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IntroductionMeningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumour in adults. The majority are non-malignant, but a proportion behave more aggressively. Incidental/minimally symptomatic meningioma are often managed by serial imaging. Symptomatic meningioma, those that threaten neurovascular structures, or demonstrate radiological growth, are usually resected as first-line management strategy. For patients in poor clinical condition, or with inoperable, residual or recurrent disease, radiotherapy is often used as primary or adjuvant treatment. Effective pharmacotherapy treatments do not currently exist. There is heterogeneity in the outcomes measured and reported in meningioma clinical studies. Two ‘Core Outcome Sets’ (COS) will be developed: (COSMIC: Intervention) for use in meningioma clinical effectiveness trials and (COSMIC: Observation) for use in clinical studies of incidental/untreated meningioma.Methods and analysisTwo systematic literature reviews and trial registry searches will identify outcomes measured and reported in published and ongoing (1) meningioma clinical effectiveness trials, and (2) clinical studies of incidental/untreated meningioma. Outcomes include those that are clinician reported, patient reported, caregiver reported and based on objective tests (eg, neurocognitive tests), as well as measures of progression and survival. Outcomes will be deduplicated and categorised to generate two long lists. The two long lists will be prioritised through two, two-round, international, modified eDelphi surveys including patients with meningioma, healthcare professionals, researchers and those in caring/supporting roles. The two final COS will be ratified through two 1-day online consensus meetings, with representation from all stakeholder groups.Ethics and disseminationInstitutional review board (University of Liverpool) approval was obtained for the conduct of this study. Participant eConsent will be obtained prior to participation in the eDelphi surveys and consensus meetings. The two systematic literature reviews and two final COS will be published and freely available.Trial registration numberCOMET study ID 1508

BACKGROUND Perioperative bleeding is common in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic drug that may safely decrease such bleeding. METHODS We conducted a trial involving patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (1-g intravenous bolus) or placebo at the start and end of surgery (reported here) and, with the use of a partial factorial design, a hypotension-avoidance or hypertension-avoidance strategy (not reported here). The primary efficacy outcome was life-threatening bleeding, major bleeding, or bleeding into a critical organ (composite bleeding outcome) at 30 days. The pri- mary safety outcome was myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, nonhemor- rhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, or symptomatic proximal venous thromboembolism (composite cardiovascular outcome) at 30 days. To establish the noninferiority of tranexamic acid to placebo for the composite cardiovascular out- come, the upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval for the hazard ratio had to be below 1.125, and the one-sided P value had to be less than 0.025. RESULTS A total of 9535 patients underwent randomization. A composite bleeding outcome event occurred in 433 of 4757 patients (9.1%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 561 of 4778 patients (11.7%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confi- dence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.87; absolute difference, −2.6 percentage points; 95% CI, −3.8 to −1.4; two-sided P

Bu çalışmada, doğal kaynaklarımızdan biri olan Nevşehir bölgesine ait asidik pomza agregası ile Kırşehir bölgesinden elde edilen endüstriyel atık olan atık mermer tozunun kullanılması sonucu kendiliğinden yerleşen hafif beton üretilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. çimento ikame malzemesi olarak farklı oranlarda (%0, %5, %10 ve %15). Çalışma sonucunda fiziksel ve mekanik olarak kendiliğinden yerleşen hafif betondan üstün bir yapı malzemesi elde edilmesi hedeflenmiştir.Bu kapsamda, kendiliğinden yerleşen hafif betonların taze ve sertleşmiş özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Taze beton özelliklerini belirlemek için; taze beton birim ağırlık, çökme-yayılma, V hunisi, L kutu ve U kutu testi ve taze beton birim hacim ağırlık testi yapılmıştır. Sertleşmiş beton özelliklerini belirlemek için su emme, kuru birim ağırlık testi, basınç dayanımı testi, yarmada çekme dayanımı testleri uygulanmıştır.Çalışma sonucunda; %15 mermer tozu kullanımının uygun olacağı kendiliğinden yerleşen hafif beton üretiminde kullanılmasında bir sakınca olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Mermer tozu gibi endüstriyel atıkların beton üretiminde kullanılması hem çevre kirliliği hem de sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemlidir., In this study, it is aimed to produce self-compacting lightweight concrete as a result of using acidic pumice aggregate belonging to Nevşehir region, which is one of our natural resources, and waste marble dust, which is industrial waste and obtained from Kırşehir region, at different rates (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) as cement substitute material. As a result of the study, it is aimed to obtain a building material that is superior to the self-compacting lightweight concrete in physical and mechanical terms. In this context, the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting lightweight concretes were investigated. To determine the fresh concrete properties; fresh concrete unit weight, slump-sprawl, V funnel, L box and U box test and fresh concrete unit volume weight test were carried out. In order to determine the hardened concrete properties, water absorption, dry unit weight test, compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength tests were applied.As a result of the study; it has been determined that there is no harm in using it in the production of self-compacting lightweight concrete, where the use of 15% marble powder will be appropriate. The use of industrial wastes such as marble dust in concrete production is important in terms of both environmental pollution and sustainability.

