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Despite several years of research in bone tissue engineering, there is still a need to develop new methods to improve the process of bone regeneration. Magnetic stimulation has been described as a promising strategy to promote bone regeneration in an easy, convenient and cost-effective manner without relying on unstable biochemical factors like molecular growth factors. This work introduces in a novel biomimetic and magnetic bone scaffold, a unique combination of hydroxyapatite, collagen type I, and magnetic iron-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles. The scaffold features a unique nanoparticle composition, setting it apart from existing solutions that commonly use iron oxide nanoparticles. Unlike iron oxide, our biodegradable nanoparticles significantly reduce the risks of accumulation and potential toxicity. The resulting granulometric scaffolds presented key features for successful implant integration, such as optimal porosity (3.65 %), mechanical strength (5.45 MPa), and resistance to breakage (friability <1 %). Our scaffolds present a robust positive response to an external magnetic field, following the inclusion of iron-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles, with a magnetization of 0.025 emu g−1. In vitro , the combination of the scaffolds with an external static magnetic field (1 T) induced a significantly higher degree of cellular proliferation and differentiation after 14 and 21 days of culture, respectively. Additionally, in vivo CAM assays showed that this combinatorial strategy did not influence the normal angiogenic process and reduced inflammation, thus making the material safe. In conclusion, this work proves that the combination of the developed magnetic biomimetic scaffold with a static magnetic field is a highly effective strategy for improve bone regeneration. This approach promotes cell proliferation and differentiation, supports angiogenesis and reduces inflammation, thereby increasing the overall impact of the treatment. [Display omitted] • Composite magnetic collagen hydroxyapatite scaffolds present excellent mechanical properties. • Incorporation of iron doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles provided the scaffolds with magnetic properties. • Magnetic stimulation improved bone cell proliferation and differentiation. • The scaffolds were able to sustain vascularization in vivo. • Magnetic stimulation decreased inflammation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular diseases affecting the anterior and posterior segments of the eye are major causes of global vision impairment. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties, making it a promising candidate for ocular therapy. However, its clinical use is hindered by low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid systemic elimination. This review comprehensively highlights advances in curcumin delivery systems aimed at overcoming these challenges. Emerging platforms, including proniosomal gels, transferosomes, and cyclodextrin complexes, have improved solubility, permeability, and ocular retention. Nanoparticle-based carriers, such as hybrid hydrogels and biodegradable nanoparticles, enable sustained release and targeted delivery, supporting treatments for posterior segment diseases like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. For anterior segment conditions, including keratitis and dry eye syndrome, cyclodextrin-based complexes and mucoadhesive systems enhance corneal permeability and drug retention. Mechanistically, curcumin modulates key pathways, such as NF-κB and TLR4, reducing oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Emerging strategies like photodynamic therapy and neuroprotective approaches broaden their application to eyelid conditions and neuroinflammatory ocular diseases. These advancements address curcumin's pharmacokinetic limitations, supporting its clinical translation into ophthalmic therapies. This work underscores curcumin's potential in ocular disease management and advocates clinical trials to validate its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Self-assembled photoluminescent peptide nanoparticles. • Immunomodulatory, anti-microbial and antibiofilm efficacies. • Biodegradable, imaging and drug delivery carriers. Self-assembled peptide nanoparticles are unique stimuli responsive biodegradable materials with applications in biomedicines as delivery carriers and imaging agents. This study investigates the controlled self-assembly of chicken Angiogenin 4 derived immunomodulatory macrocyclic peptide (mCA4-5) in the presence of an inert amphipathic stabilizing peptide and as a function of pH, temperature and presence of ions to yield optically active, physiologically stable and biodegradable peptide nanoparticles. The photoluminescent peptide nanoparticles (PLPNs) produced were characterized for the size, surface charge, optical properties and crystallinity. The carvacrol loaded nanoparticles prepared by facile encapsulation of the drug during the self-assembly process were evaluated for the drug release efficacies, as a function of pH and in the presence of reducing agent. Carvacrol loaded, physiologically stable PLPNs obtained with high conversion efficacy were highly effective against planktonic bacteria and bacterial biofilms and efficiently eradicated intracellular bacteria in infected macrophages and fibroblast. Furthermore, the drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibited significant antioxidant activities and immunomodulatory effects, highlighting their multifunctional therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases, including dermatitis and psoriasis, has yielded significant advancements in the last decades. The identification of age, gender, and genetic factors contributing to these complex conditions has been pivotal in developing novel pharmacological and technological treatments. This review delves into the molecular underpinnings of psoriasis, examining current therapies and promising investigational agents. We highlight the potential of nanotechnology to enhance drug delivery to affected skin areas, with microneedles emerging as a promising platform for psoriasis and other chronic inflammatory skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer