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The paper continues the study of reconversion of a 400 kW hot water boiler in a steam generator suitable to valorise the energy content of briquettes and pellets of agricultural biomass. After steam parameters selection (pressure, temperature, mass-flow rate), an overview of main steam machines types (axial, radial, screw, piston engine) is done. Further, a parallel design of most wide-spread ones (Laval, Curtis and radial) were performed, at different rotation speeds, in order to find the best configuration in respect with the flow section dimensions, internal efficiency and power (electrical and thermal) output. The results of the paper could be very useful for the investors in agricultural “waste-to-energy” projects in order to select appropriate technology and equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research was carried out at the experimental installation defined by the 2 MW furnace pilot from the Politehnica University of Bucharest and ICEMENRG institute who was involved for measurements. The purpose of the experimental study is to confirm that the use of a coal with low sulphur content S<0.08% is possible without the use of sulphur-purification installations for industrial purposes. But, the high moisture content of the coal has imposed the problem of its compatibility with a certain milling technology. The pilot plant is equipped with fan mill and pre-drying tower. Under these conditions, this installation allows the grinding of fuels with high moisture content. The experiments focused on the process of ignition, combustion and pollutant emissions, with the exemplification, in particular, of the emission of sulfur dioxide. Also, the outbreak temperatures and the slugging temperature were monitored. For this purpose, the outbreak of the pilot boiler was equipped with all the equipment necessary to follow these parameters. The experiments have shown positive aspects to the burning of this fuel, thus laying the foundations of future tests at industrial installations (first of all, the power plant from Deva is considered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania is in a full process of development in regards to producing energy from renewable sources. Successes have been recorded in the wind and hydro sectors, however, challenges are still to be solved in the field of biofuels. In previous years, research and investments targeting facilities that make use of a larger range of renewable fuels and their respective incineration technologies were carried out. The experience thus gained allows for a redefinition of the range of fuels which can constitute cost-worthy power producing solutions. Defining the renewable fuels of the future is of utmost importance for a country with a significant agricultural potential, but also with a temperate climate. After eliminating some cultures specific to warmer climates and not taking into account the quantity/price ratio, the current paper highlights a synthetic approach (a matrix) to the fuels of the future applicable to the power sector in Romania. At the definition base for the matrix also stands data gained from the experience of the researchers in the respective domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic addressed in this paper is related to two waste management (poultry manure) objectives: reducing environmental impact through combustion, and energy generation. Poultry industry waste is produced in large amounts and cannot be always used as a fertilizer. Its storage needs large sites, but if they are improperly designed could affect the phreatic groundwater. The paper is organized as it follows. The first part presents the energy characteristics the waste samples analyzed (they come from a poultry farm, which beds the floor with cereal straw or sawdust; relatively to the waste mass, the bedding represents about 5% to 15%). The samples are taken from an intermediate warehouse located between the production halls and the central warehouse of a large capacity poultry farm. Regarding the location, the poultry farm is placed in the center of the historical region of Moldova, in Romania. From an exclusively energetic point of view, differences between the two beddings are not significant, since they both belong to the biomass class; if the biomass bedding lacks (very rare), the energy characteristics of the poultry manure get worse. The second part introduces a technology suitable for this kind of waste combustion. Starting from the energy properties, thermal conditions for ignition and flame support are investigated. The boiler types adequate for the process are specified, appropriate thermal power range is indicated. Considering the very difficult manipulation of this particular waste, its use is recommended for thermal energy production. Local utilization is taken into consideration, especially for heating purposes, for instance of the production halls. According to the results of this study, boilers equipped with mobile grate combustion installations and using gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons fuel aid are expected to have good yields for energetic valorization of poultry waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the methodology for revealing the energy charactersitics of poultry manure, collected from the storage facility of a chicken breedind farm. The collection of data on the possibility of its combustion for economic or ecologic-energy purposes point of views was considered. Six tests were performed, including technical analysis, elemental analysis, lower calorific value and ignition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the paper analyses the role of renewable resources in the production of electric and thermal energy in Romania. It was taken in consideration also the wood mass destined to heating the population, as a large number of households still use this fuel exclusively. Starting from the plough land and its associated production, there is the availability of agricultural biomass possible to use for energy production. The paper is concluded with the final considerations on the benefits of using biomass for energy production. As far as straw is concerned, a feasible long-distance transport option has not yet been found, so their use is limited to the range in which the trucks can be economically conveyed. The