The article demonstrates the timeliness of the emergence in Ukraine of new positions for higher / intermediate BIM qualification specialists at modern architectural offices and construction companies during design, construction, and operational stages of an architectural object. Attention is focused on the legislative framework for the development of interrelated (architectural and construction) specialties in Ukraine. At the same time, a shortage of personnel with deep knowledge of BIM technologies is noted. Development of specialized courses and curricula for training and integration of professional BIM managers in the design and development business throughout the country is encouraged. The hierarchy of the main responsibilities and functions of BIM managers determines the list of tasks and the direction of their professional activities. Engaging specialists from real design, leading specialized institutions, educational and experimental centers for the formation of an in-depth specialized training course for top-level specialists is proposed. For the preparation of BIM managers, the concept of a training program for senior years of a specialized university, a refresher courses or other postgraduate trainings in licensed training centers has been proposed. It includes training in project administration, setting up collaboration, an interdisciplinary system, checking the model’s quality, effective organization of BIM processes themselves and within a company, as a whole. A system of organizational, technical, methodological, software and other means of ensuring the educational process is considered. The stages and specifics of professional staff development, as well as preparation for the subsequent BIM certification, have been specified., Матеріали статті присвячені удосконаленню кваліфікації сучасних спеціалістів проектної справи, зокрема архітекторів. Представлена концепція та етапи підготовки BIM-менеджерів, розглядається зміст програми навчального курсу, специфіка підготовки інженерних та архітектурних кадрів.

Викладені основні цілі та задачі підготовки BIM-фахівців (директор, менеджер, майстер, координатор, моделлер). Матеріал містить круг повноважень BIM-управлінців, передумови та концепцію програми навчального курсу з підготовки архітектурних кадрів., The article highlights the importance and timeliness for Ukraine of required implementation of BIM technologies in design and construction. The expediency of "BIM-standard" for modern architectural bureaus and construction companies all over the world in the design, construction and operation of objects is announced. The introduction of innovative BIM technology in the project organizations and the emergence of new roles from the specialists of higher, middle and lower qualification: BIM-manager, BIM-coordinator, BIM-user.The hierarchy of basic responsibilities and functions of BIM managers is discussed in detail. Implementation process management, BIM manager application management at the company level. Assisting the BIM-manager in the modeling part and advising the users on the project development by the BIM-coordinator. Layout of drawings, gradual training of simple modeling by the beginning BIM-user. At the same time there is a shortage of personnel in Ukraine with a deep knowledge of BIM technologies. Establishment of specialized courses and trainings for "education" and integration of professional BIM project managers. However, in the development of such technologies by the leading universities of Ukraine, there are significant shortcomings - obtaining only basic skills of developing an architectural model without systematic information content, accounting for interaction resources in the BIM environment, project diagnostics.It is proposed to involve experienced professionals in real design, leading profile institutions, training and experimental centers to form an in-depth specialized training course for senior specialists. Expanding the use of BIM and supporting the practice of companies-distributors of such software (Autodesk, Bentley, Graphisoft, Nemetschek, Tekla), the activity of the initiative platform for the implementation of BIM in Ukraine within the Architectural Club, KBU and BIM-Community.The training of BIM managers requires a shortened or expanded program, depending on the experience and preparedness of the specialists. For example, arranging education at a specialized university, advanced training or other post-graduate courses at licensed training centers. At the same time, it provides coverage of modeling training, setting up teamwork, project administration, quality control, effective organization of BIM processes in own activities and in the company as a whole. This defines the content, stages and specifics of the program of the staff development - architects, designers, engineers and other specialists to BIM-reality, with subsequent testing and certification.

Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas. Maestría en Ciencias Químicas Within the heterocyclic compounds, indole is one of the structures of great relevance because it is widely distributed in nature, besides being part as base nucleus in many pharmacologically important compounds. There is a large number of natural and synthetic indoles used as pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals. Additionally, it is known that various indole derivatives, for example, bis(3-indolyl)methanes (BIMs) have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and apoptosis induction properties, among others. There are several synthetic methodologies to access these derivatives, however, some methods have some limitations, such as, long reaction times, use of toxic organic solvents, high reaction temperatures, expensive catalysts, low or moderate yields and limited substrate reach. In view of these important applications, arises the necessity to design new synthetic methodologies for the preparation of these compounds. Therefore, in this work, was carried out the preparation of the thiourea organocatalysts 1-4 in yields from 63 to 92%. Additionally, the ability of these thioureas to act as Brønsted acid in the Friedel-Cratfs (F-C) alkylation reaction of the indole with the substrates 81a-k was evaluated. The 5a-k BIMs were obtained in low to moderate yields (10 to 70%) under conventional heating conditions, without solvent and in a time of 24 h, demonstrating the ability of these thioureas to catalyze the F-C alkylation of indole. The comparative analysis for the unsubstituted thiourea 1 with respect to 2-4, varying the electroatractor capacity of the substituents in specific positions, (para and meta-meta) indicate that the greater acidity of the hydrogens on the –NH groups for the latter, favors its participation as Brønsted acids in the activation of the carbonyl substrate during indole alkylation. Dentro de los compuestos heterocíclicos, el indol es una de las estructuras de gran relevancia por estar ampliamente distribuido en la naturaleza, además de encontrarse como núcleo base en muchos compuestos farmacológicamente importantes. Existe un gran número de indoles naturales y sintéticos utilizados como productos farmacéuticos y químicos agrícolas. Adicionalmente se sabe que varios derivados de indol, por ejemplo, los bis(3-indolil)metanos (BIMs) tienen propiedades antimicrobianas, antiinflamatorias, antioxidantes, anticancerosas e inducción de apoptosis, entre otras. Existen diversas metodologías sintéticas para tener acceso a estos derivados; sin embargo, algunos métodos presentan limitaciones como largos tiempos de reacción, uso de disolventes orgánicos tóxicos, altas temperaturas de reacción, catalizadores costosos, rendimientos bajos o moderados y alcance limitado del sustrato. En vista de estas importantes aplicaciones, surge la necesidad de diseñar nuevas metodologías sintéticas que resuelvan las limitaciones mencionadas, considerando el impacto ambiental, económico y la aportación de métodos más eficientes, seguros y sencillos. Debido a lo anterior, en el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo la obtención de los organocatalizadores de tiourea 1-4 en rendimientos que van del 63 al 92%. Adicionalmente se evaluó la capacidad de estas tioureas para actuar como ácido de Brønsted en la reacción de alquilación de Friedel-Cratfs (F-C) del indol con los sustratos 81a-k. Los BIMs 5a-k se obtuvieron en rendimientos de bajos a moderados (10 al 70%) en condiciones de calentamiento convencional, sin disolvente y en un tiempo de 24 h, demostrando la capacidad de estas tioureas para catalizar la alquilación de F-C del indol. El análisis comparativo de la tiourea no sustituida 1 en relación a 2-4, variando la capacidad electroatractora de los sustituyentes en posiciones específicas, (para y meta-meta) indican que la mayor acidéz de los hidrógenos en los grupos –NH para éstas últimas, favorece su participación como ácidos de Brønsted en la activación del sustrato carbonílico durante la alquilación del indol.