is an extremely deadly illness for which there are few reliable treatments. Recent research indicates that malignant tumors are highly variable and consist of a tiny subset of unique cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for the beginning and spread of tumors. These cells are typically identified by the expression of specific cell surface markers. A population of pancreatic cancer stem cells with aberrantly active developmental signaling pathways has been identified in recent studies of human pancreatic tumors. Among these Notch signaling pathway has been identified as a key regulator of CSCs self-renewal, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Chrysin-loaded polylactic acid (PLA) as polymeric nanoparticles systems have been growing interest in using as platforms for improved drug delivery. This review aims to explore innovative strategies for targeted therapy and optimized drug delivery in pancreatic CSCs by manipulating the Notch pathway and leveraging PLA-based drug delivery systems. Furthermore, we will assess the capability of PLA nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. The insights gained from this review have the potential to contribute to the development of novel treatment approaches that combine targeted therapy with advanced drug delivery utilizing biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The use of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) in drug delivery systems offers the advantages of enhancing drug efficacy and minimizing side effects; Methods: In this study, L-threonine polyurethane (LTPU) NPs have been fabricated by water-in-oil-in-water emulsion and solvent evaporation using biodegradable and biocompatible LTPU. This polymer was pre-synthesized through the use of an amino acid-based chain extender, desaminotyrosyl L-threonine hexyl ester (DLTHE), where urethane bonds are formed by poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PLA-PEG-PLA) triblock copolymer and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). LTPU is designed to be degraded by hydrolysis and enzymatic activity due to the presence of ester bonds and peptide bonds within the polymer backbone. LTPU NPs were fabricated by water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation methods; Results: The polymerization of LTPU was confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopies. The molecular weights and polydispersity, determined with GPC, were 28,800 g/mol and 1.46, respectively. The morphology and size of NPs, characterized by DLS, FE-SEM, TEM, and confocal microscopy, showed smooth and spherical particles with diameters less than 200 nm; Conclusions: In addition, the drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release profiles, using UV-Vis spectroscopy, showed the highest encapsulation efficiency with 2.5% carboplatin and sustained release profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) induce recombination between a donor DNA and the CFTR gene, correcting the F508del CFTR mutation. • When PNAs and donor DNA are loaded into biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NP), they are effective reagents for correcting the F508del CFTR mutation in human bronchial epithelial cells and in murine airway epithelial cells leading to improved CFTR function in both models with low off-target effects. • These findings provide the basis for further development of PNA and NP technology for editing of the CFTR gene. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein for which there is no cure. One approach to cure CF is to correct the underlying mutations in the CFTR gene. We have used triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) loaded into biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) in combination with donor DNAs as reagents for correcting mutations associated with genetic diseases including CF. Previously, we demonstrated that PNAs induce recombination between a donor DNA and the CFTR gene, correcting the F508del CFTR mutation in human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE cells) and in a CF murine model leading to improved CFTR function with low off-target effects, however the level of correction was still below the threshold for therapeutic cure. Here, we report the use of next generation, chemically modified gamma PNAs (γPNAs) containing a diethylene glycol substitution at the gamma position for enhanced DNA binding. These modified γPNAs yield enhanced gene correction of F508del mutation in human bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE cells) and in primary nasal epithelial cells from CF mice (NECF cells). Treatment of CFBE cells and NECF cells grown at air-liquid interface (ALI) by NPs containing γtcPNAs and donor DNA resulted in increased CFTR function measured by short circuit current and improved gene editing (up to 32 %) on analysis of genomic DNA. These findings provide the basis for further development of PNA and NP technology for editing of the CFTR gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable metals offer significant advantages by reducing the need for additional surgeries following bone fixation. These materials, with their optimal mechanical and degradable properties, also mitigate stress-shielding effects while promoting biological processes essential for healing. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of ZK60 magnesium alloy coated with a micro-arc oxidative layer incorporated with cerium oxide nanoparticles in orthopedic implants. The results demonstrated that the magnesium substrate undergoes gradual degradation, effectively eliminating long-term inflammation during bone formation. The micro-arc oxidative coating forms a dense ceramic layer, acting as a protective barrier that reduces corrosion rates and enhances the biocompatibility of the magnesium substrate. The incorporation of cerium oxide nanoparticles improves the tribological properties of the coating, refining degradation patterns and improving osteogenic characteristics. Furthermore, cerium oxide nanoparticles enhance bone reconstruction by facilitating appropriate interconnections between newly formed bone and native bone tissue. Consequently, cerium oxide nanoparticles contribute to favorable biosafety outcomes and exceptional bone remodeling capabilities by supporting bone healing and sustaining a prolonged degradation process, ultimately achieving dynamic equilibrium in bone formation. This study comprehensively examined the incorporation of cerium oxide nanoparticles into biodegradable magnesium through a micro-arc oxidative process for use in orthopedic implants. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis involving material characterization, biodegradability testing, in vitro osteogenesis assays, and in vivo implantation, highlighting the potential benefits of the distinctive properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles. This research emphasizes the ability of cerium oxide nanoparticles to enhance the biodegradability of magnesium and facilitate remarkable bone regeneration, suggesting promising advantages for additive materials in orthopedic implants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer-based nanocomposite film is an efficient material for addressing the increasing levels of pollutants in the environment and also for the production of antimicrobial packing material due to its good film-forming properties, biodegradability, and minimal environmental impact. In particular, chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/g-C3N4 (CS/PVA/g-C3N4) nanocomposite films with different weight percentages of PVA were prepared using simple methodologies and characterized using XRD, TGA, FT-IR, DSC, FE-SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping analysis. The XRD and FT-IR results validated the nanocomposite film formation. The FE-SEM images showed the smooth surface of the composite films without any wrinkles; the smoothness of the film increased with increases in the PVA loading, and the surface morphologies of the films were largely unchanged. The EDX and elemental mapping analysis validated the presence and uniform dispersion of g-C3N4 within the nanocomposite film. The photocatalytic activity of the CS/PVA/g-C3N4 composite films was assessed by the degradation of rhodamine B dye (RhB) and acetophenone under direct sunlight irradiation. The CS/PVA/g-C3N4 nanocomposite films exhibited superior degradation efficiency toward the RhB dye and acetophenone compared to the bare polymeric film and the g-C3N4 material. The order of degradation for the RhB dye and acetophenone was CS/PVA (1.0) g-C3N4 (95.34%, 33.33%) > CS/PVA (1.5) g-C3N4 (93.18%, 31.31%) > CS/PVA (0.5) g-C3N4 (93.02%, 29.29%) > CS/PVA (90.69%, 26.26%) > g-C3N4 (87.56%, 24%), respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposite films was tested against E. coli, Pseudomonas sps., Klesiella sps., and Enterococcus sps., and the CS/PVA (1.5)/g-C3N4 nanocomposite film offered better antimicrobial properties than the other composite films and bare materials. In conclusion, these biopolymer-based nanocomposites are highly efficient and provide a promising path for the development of various biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for environmental remediation and antibacterial packing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brachytherapy (BT) is routinely used in the treatment of various cancers. Current BT relies on the placement of large sources of radioactivity at the tumor site, requiring applicators that may cause local traumas and lesions. Further, they suffer from inflexibility in where they can be placed and some sources reside permanently in the body, causing potential long-term discomfort. These issues can be circumvented through injectable sources, prepared as biodegradable materials containing radionuclides that form solid seeds after administration. The level of radioactivity contained in such seeds must be sufficient to achieve substantial local irradiation. In this report, we investigate two different strategies for biodegradable BT seeds. Results: The first strategy entails injectable seeds based on 103Pd-labeled palladium-gold alloy nanoparticles ([103Pd]PdAuNPs). These were prepared by combining [103Pd]PdH2Cl4 and AuHCl4, followed by lipophilic surface coating and dispersed in lactose octaisobutyrate and ethanol (LOIB:EtOH), in overall radiochemical yield (RCY) of 83%. With the second strategy, [103Pd]Pd-SSIB was prepared by conjugating the [16]aneS4 chelator with lipophilic sucrose septaisobutyrate (SSIB) followed by complexation with [103Pd]PdH2Cl4 (RCY = 99%) and mixed with LOIB:EtOH. [103Pd]Pd-SSIB was likewise formulated as injectable liquid forming seeds by mixing with LOIB. Both formulations reached activities of 1.0–1.5 GBq/mL and negligible release of radioactivity after injection of 100 µL (100–150 MBq) into aqueous buffer or mouse serum of less than 1% over one month. Conclusion: Both strategies for forming injectable BT seeds containing high 103Pd activity resulted in high radiolabeling yields, high activity per seed, and high activity retention. We consider both strategies suitable for BT, with the preferable strategy using a [16]aneS4 chelator due to its higher biodegradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been increasing attention regarding the potential application of biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) as adjuvants in injectable vaccines. In this study, encapsulated antigens of Aeromonas hydrophila in alginate/chitosan polymers were used as injectable vaccines in common carp. Formalin‐killed bacteria and extracellular products (ECPs) of A. hydrophila were encapsulated via emulsification method. In total, 480 juvenile common carp (32.1 ± 3.64 g, mean ± SD) were randomly divided into eight triplicate groups (20 fish for each replicate). Groups 1–3 were injected with bacterin, ECP, and bacterin + ECP, respectively. Groups 4–6 were injected with encapsulated bacterin, encapsulated ECP, and encapsulated bacterin + ECP, respectively. Groups 7 and 8 as controls were injected with alginate/chitosan and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 30, and 60 of the experiment. Immunological parameters, including antibody titer against A. hydrophila, serum lysozyme, bactericidal and complement activities, and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, as well as serum globulin and protein levels, were compared among the groups. Hematological parameters (red blood cell [RBC], white blood cell [WBC], hemoglobin [Hb], and hematocrit (Hct) were evaluated too. Remained fish were