutural collar (like in B. nebula). The axial sculpture is more pronounced and generally sharper than in the previous groups. The spiral ornamentation is denser and stronger than in the B. nebula group, composed of cords of very irregular strength, usually deeply indented by growth lines, most conspicuously so below the periphery (such as in the P. brachystoma group). The aperture is elongate and narrow to relatively wide; the outer lip is thin and smooth inside, and the anal sinus is on the shoulder slope, relatively wide, but shallow; compared to the previous groups. The siphonal canal is longer than in previous groups. With this stricter definition proposed for the genus Bela, and the designation of a neotype for the genus Mangelia type species: M. striolata (Figs. 2 J–L, P) by Spada & Della Bella (2010), differences between the allied (and sometime interchanged) genera become clearer. In Mangelia, the outer lip is thickened by a varix externally and internally thickened by a callus extending over the outer lip or forming a bulge in the proximity of the anal sinus. The anal sinus is well-developed in most species, C-shaped, and placed subsuturally (Figs. 2 K–L). The axials tend to be thin (smaller than interspaces), sharp, slightly sinuous with maximum curvature in their upper part. In Bela, the outer lip is thin, lacking an external varix and smooth internally; the axial sculpture is composed of broad, rounded ribs, usually wider than their interspaces. In contrast, in the genus Bela, the anal sinus is shallow, v-shaped and placed on the subsutural ramp. There are also small differences in the protoconch sculpture: on the last protoconch whorl in Mangelia the spiral cordlets are continuous and swollen over the axial riblets (Fig. 2 P), whereas in Bela the cordlets are weaker and pointed over the axials (Figs. 1 J–L; 2 M). Anatomical features for B. nebula and M. striolata are described respectively in Fretter & Graham (1985) and Spada & Della Bella (2010)., Published as part of Daniele, Scarponi, Landau, Bernard, Janssen, Ronald, Morgenroth, Holly & Bella, Giano Della, 2014, Lectotype designation for Murex nebula Montagu 1803 (Mangeliidae) and its implications for Bela Leach in Gray 1847, pp. 45-54 in Zootaxa 3884 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3884.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287442, {"references":["Philippi, R. A. (1844) Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae cum Viventium tum in Tellure Tertiaria Fossilium quae in Itinere suo Observavit Auctor. Volumen Secundum Continens Addenda et Emendanda, nec non Comparationem Faunae Recentis Siciliae cum Faunis Aliarum Terrarum et cum Fauna Periodi Tertiariae. E. Anton, Halis Saxonum, iv + 303 pp.","Mariottini, P., Di Giulio, A., Smriglio, C. & Oliverio, M. (2008) Notes on the Bela brachystoma complex, with description of a new species (Mollusca, Gastropoda,; Conidae). Aldrovandia, 4, 3 - 20.","Mariottini, P., Smriglio, C., Di Giulio, A. & Oliverio, M. (2009) A new fossil conoidean from the Pliocene of Italy with comments on the Bela menkhorsti complex (Gastropoda: Conidae). Journal of Conchology, 40, 5 - 14.","Gray, J. E. (1847 a) The classification of the British Mollusca, by W. E. Leach, M. D. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 20, 267 - 273. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 037454809496042","Pallary, P. (1904) Addition a la faune malacologique du Golfe de Gabes. Journal de Conchyliologie, 52, 212 - 248. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13040","Deshayes, G. P. (1835) Expedition Scientifique de Moree. Vol. 3. Mollusques. Bertrand, Paris, 123 pp. [pp. 81 - 203]","Nordsieck, F. (1977) The Turridae of the European Seas. La Piramide, Rome, 131 pp.","Locard, A. (1891) Les coquilles marines des cotes de France. Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 37, 1 - 385. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14011","Naldi, F., Della Bella, G. & Scarponi, D. (2013) Descrizione di Bela pseudoappeliusi n. sp. (Neogastropoda, Mangeliidae) dal Plio- Pleistocene dell'Italia. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 52, 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4435 / BSPI. 2013.1","Tucker, J. K. (2004) Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa, 682, 1 - 1295.","Brugnone, G. A. (1862) Memoria Sopra Alcuni Pleurotomi Fossili dei Dintorni di Palermo. F. Lao, Palermo, 41 pp.","Pavia, G. (1976) I molluschi del Pliocene inferiore di Monteu Roero (Alba, Italia NW). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 14, 99 - 175.","Ardovini, R. (2008) Bela africana n. sp. (Gastropoda Turridae) West Africa, Senegal. Malacologia 58, 12 - 13.","Ardovini, R. (2004) Due nuove specie e una nuova sottospecie di Turridae da Senegal. Malacologia 43, 7 - 9.","Fretter, V. & Graham, A. (1985) The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 8 - Neogastropoda. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 15 (Supplement), 508 - 556. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19720570626","Bellardi, L. (1847) Monografia delle Pleurotome fossili del Piemonte. Stamperia Reale, Torino, 119 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58977","Spada, G. & Della Bella, G. (2010) Identification of Mangelia striolata, type species of the genus Mangelia Risso, 1826. Bollettino Malacologico, 46, 76 - 83."]}

The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) onboard the Mercury Planetary Orbiter is Europe’s first built Laser Altimeter for a planetary mission. Its main objectives are global mapping of Mercury’s topography as well as measuring its tidal deformations to learn about the internal structure of this small terrestrial planet [1]. Crucial part of the instrument for this task is the transmitter laser. It must withstand all mission phases till operation in orbit and work within tight parameter margins. To ensure this a dedicated verification program has been performed at DLR Institute for Planetary Research Berlin which is described in the present paper.