Bu çalışmada, Nevşehir ilinin önemli ekonomik kaynaklarından biri olan pomza endüstrisinin genel durumunu ve önemli problemlerini belirlemek için sektörün paydaşlarıyla ikili görüşmeler ve arazi çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ülkemiz yaklaşık 18 milyar ton olan dünya pomza rezervinin %15.8’ine sahip olurken, Nevşehir ise ülke rezervinin %17’sine sahiptir. Aynı zamanda Türkiye pomza madeni işletme ruhsatlarının yaklaşık %20’sine sahip olan Nevşehir bölgesi, bu açıdan birinci sırada yer almaktadır. Nevşehir pomza endüstrisi genel olarak iç piyasaya yönelik olup, son yıllarda üretim hacmi hızla gelişmektedir. Buna karşın ihracat hacmi, yüksek nakliye giderleri, sektör tarafından düşük standartlı ürünlerin varlığı, yapı malzemesi dışında (tekstil, kimya vb.) alternatif ürünlerin azlığı gibi nedenlerden dolayı azalan bir eğilim göstermektedir. Üreticilerin %63’ü herhangi bir Ar-Ge çalışması yapmazken, bölgedeki üniversiteler ve pomza endüstrisinin işbirliği yok denilecek düzeydedir. Tüm bunlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda Nevşehir pomza sektörünün problemleri şu şekilde özetlenebilir. Bunlar, ürün ve kalite standardizasyonu konusunda anlayış eksikliği, pazarlama noktasında bilinçsizlik, üniversite-sanayi işbirliğinin sınırlı düzeyde olması, Ar-Ge çalışmalarının yetersizliği, kalifiye eleman eksikliği, haksız rekabetin neden olduğu düşük fiyat, ortak hareket etme kültürünün yetersizliği ve katma değeri düşük ürünlerin sektöre hâkim olması olarak tespit edilmiştir. The pumice industry is one of the most crucial economic incomes in Nevşehir province. Thus, field studies and interviews with industry stakeholders were carried out to determine the general condition and the main problems of the pumice industry. World pumice reserves are estimated to be around 18 billion tons while Turkey has 15.8% of world pumice reserves. Accordingly, Nevşehir has also a substantial potential (about 17% of Turkey pumice reserves) due to its geological structure. At the same time, 20% of pumice mining operation licenses in Turkey are assigned in Nevşehir leading to the first rank with this rate. The pumice industry of Nevşehir is mainly domestic and it is quickly developing in recent years. On the contrary, a decreasing trend has been reported in the export volume due to very high transportation costs, poor quality standards of the suppliers in the sector and less alternative fields of use rather than construction (e.g. textile, chemistry etc.). 63% of pumice operating companies do not invest any money for R&D. At the same time, the cooperation between university and pumice industry is extremely inadequate. Eventually, the major problems of the pumice industry in Nevşehir can be summarized as; insufficient understanding of the product and quality standardization, unconsciousness in marketing and promotion, limited cooperation of university and industry, limited R&D activities, lack of qualified staff, low prices due to unfair competition, lack of cooperative work habit and low quality products dominating the sector.

This paper presents the results of a unique project on joint integrity management between one of the major Dutch contractors and seven engineering companies. Due to the setup of the project, it was possible to relate the ambitions and intentions as stated in integrity programmes with the actual execution of construction projects. To achieve this, it was crucial to make integrity concrete, based on real life experiences. The project results show that there are only marginal differences between the project's aspirations and the adopted values when integrity management is analysed on the management level. The tensions around integrity management only become visible when the actual dilemmas at the different levels of an organisation are taken into account. These dilemmas, and their causes, provided a sound basis on which to discuss one another's roles in both provoking and dealing with integrity dilemmas. Based on the sharing of integrity risks, corrective actions have been taken that not only raise the level of integrity management but also has positive consequences for risk control and efficient cooperation between all the participating organisations.

Bim is known to be critical in killing of melanoma cells by inhibition of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. However, the potential role of the most potent apoptosis-inducing isoform of Bim, Bim(S), remains largely unappreciated. Here, we show that inhibition of the mutant B-RAF(V600E) triggers preferential splicing to produce Bim(S), which is particularly important in induction of apoptosis in B-RAF(V600E) melanoma cells. Although the specific B-RAF(V600E) inhibitor PLX4720 upregulates all three major isoforms of Bim, Bim(EL), Bim(L), and Bim(S), at the protein and mRNA levels in B-RAF(V600E) melanoma cells, the increase in the ratios of Bim(S) mRNA to Bim(EL) and Bim(L) mRNA indicates that it favours Bim(S) splicing. Consistently, enforced expression of B-RAF(V600E) in wild-type B-RAF melanoma cells and melanocytes inhibits Bim(S) expression. The splicing factor SRp55 appears necessary for the increase in Bim(S) splicing, as SRp55 is upregulated, and its inhibition by small interfering RNA blocks induction of Bim(S) and apoptosis induced by PLX4720. The PLX4720-induced, SRp55-mediated increase in Bim(S) splicing is also mirrored in freshly isolated B-RAF(V600E) melanoma cells. These results identify a key mechanism for induction of apoptosis by PLX4720, and are instructive for sensitizing melanoma cells to B-RAF(V600E) inhibitors.