challenged with severe A. hydrophila, and mortality was recorded for 10 days. Results showed that anti‐A. hydrophila antibody titer, survival rate following bacterial challenge, NBT reduction, serum lysozyme activity, globulin, and protein levels were significantly higher in encapsulated bacterin and encapsulated bacterin + ECP groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Serum bactericidal and complement activity showed no significant change in different groups of sampling points. Then, it can be concluded that the encapsulation of bacterin and bacterin + ECP of A. hydrophila using chitosan/alginate NPs enhanced the protection and immune responses in common carp and this method is a promising candidate for a vaccine adjuvant in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, energy poses the most formidable problem globally. Biodiesel has emerged as a viable option for in-depth investigation due to its renewable nature, biodegradability, and reduced emissions. Biodiesel offers potential threats, including low combustion efficiency and high viscosity, which can be managed by enriching hydrogen and fuel additives. Using biocompatible nanoparticles can significantly mitigate the detrimental outcome of metal-enriched nanoparticles on living species. The current study synthesized novel biodegradable silica nanoparticles using waste incense stick ash using a calcination process. The silica nanoparticles were examined using several approaches such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The EDX analysis confirms the synthesized nanoparticles contain silicon (41.91%), oxygen (70.23%), and a small percentage of other elements like potassium (0.43%) and calcium (0.23%). The various concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 ppm) of silica nanoparticles were dispersed into B20 (diesel with 20% biodiesel) using a probe sonicator. Hydrogen is supplied to the engine cylinder through the intake manifold, maintaining a constant flow rate of 10 lpm. The finding indicated that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improves by 15.58% for hydrogen-enriched B20 fuel blend and 100 ppm nanoparticles (B20HN100). The B20HN100 fuel sample contributes to a significant reduction in harmful emissions. [Display omitted] • A biocompatible silica nanoparticle was prepared using incense stick ash. • Karanja oil biodiesel, diesel, H 2 , and nanoparticles (50,75,100,125, and 150 ppm) are used to run the engine. • Hydrogen at a constant flow rate of 10 lpm was supplied through the intake manifold. • The BTE is improved by 15.58% for the B20HN100 fuel sample. • CO and HC decreased by 41.18 % and 31% for the B20HN100 fuel sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting, safety, scalability, and storage stability of vectors are still challenges in the field of nucleic acid delivery for gene therapy. Silica-based nanoparticles have been widely studied as gene carriers, exhibiting key features such as biocompatibility, simplistic synthesis, and enabling easy surface modifications for targeting. However, the ability of the formulation to incorporate DNA is limited, which restricts the number of DNA molecules that can be incorporated into the particle, thereby reducing gene expression. Here we use polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated linear DNA molecules to augment the coding sequences of gene-carrying nanoparticles, thereby maximizing nucleic acid loading and minimizing the size of these nanocarriers. This approach results in a remarkable 16-fold increase in protein expression six days post-transfection in cells transfected with particles carrying the linear DNA compared with particles bearing circular plasmid DNA. The study also showed that the use of linear DNA entrapped in DNA@SiO2 resulted in a much more efficient level of gene expression compared to standard transfection reagents. The system developed in this study features simplicity, scalability, and increased transfection efficiency and gene expression over existing approaches, enabled by improved embedment capabilities for linear DNA, compared to conventional methods such as lipids or polymers, which generally show greater transfection efficiency with plasmid DNA. Therefore, this novel methodology can find applications not only in gene therapy but also in research settings for high-throughput gene expression screenings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence-based techniques have great potential in the field of bioimaging and could bring tremendous progress in microbiology and biomedicine. The most essential element in these techniques is fluorescent nanomaterials. The use of fluorescent nanoparticles as contrast agents for bioimaging is a large topic to cover. The purpose of this mini-review is to give the reader an overview of biocompatible and biodegradable fluorescent nanoparticles that are emerging nanomaterials for use in fluorescent bioimaging. In addition to the biocompatibility of these nanomaterials, biodegradability is considered a necessity for short-term sustainable bioimaging. Firstly, the main requirements for bioimaging are raised, and a few existing fluorescent nanoprobes are discussed. Secondly, a few inert biocompatible fluorescent nanomaterials for long-term bioimaging that have been, to some extent, demonstrated as fluorescent probes are reviewed. Finally, a few biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials for short-term bioimaging that are evolving for bioimaging applications are discussed. Together, these advancements signal a transformative leap toward sustainability and functionality in biomedical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of photoluminescent nanocomposite polyurethane adhesives were elaborated from a chemoenzymatic prepared diol of caprolactone (PCL-diol) and ethylene glycol with an excess of two different isocyanates: i) hexamethylene (HDI) and (ii) isophorone (IPDI)) diisocyanates. Adhesive formulations were filled with functionalized poly(amido-amine) (PAMAM) carbon nanotubes (f-MWNTs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDTs). Dry swine gut was used as substrate and mechanical tests were performed to explore the performance of the adhesives. The obtained materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy surface by contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hydrolytic degradation, and mechanical testing under tension, lap shear, T-peel, wound closure, and burst pressure. Among the main results were the formation of covalent bonds between the substrate and the adhesive, and the fact that the mechanical strength of the nanocomposite adhesives was superior to that of the unfilled adhesives. Compatibility of nanocomposites with the substrate was achieved by increasing wettability by the incorporation of both nanofillers. Also, adhesives filled with only CQDTs and with MWNTs-CDQTs combined showed photoluminescence activity under ultraviolet light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an environment-friendly biodegradable material, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been focused on improving performance and expanding its applications. In this study, improved performance lignin nanoparticle/PVA composite film was prepared by phenolation of bagasse lignin (BL) using a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES). The effects of introduction of DES-phenolated lignin (DL) nanoparticles with different additions (1, 3, 5, 10 wt%) on the properties of DL/PVA composite film were comprehensively studied by mechanical performance test, UV-shielding performance test, contact angle measurement, thermogravimetric analyses and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The experimental results indicated that lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were homogeneously distributed in a biodegradable PVA matrix due to hydrogen bonds between the PVA matrix and lignin nanoparticles. With the introduction of DES pretreatment on native bagasse lignin, the various performances of DL/PVA composite films, such as tensile strength, surface hydrophobicity, UV-shielding and thermal stability, were enhanced in comparison with both pure PVA film and BL/PVA composite film incorporated with DES-untreated BL. The tensile strength of DL/PVA composite film with 3 wt% addition increased to 97.79 MPa from 69.41 MPa for pure PVA film, and the water contact angle increased from 43.7° to 84.2°. DL/PVA composite film with 10 wt% addition shielded 95.8% of the UV spectrum (400–200 nm). Moreover, after incorporating the DL nanoparticles into the PVA matrix, the as-obtained DL/PVA composite films displayed good antioxidant activity by eliminating most of the DPPH free radicals. With 10 wt% addition of DL nanoparticles, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of DL/PVA composite film increased by about 76% compared with pure PVA film. These enhanced properties were attributed to the more phenolic hydroxyl groups of DL nanoparticles than of BL and the hydrogen-bonding interactions. In conclusion, the DES-phenolation pretreatment of lignin clearly improved the properties of PVA composite films. Furthermore, as both lignin and PVA are biodegradable, the lignin nanoparticle/PVA composite film may be a promising candidate for fully biodegradable robust coating materials with vital potential applications, such as UV-shielding and food packaging, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aqueous solution cast method was used to create the biodegradable polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films from a blend of poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) PVP (70/30 wt %) and Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). These PNC films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. XRD and FTIR results indicate that Fe+ 3 NPs interact with the host polymer. Optical, electrical, mechanical, and radiation shielding measurements were performed on the PNC films. From the optical measurements, the indirect optical band gap drops from 4.86 eV for the pure blend to 4.26 eV at the greatest NPs concentration. Optical limiting characterization shows that the output power of He-Ne and solid-state green laser beams is reduced from 22.98 to 3.6 mW and 6.59 to 1.4 mW, respectively, when the Fe2O3 NPs content in the blend matrix is increased to 6 wt %. The NGCal software was utilized to calculate nuclear radiation shielding properties. The findings demonstrated that when the concentration of Fe2O3 rose, the PNC films half-value layer and mean free path decreased. Mechanical measurements demonstrate that increasing the Fe2O3 content significantly improves nanocomposite films' yield and tensile strength. Tensile strength is measured at 27.03 MPa for the composite film containing 6 wt % Fe2O3, which is significantly higher than the 8.66 MPa of the pure (PVA-PVP) film. Compared to the other samples under examination, the 6 wt % Fe2O3 sample yielded the best results (based on the analyzed optical, electrical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hunt for sustainable and efficient energy harvesting and storage devices has driven significant interest in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as potential alternatives to traditional batteries for powering electronic devices. However, the development of biodegradable TENGs remains a formidable challenge. This study presents the preparation of a tribopositive material entirely composed of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) polymer enhanced with CoFe2O4 (CF) nanoparticles. The CF nanoparticles, synthesized via the combustion method, were incorporated into the PBAT matrix through solvent casting to form films with varied filler content (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 g). The CF nanoparticles structural, surface, and electrical properties were characterized using XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. At the same time, the morphology of the nanomaterials and their composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Specifically, the 0.8 g PBAT-CF TENG demonstrated superior performance, achieving an output voltage of 45.45 V and a current of 4.5 µA. Subsequent electrical studies, including charging commercial capacitors (1.0 to 47 μF) and powering LEDs and calculators, underscored the device's efficiency. The PBAT-CF TENG also effectively generated voltage and current signals from physical activities like walking and jumping. This innovative approach highlights the potential for biodegradable, high-performing, self-powered flexible electronics, and wearable devices, paving