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Clinical guidelines recommend the development of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks at community, regional and/or national level to ideally offer primary coronary angioplasty, or at least the best available STEMI care to all patients. However, there is a discrepancy between this clinical recommendation and daily practice, with no coordinated care for STEMI patients in many regions of the world. While this can be a consequence of lack of resources, in reality it is more frequently a lack of organisational power. In this paper, the Stent - Save a Life! Initiative (www.stentsavealife.com) proposes a practical methodology to set up a STEMI network effectively in any region of the world with existing resources, and to develop the STEMI network continuously once it has been established.

AIMS: Reports of long-term outcomes of patients treated with drug-eluting stents in total coronary occlusions are limited. We analysed clinical outcomes of patients treated with the zotarolimus-eluting Resolute stent (R-ZES) implanted in coronary total occlusions versus non-occluded lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients treated with R-ZES and included in four trials (RESOLUTE All Comers, RESOLUTE International, RESOLUTE China RCT, and RESOLUTE China Registry) were pooled and divided into three groups – patients with chronic total occlusions (CTO), patients with total occlusions that had occurred recently (rec-TO), and patients without total occlusions (non-TO). Clinical outcomes at five years were analysed. Of 5,487 patients treated with R-ZES in these trials, 8.0% had CTOs, 8.5% rec-TOs and 83.5% non-TOs. Patients had a mean age of 62.8 years, approximately 25% were female and 30% were diabetics. TLF was similar in the three groups at five years (TLF was 13.2%, 12.5% and 13.3% in the CTO, rec-TO and non-TO groups, respectively, p=0.96). Stent thrombosis tended to occur more frequently for rec-TO compared to CTO and non-TO patients (2.6% vs 1.2% and 1.3%, respectively, p=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: In this large population of patients who had R-ZES implanted, five-year clinical outcomes were similar whether or not the stents were implanted in total occlusions.

Introduction A reduction in the number of interventional cardiology procedures has emerged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was performed to quantify this decrease and the impact on the management of myocardial infarction in Latin America. Methods A telematic survey was conducted for all countries in Latin America. Diagnostic catheterisations, coronary and structural interventions, as well as the incidence and delay to reperfusion therapy of myocardial infarction (STEMI), were recorded. Two periods were compared: from 24 February to 8 March 2020 (pre-COVID-19) and another 2‑week period that varied according to country (COVID-19). Results Responses were obtained from 79 centres in 20 countries. There was a significant decrease in the number of diagnostic procedures (−65.2%), coronary interventions (−59.4%), structural therapeutics (−86.1%) and STEMI care (−51.2%). A decrease was noted in the incidence of STEMI, but also a delay in the time to STEMI reperfusion. While there was a variation in activity in interventional cardiology between countries, patient behaviour was rather homogeneous. Conclusions A significant reduction in healthcare activity has been noted during the COVID-19 pandemic, including STEMI care, with the risk of increased mortality and/or morbidity following STEMI. Healthcare providers should encourage patients with suspected symptoms of STEMI to call for emergency care to ensure rapid diagnosis and timely reperfusion treatment.

Existen crecientes informes sobre una drástica caída en consultas y realización de procedimientoscardiovasculares (incluyendo urgencias y emergencias) en regiones afectadas por la pandemia deCOVID-19, con el consecuente incremento marcado de la mortalidad total que no se explica totalmente por las defunciones atribuidas a COVID-19. En Argentina, la enfermedad cardiovascular lidera el ranking de muertes en adultos con 280 muertes por día, y en las últimas décadas hemos reducido su mortalidad entre 20 y 30% mediante diversas intervenciones basadas en la evidencia. En el presente trabajo realizamos análisis predictivos para entender cuáles podrían ser las consecuencias de una peor implementación de dichas intervenciones. Estimamos que un menor control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de abril a octubre de 2020 podría causar hasta 10 500 nuevos casos prevenibles de enfermedad cardiovascular. En términos de infarto de miocardio, una caída del 40% al 60% del tratamiento de reperfusión podría incrementar la mortalidad del 3% al 5%. Un incremento marginal de riesgo relativo de 10% a 15% de muerte cardiovascular equivaldría a un exceso de 6000 a 9000 muertes evitables. En conclusión, dada la alta prevalencia y fatalidad de la enfermedad cardiovascular, incluso un pequeño impacto negativo en la eficacia de su cuidado se traducirá en grandes cantidades de afectados en Argentina. Es necesario informar a las autoridades y educar al público para que sigan controlando enfermedades cardiovasculares y sus factores de riesgo, siempre que existan recursos y minimizando el riesgo de contagio y propagación del virus. There are increasing reports of a drastic drop in consultations and cardiovascular procedures (including urgencies and emergencies) in regions affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with a consequent marked increase in total mortality that is not fully explained by COVID-19. Cardiovascular disease leads the ranking in deaths in adults in Argentina with 280 deaths per day, and in recent decades we have reduced its mortality by 20-30% through various evidence-based interventions. Herein we conducted predictive analyses to understand what could be the consequences of a worse implementation of those interventions. We estimate that less control of cardiovascular risk factors from April to October 2020 could cause up to 10 500 new preventable cases of cardiovascular disease. In terms of myocardial infarction, a drop from 40% to 60% of the reperfusion treatment could increase mortality by 3% to 5%. A marginal 10% to 15% increase in relative risk of cardiovascular death would be equivalent to an excess of 6000 to 9000 preventable deaths. In conclusion, given the high prevalence and fatality of cardiovascular disease, even a small negative impact on the efficacy of its care will translate into large numbers of people affected in Argentina. It is necessary to inform the authorities and educate the public so cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors remain a health priority, as long as resources exist and minimizing the risk of contagion and spread of the virus. Fil: Lamelas, Pablo. Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires; Argentina. McMaster University. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact; Estados Unidos Fil: Botto, Fernando. Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Pedernera, Gustavo. Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Alves de Lima, Alberto Enrique. Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Costabel, Juan Pablo. Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Belardi, Jorge. Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires; Argentina