The purpose of this causal comparative study was to test the theoretical Classroom Management Teacher Behavior Continuum of Wolfgang and Glickman (1980) that suggests that interventionist, noninterventionist, and interactionalist classrooms may differ in student outcomes. This study explored whether student outcomes in statewide standardized tests reading, English language arts, and math differ by interventionist, noninterventionist, or interactionalist teacher instruction management (IM) and behavior management (BM) styles. Survey data from eighty-three 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade teachers regarding instructional and behavioral classroom management beliefs were contrasted in the percentage students passing standardized tests of reading, ELA, and math using MANOVA at a threshold of p <.05. Student performance did not significantly differ by IM style, while interactionalist BM classrooms had a significantly higher percentage of student passing statewide tests of math, reading, and ELA than interventionist classrooms. This line of investigation is important towards fostering best practices for teachers and optimal outcomes for elementary school students.

Yapılar taşıyıcılık açısından güvenli, fonksiyonel, estetik ve kullanıcıların konfor şartlarını yerine getirmelidir. Türkiye'de tüketilen enerjinin önemli bir kısmı binalarda ısıtma enerjisi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Binalardaki ısı kayıplarını en aza indirdiği ve projede tasarım esnekliği sağladığı için yapım sisteminde dolgu bloklu dişli döşemeler son zamanlarda en yaygın kullanılan sistemdir.?Türkiye'de Dişli Döşemelerde Kullanılan Dolgu Malzemelerinin İncelenmesi Ve Isıl Geçirgenlik Açısından Değerlendirilmeleri? konulu tez çalışması hesap ve analiz yöntemine dayalı olarak Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalında hazırlanmıştır.Tez çalışması yedi bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde taşıyıcı sistem ve ısıl konforun öneminden bahsedilirken, ikinci bölümde betonarme yapım sistemi ve betonarme döşeme çeşitleri tanıtılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde dolgu bloklu dişli döşeme sistemleri açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde dolgu bloklu dişli döşemelerde kullanılan dolgu malzemeleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde ısıl konfor ve değişkenlerinin neler olduğu, ısı iletim mekanizmaları açıklanmış, yapı elemanlarının ısıl geçirgenliklerini hesaplama yöntemleri tanıtılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise hazırlanan teras çatı kesitlerinin TS 825 dikkate alınarak dört farklı derece gün bölgesine göre ısı geçişi hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Son bölümde ise elde edilen veriler ısıl geçirgenlik, ısı akısı ve iç yüzey sıcaklıkları açısından değerlendirilerek sonuçlar yorumlanmış ve sonraki çalışmalar açısından öneriler getirilmiştir. Ayrıca hesaplamalarda yararlanılan çizelgeler Ekler bölümünde verilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Dolgu Bloklu Dişli Döşemeler, Teras Çatılar, Isıl Konfor, Tuğla, Bims, Gazbeton, EPS Structures meet safe, functional, aesthetic requirements of users? comfort in terms of carrying process. Vast majority of energy consumed in Turkey is used as heating energy in buildings. Toothed floors with filling block are the system commonly used in recent times in structure system since they minimize heat losses in buildings and provide design flexibility in projects.Thesis study themed as ?Examination of Filling Materials Used in Toothed Floors in Turkey and Evaluation In Terms of Thermal Transmittance? has been prepared by Department of Architecture, Institute of Science, Trakya University based on calculation and analysis method.Thesis study consists of seven parts. In first part, while significance of carrying system and thermal conform has been mentioned in detail, in second part, varieties of concrete masonry system and reinforced concrete flooring have been introduced. In third part, toothed floor with filling block has been described. In forth part, filling materials used in toothed floors with filling blocks have been investigated in detail. In fifth part, what thermal comfort and its variables and thermal conductivity mechanisms have been described, calculation methods of thermal transmittance of structure elements have been introduced. In sixth part, heat transfer calculations of prepared terrace roof cross-sections have been conducted to four different degree daylight sections by considering TS 825. In final section, obtained data have been evaluated in terms of thermal transmittance, heat flow and internal surface temperatures and relevant results have been interpreted and afterwards following suggestions have been put forward in terms of following studies. In addition to this, schedules utilized in calculations have been provided in Appendices part.Key Words: Beam Floors with Filling Block, Terrace Roofs, Thermal Comfort, Brick, Beams, Autoclaved Concrete, Expanded Polystyrene Foam. 178