same is true for the case of energy willow or sorghum crops. For sorghum its fermentation is advantageous. For the biomass cultivator the following opportunities can be identified: Reduced storage costs; Reducing the environmental pollution and, implicitly, avoiding the sanitation costs of the adjacent area; Income generation through sales; Development of deprived areas and rational employment of the workforce. For the biomass consumer the following advantages can be mentioned: Reducing Renewable Fuel Costs vs. Conventional Fuels (Fuel, Natural Gas, Coal); as a rule, in Romania, agricultural biomass was imposed for the production of thermal energy; Reducing environmental costs. This is possible if it is considered that by using biomass as a fuel, CO2 emissions are considered to be zero compared to the use of conventional fuels under the Kyoto Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a solution for the replacement of conventional fuels with biofuels in order to protect the environment. The proposed biofuel is formed of diesel and a certain amount of animal fats. Biodiesel is similar to diesel fuel but with small differences. The animal fat is the result of the skin processes in the leather industry. In this industry it represents a waste and it is not used. We can consider that the animal fats are a renewable biofuel source. The proposed fuel has the properties of a renewable diesel. The method proposed in this article represents a recovery of this type of waste in the leather industry. The injection mode of this mixture, the flame length and the flame ignition temperature influence the proposed method. The burning of the mixture was done in a boiler Multiplex CL50. The injection of the mixture was performed with the ANYO- 12 burner. This paper presents the results obtained from numerical simulation using the software ANSYS-CFX for viewing the mixture characteristics. The simulations performed were realized for different diameters of the nozzle. The results showed that we can use the waste from animal fat for the burning process and to help to protect the environment by recovering this type of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the possibility of using poultry manure pyrolysis to obtain energy- efficient products. Poultry manure pyrolysis is the intended technology of combustion for both ecological and energy generation purposes, obtaining coke and gas fuel. The waste subjected to pyrolysis had a behaviour very close to that of the inferior coal. This is also confirmed by the elemental analysis; high moisture value raising issues when direct combustion is used. The combustion of the poultry manure through various technologies, including pyrolysis, using also another fuel, is a secondary result. Waste management represents a current major concern, especially for modern society who faces the pressing problem of their storage. Thermal treatment is a solution adopted in several circumstances. The results obtained show that waste behavior is very close to that of inferior coal. Power consumption for pyrolysis process falls within satisfactory limits; bellow the heat obtained by burning pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis fuel products, represented by semi-coke and coke, are likely to be used to produce energy. The paper presents a practical way of economic and ecological exploitation of the garbage from the poultry farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the research results of burning in the 2 MW pilot boiler furnace of lignite from the Oltenia region in order to determine the NOx emissions limits. A functional model burner was used that has slots and that develops staggered combustion technology which is to be industrially implemented in the Işalniţa Power Plant. The similarity criteria were observed between the thermodynamic combustion parameters and between the experimental simulation and the real industrial boiler installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research involves designing a supply installation with hydrogen gas or HRG gas to the discontinuous operation boilers with solid biomass. The introduction of gas was expected to be in the biomass supply pipe, realizing the improvement of the ignition of the biomass in particular for granulation and high humidity situations. The gas is introduced only during supply of biomass and serves to control (reduce) the emission of carbon monoxide (CO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the opportunity and the efficiency of the biomass power plant based on Rankine-Hirn thermodynamic cycle. The innovative aspect of this research is focused on the concept of integrated use of the biomass for energy purposes, from the crops formation and initiation up to the electricity and heat markets. The different constructive solutions analysis of the low power steam turbines permits estimation of technical performances and economic indicators, to obtain a successful project. The main goals are a maximized internal efficiency of the turbine at lowest rated load and positive economic indicators (payback period, net present value, internal rate of return) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the third phase of a research grant [1] with the purpose of decrease of NOx emissions, using a staggered combustion new lignite burner. Until now, the research team has tested the burner on the wind tunnel and by numerical modeling. After design and manufacturing, the burner will be tested in a 2 MWth pilot boiler in order to simulate the behavior of the combustion system to be retrofitted at CHP Isalniţa. Due to the modular construction, it is possible to multiply the operational results of a single experimental burner to the whole structure of the industrial burner. In the next pages we will present the design approach of this burner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience and positive results obtained in combustion of solid biomass with hydrogen allowed the development of innovative technologies for renewable solid fuels. Two concepts for efficient combustion of solid biomass with hydrogen have been developed: combustion in a tunnel burner attached to a low thermal power boiler respectively combustion in complex power plants comprising gas-producing, internal combustion engine, steam boiler and steam turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]