the way for sustainable technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Monodisperse nanoparticles of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) polymers, copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), are synthesized using a membrane-assisted emulsion encapsulation and evaporation process for biomedical resorbable adhesives. The precise control over the diameter of these PHA particles, ranging from 100 nm to 8 μm, is achieved by adjusting the diameter of emulsion or the PHA concentration. Mechanical properties of the particles can be tailored based on the 3HB to 4HB ratio and molecular weight, primarily influenced by the level of crystallinity. These monodisperse PHA particles in solution serve as adhesives for hydrogel systems, specifically those based on poly(N , N -dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA). Semi-crystalline PHA nanoparticles exhibit stronger adhesion energy than their amorphous counterparts. Due to their self-adhesiveness, adhesion energy increases even when those PHA nanoparticles form multilayers between hydrogels. Furthermore, as they degrade and are resorbed into the body, the PHA nanoparticles demonstrate efficacy in in vivo wound closure, underscoring their considerable impact on biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma is limited by organ toxicity and poor outcomes, prompting the search for new, more effective treatments with minimal side effects. Vincristine sulfate, a potent chemotherapeutic, faces challenges due to P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance and its systemic toxicity. Nanoparticles offer a promising solution by improving pharmacokinetics, targeting tumor cells, thus reducing side effects. Moreover, the use of fluorescent nanomaterials is emerging in biomedical applications such as bioimaging, detection and therapies. This study describes a promising delivery system utilizing carbon dots encapsulated with vincristine in biodegradable polycaprolactone nanoparticles via a double emulsion technique. The fine characterization of these nanoparticles showed that they are spherical, uniformly sized with around 200 nm and exhibit excellent colloidal stability. Moreover, the release profile showed prolonged release for both vincristine and carbon dots. In vitro cell viability studies revealed enhanced cancer cell inhibition for the encapsulated drug compared to the vincristine solution. The uptake study indicated clear fluorescence for carbon dots solution and vincristine and carbon dots loaded nanoparticles upon excitation. Additionally, studies on primary mouse hepatocytes demonstrated higher fluorescence intensity in treatment groups. These results suggest that vincristine and carbon dots loaded nanoparticles are effective, target-specific carriers for liver cancer treatment. Furthermore, the carbon dots were not cytotoxic, highlighting their potential in bioimaging and cancer cell studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4D printing magneto‐responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) using biodegradable nanocomposites can overcome their low toughness and thermal resistance, and produce smart materials that can be controlled remotely without contact. This study presented the development of 3D/4D printable nanocomposites based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA)‐poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) blends and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The nanocomposites are prepared by melt mixing PLA‐PBAT blends with different Fe3O4 contents (10, 15, and 20 wt%) and extruded into granules for material extrusion 3D printing. The morphology, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), mechanical properties, and shape memory behavior of the nanocomposites are investigated. The results indicated that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are preferentially distributed in the PBAT phases, enhancing the storage modulus, thermal stability, strength, elongation, toughness, shape fixity, and recovery of the nanocomposites. The optimal Fe3O4 loading is found to be 10 wt%, as higher loadings led to nanoparticle agglomeration and reduced performance. The nanocomposites also exhibited fast shape memory response under thermal and magnetic activation due to the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The 3D/4D printable nanocomposites demonstrated multifunctional multi‐trigger shape‐memory capabilities and potential applications in contactless and safe actuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanocomposites combining biopolymer fibers incorporated with nanoparticles (NPs) have received increasing attention due to their remarkable characteristics. Inorganic NPs are typically chosen for their properties, such as magnetism and thermal or electrical conductivity, for example. Meanwhile, the biopolymer fiber component is a backbone, and could act as a support structure for the NPs. This shift towards biopolymers over traditional synthetic polymers is motivated by their sustainability, compatibility with biological systems, non-toxic nature, and natural decomposition. This study employed the solution blow spinning (SBS) method to obtain a nanocomposite comprising poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVA, and gelatin biodegradable polymer fibers incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid), PAA2k, coded as γ-Fe2O3-NPs-PAA2k. The fiber production process entailed a preliminary investigation to determine suitable solvents, polymer concentrations, and spinning parameters. γ-Fe2O3-NPs were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation as maghemite and coated with PAA2k through the precipitation–redispersion protocol in order to prepare γ-Fe2O3-NPs-PAA2k. Biopolymeric fibers containing coated NPs with sub-micrometer diameters were obtained, with NP concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 1.7% wt. The synthesized NPs underwent characterization via dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and infrared spectroscopy, while the biopolymer fibers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful implementation of SBS for producing biopolymeric fibers incorporating iron oxide NPs, where the amalgamation of materials demonstrated superior thermal behavior