This paper presents the results of a unique project on joint integrity management between one of the major Dutch contractors and seven engineering companies. Due to the setup of the project, it was possible to relate the ambitions and intentions as stated in integrity programmes with the actual execution of construction projects. To achieve this, it was crucial to make integrity concrete, based on real life experiences. The project results show that there are only marginal differences between the project's aspirations and the adopted values when integrity management is analysed on the management level. The tensions around integrity management only become visible when the actual dilemmas at the different levels of an organisation are taken into account. These dilemmas, and their causes, provided a sound basis on which to discuss one another's roles in both provoking and dealing with integrity dilemmas. Based on the sharing of integrity risks, corrective actions have been taken that not only raise the level of integrity management but also has positive consequences for risk control and efficient cooperation between all the participating organisations.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2002, Bu çalışmada, duvar ve döşemelerde dolgu olarak kullanılan pişmiş toprak tuğla, bimsbeton, gazbeton ve perlitli yapı malzemeleri ve elemanları incelenmiş; ayrıca bu malzemeler ve elemanlar arasında fiziksel, kimyasal ve mekanik özellikleri içeren bir karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Bu malzemelerden pişmiş toprak tuğla, kolay temin edilebilirliği ve yüksek basınç mukavemeti ile öne çıkmaktadır. Dezavantajı ise (incelenen diğer yapı malzemelerine göre) yapının taşıyıcı sistemine yük bindirmesidir. Bimsbeton yapı malzemeleri, hammaddeleri olan bimsin birbiriyle bağlantısız boşluklu yapısı sayesinde yüksek ısı yalıtımı ve ses emiciliğine sahiptirler. Gazbeton yapı malzemeleri de, bu boşluklu yapı sayesinde bimsbeton ile benzer özellikleri ön plana çıkarmaktadırlar. Ancak her iki malzeme de bünyelerindeki nem oranının yükselmesiyle, yukarıda sayılan avantajlarını ve basınç mukavemetlerini kaybetmeye başlamaktadırlar. Perlit ise, düşük basınç mukavemeti ve suya aşırı duyarlılık gibi dezavantajlarını, (yüksek porozitesinin yardımıyla) yüksek ısı tutuculuğu, ses yalıtımı ve yangın mukavemeti ile dengelemektedir. Sonuçta, standartlara uygun üretilip, belirtilen ortam şartlarında kalifiye işçilikle uygulanan her yapı malzemesi kendisinden beklenen performansı göstermektedir. Önemli olan, yapı malzemesi tasarımında, seçiminde ve uygulanmasında bilimsel etiğe uygun bir yaklaşımda bulunabilmektir., This study includes information about brick, pumice concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete and perlite construction materials and structural members used at the walls and slabs of buildings. There is also a comparison between them including physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Brick has the advantages of being easy available and having high compressive strength. Its disadvantage (according to other three) is the load that is conducted to the structural system. Pumice concrete construction materials have a high thermal insulation and noise absorbtion because of the open structure (with unconnected pores) of pumice. Also the autoclaved aerated concrete construction materials seem to have similar advantages like pumice concrete ones. On the other hand both of them have the same disadvantage: Their compressive strength, insulation and absorbtion properties decreases with the rise of their moisture content. Although perlite has a low compressive strength and is water unresistant, its high thermal insulation, noise absorbtion and fire resistance (due to high porosity) makes it an often used material in the buildings. As a result, every construction material fulfills the required performance, if it’s produced and applicated under acceptable conditions required by the common norms. The main point is to make an approach approven by the scientific etique when designing, choosing and applicating a construction material., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Anhand der untersuchten Talkomplexe wurden verschiedene Arbeitsphasen der Lahn im Spät- und Postglazial rekonstruiert und ihre Ursache und ihr Ausmaß erörtert. Die Ergebnisse morphologischer Flußtätigkeit wurden in der Karte über die Sedimentationsniveaus der Lahn (Abb. 14) zusammengetragen. Ausschließliche und länger andauernde Sedimentations- oder Erosionsphasen waren nicht festzustellen. Die Ausräumung der Talaue ging hauptsächlich durch die Seitenerosion des mäandrierenden Flusses vor sich, während sich die Neusedimentation auf einem tieferen Niveau im Gleithang vollzog. Die Tieferlegung eines älteren Augürtels fand auch durch Kappung einzelner Sedimenthorizonte bei Hochwasser statt. Beide Abtragungsformen führten zur Bildung unterschiedlicher Auniveaus, die durch eine deutliche Stufe getrennt waren. Die mittelalterliche und neuzeitliche Ausedimentation glichen diese Höhenunterschiede weitgehend aus, so daß heute aufgrund der Höhenlage und Oberflächenform nicht auf das Alter und den Aufbau der Talkomplexe geschlossen werden kann. Die im Oberflächenbild deutlich erkennbaren Austufen entstanden erst in der späten Phase der neuzeitlichen Sedimentation und nach der Kanalisation durch die oben erwähnte genetisch unterschiedliche Entstehungsweise. In fast allen Zeitabschnitten des Spät- und Postglazials herrschten in der Lahntalaue die Voraussetzungen für eine Ausedimentation. Es konnten sechs pedologisch und durch pollenanalytische Untersuchungen und archäologische Funde zeitlich unterscheidbare Ausedimente (AS 1 bis 6) genau festgestellt werden. Für die Datierung der Sedimentfolgen erlangen im Gießener Lahntal zwei flächenhaft verfolgbare Leithorizonte, der Laacher-See-Tuff und die Feuchtschwarzerde, eine besondere Bedeutung. Als ältestes Ausediment wurde das Präbims-Ausediment (AS 1) ausgegliedert. Dieser zumeist gelbbraune, sandig-lehmige Schluff geht kontinuierlich aus Sanden hervor, die über spätglazialen Schottern liegen. Er wurde vom frühen bis zum mittleren Alleröd abgelagert. Das Ausediment 2, ein heller sandiger bis toniger Lehm entstand nach der weithin verfolgbaren Ausräumung des Bimsniveaus, wahrscheinlich in der Jüngeren Dryaszeit oder im Präboreal. Es bildet mancherorts das Ausgangsmaterial des holozänen Bodens, der Feuchtschwarzerde. Sie konnte sich im Talgrund seit dem Präboreal auf verschiedenem Ausgangsmaterial entwickeln. Diese Bodenbildung wurde im Untersuchungsgebiet bis in das Atlantikum verfolgt. Das atlantische und subboreale Ausediment (3a und 3b) wurde nur an wenigen Stellen gefunden. Eine starke Ausedimentation konnte erst wieder für das Mittelalter (ab 9./10. Jh.) festgestellt werden (AS 4). Es wurde ein bis zu 2 m mächtiger toniger bis schluffiger Lehm abgelagert, der zumeist älteren Schottern bzw. Schlick-Sand-Wechsellagen (Atlantikum bis Subatlantikum) aufliegt. Die neuzeitliche Sedimentation begann mit einer Umlagerung des älteren Schotterkörpers. Ihr folgten in der Regel Sande, die kontinuierlich in sandig-schluffigen Lehm (AS 5) übergehen. Durch die ständige und noch anhaltende Sedimentation wuchs der Abstand zwischen Flußufer und Flußbett, so daß die Häufigkeit und Größe einer Inundation und damit die Neusedimentation auf den höheren Auniveaus immer geringer wurde. Heute nimmt das Inundationsgebiet einen kleineren Raum ein als zur Zeit der Sedimentation der AS 4-Decke (vgl. südlich Heuchelheim) und der AS 5-Decke (Lollar). Das jüngste Ausediment (AS 6), ein humoser sandiger Schluff, kam nach der Kanalisation auf dem unteren Niveau (hauptsächlich im Gleithang des seitlich erodierenden Flusses) zur Ablagerung. Wegen der weit in die Talaue hineinreichenden Bims- und Präbims-Horizonte kann angenommen werden, daß ein großer Teil der heutigen Talaue durch die pleistozäne Flußarbeit bestimmt ist, die nicht nur intensiver, sondern auch länger gewirkt und die Basis des heutigen Formenbildes angelegt hat. Auch die schwächeren Arbeitsphasen im Holozän wiesen Erosions- und Sedimentationsvorgänge auf, doch beschränkten sich die Um- und Ablagerungen grobklastischen Materials auf das Flußbett. Die Ausedimentation fand hingegen bis zur Talauengrenze statt., research