to the plain polymers. The thorough characterization of the NPs and fibers provided valuable insights into their properties, paving the way for their potential applications in various fields such as biomedical engineering, environmental remediation, and functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanomaterials have emerged as an effective drug‐delivery platform for targeted imaging and therapy. However, it remains challenging to fabricate biodegradable magnetic nanoparticles with controllable drug release behaviors and strong magnetic responsiveness. Here an asiaticoside‐loaded biodegradable magnetic vesicle is developed based on the self‐assembly of amphiphilic block copolymer tethered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Thanks to the collective properties, the magnetic vesicles show stronger magnetic responsiveness than individual nanoparticles. Additionally, the magnetic vesicles are dissociated within weeks owing to the biodegradable polymer backbone, which can significantly improve the long‐term biocompatibility of the nanomaterials. The asiaticoside‐loaded magnetic vesicles can readily release the payloads in an alternating magnetic field, likely due to the rising local temperature over the phase transition temperature of the polymers attached on nanoparticles. This work provides new insights into the design and construction of biodegradable magnetic nanomedicines for targeted drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNaringenin may play a role in browning by increasing thermogenic gene expression. In this study, we encapsulated naringenin using a liposomal formulation and examined the effects of both free and liposomal naringenin on white adipose tissue browning in C57BL6/J mice. In the first phase of the study, naringenin was encapsulated by the liposome method, which is biocompatible and biodegradable. The physical and chemical properties of liposomal naringenin were tested. In the second phase, a total of 48 six-week-old mice were divided into two main groups: prevention and recovery. Each main group was divided into four subgroups: nano-naringenin, void, free-naringenin, and control. The prevention group received a high-fat diet for 10 weeks along with weekly intravenous injections of 20 µM naringenin. On the other hand, the recovery group was first subjected to a high-fat diet for 10 weeks, followed by an additional 10 weeks of the same diet, along with weekly intravenous injections of 20 µM naringenin. Body weight was measured once per week, and brown adipose tissue, inguinal white adipose tissue, and serum samples were collected from each mouse. The mean particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential values of liposomal naringenin were ∼207 nm, 0.35, and −27 mV, respectively. The encapsulation and loading efficiencies of liposomal naringenin were 94.6 and 19.2%, respectively. Liposomal naringenin exhibited sustained-release behavior, while free naringenin showed a burst-release profile. Liposomal naringenin showed the best physical stability in light and at 4 °C, while free naringenin was more chemically stable in light and at 4 and 22 °C. Free and liposomal naringenin did not significantly reduce weight gain. In the prevention group, liposomal naringenin increased PRDM16 gene expression in inguinal white adipose tissue 4.29 times more than free naringenin (p = 0.010). However, neither formulation significantly altered the expression levels of other browning or adipogenesis markers in the tissues. The results suggest that free naringenin can be efficiently encapsulated in biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles. Further research is needed to better understand the physiological effects of liposomal naringenin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using sustainable materials addresses the global electronic waste issue. This research focuses on fabricating a TENG device with biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) as the tribopositive material and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the tribonegative material. ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles are incorporated into the PLA matrix to enhance surface charge density and synthesised via a simple combustion method. PLA-ZnFe2O4 composite films were prepared by solvent casting with varying nanofiller content (0.25, 0.45, 0.65, and 0.85 g). Prepared composites were characterised by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) for crystalline nature and phase purity, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for vibrational analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology. The inclusion of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles improves TENG output performance, with a maximum output voltage of 18.4 V and a current of 1.57 µA observed for a PLA (poly(lactic acid)) composite with 39.39% nanoparticle content. Electrical studies on the optimised device show successful charging of various capacitors and powering 20 LEDs and a calculator. Body movements like walking and jumping were also tested to measure voltage and current outputs. These findings highlight new possibilities for developing smart, self-powered electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the synergistic effects of chitosan-coated cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) at varying concentrations on their structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties. CdS NPs are known for their promising photocatalytic potential, but their practical application often requires stability enhancement and reduced toxicity. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, offers unique advantages such as biocompatibility and heavy metal adsorption capabilities, making it an attractive candidate for surface modification of CdS NPs. Our investigation reveals that chitosan-coated CdS NPs exhibit concentration-dependent changes in their crystalline structure, bandgap energy, particle size, and vibrational characteristics. Notably, CdS NPs synthesized with 1.5 g chitosan concentration display the smallest bandgap and particle size, suggesting optimal photocatalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into tailoring CdS NPs for efficient visible light photocatalysis, with implications in environmental remediation and energy conversion. [Display omitted] • Synergistic effects of chitosan-coated cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs). • Chitosan-coated CdSNP exhibit dose-dependent changes crystalline structure. • Bandgap energy, particle size, and vibrational characteristics were validated. • 1.5 g chitosan displayed smallest bandgap, size, at optimal photocatalytic activity. • Provides insights into tailoring CdS NPs for efficient visible light photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (BPNPs) as the carriers for various therapeutic agents in drug delivery systems. BPNPs have the potential to improve the efficacy of numerous active agents by facilitating targeted delivery to a desired site in the body. Biodegradable polymers are especially promising nanocarriers for therapeutic substances characterized by poor solubility, instability, rapid metabolism, and rapid system elimination. Such molecules can be efficiently encapsulated and subsequently released from nanoparticles, which greatly improves their stability and bioavailability. Biopolymers seem to be the most suitable candidates to be used as the nanocarriers in various delivery platforms, especially due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Other unique properties of the polymeric nanocarriers include low cost, flexibility, stability, minimal side effects, low toxicity, good entrapment potential, and long-term and controlled drug release. An overview summarizing the research results from the last years in the field of the successful fabrication of BPNPs loaded with various therapeutic agents is provided. The possible challenges involving nanoparticle stability under physiological conditions and the possibility of scaling up production while maintaining quality, as well as the future possibilities of employing BPNPs, are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn our research described in this paper, the metal-organic framework MOF-2 [Zn2(BDC)2] was used to enhance the properties of a biodegradable blend based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). PLA/PBAT/(1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) MOF-2 blends were prepared using a melt blending technology with a twin-screw extruder. The phase morphology, rheological behavior and barrier properties of the blends were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a slight increase in the crystalline content of the PLA/PBAT matrix with increasing MOF-2 content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the PLA/PBAT blend was immiscible, and the phase morphology improved with MOF-2 by enhancing the interfacial compatibility, reducing the size of micro-domains and cavities, and promoting a transition to a co-continuous morphology, indicating better miscibility. The ternary nanocomposites with 5 and 7 wt% MOF-2 showed increased complex viscosity (η*) and storage modulus (G′) compared to those with 1 and 3% MOF-2, indicating stronger percolated networks. The thermal and barrier properties and water absorption capacity were also improved, confirming the rheological measurements. All the results showed that the PLA/PBAT/MOF-2 nanocomposites could be used in the field of packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of current study is the development and optimization of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to be used in the field of Endodontics as intracanal medication in cases of avulsed teeth with extended extra‐oral time, utilizing PLGA polymers loaded with the anti‐inflammatory drug clobetasol propionate (CP). Methodology: CP‐loaded nanoparticles (CP‐NPs) were prepared using the solvent displacement method. CP release profile from CP‐NPs was assessed for 48 h against free CP. Using extracted human teeth, the degree of infiltration inside the dentinal tubules was studied for both CP‐NPs and CP. The anti‐inflammatory capacity of CP‐NPs was evaluated in vitro measuring their response and reaction against inflammatory cells, in particular against macrophages. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine the cytokine release of IL‐1β and TNF‐α. Results: Optimized CP‐NPs displayed an average size below 200 nm and a monomodal population. Additionally, spherical morphology and non‐aggregation of CP‐NPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Interaction studies showed that CP was encapsulated inside the NPs and no covalent bonds were formed. Moreover, CP‐NPs exhibited a prolonged and steady release with only 21% of the encapsulated CP released after 48 h. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, it was observed that CP‐NPs were able to display enhanced penetration into the dentinal tubules. Neither the release of TNF‐α nor IL‐1β increased in CP‐NPs compared to the LPS control, displaying results similar and even less than the TCP after 48 h. Moreover, IL‐1β release in LPS‐stimulated cells, decreased when macrophages were treated with CP‐NPs. Conclusions: In the present work, CP‐NPs were prepared, optimized and characterized displaying significant increase in the degree of infiltration inside the dentinal tubules against CP and were able to significantly reduce TNF‐α release. Therefore, CP‐NPs constitute a promising therapy for the treatment of avulsed teeth with extended extra‐oral time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green-synthesis of biodegradable polymeric curcumin-nanoparticles using affordable biodegradable polymers to enhance curcumin's solubility and anti-oxidative potential. The curcumin-nanoparticle was prepared based on the ionic-interaction method without using any chemical surfactants, and the particle-size, zeta-potential, surface-morphology, entrapmentefficiency, and in-vitro drug release study were used to optimise the formulation. The antioxidant activity was investigated using H2DCFDA staining in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The mean-diameter of blank nanoparticles was 178.2 nm (±4.69), and that of curcuminnanoparticles was about 227.7 nm (±10.4), with a PDI value of 0.312 (±0.023) and 0.360 (±0.02). The encapsulation-efficacy was found to be 34% (±1.8), with significantly reduced oxidative-stress and toxicity (∼5 times) in the zebrafish model compared to standard curcumin. The results suggested that the current way of encapsulating curcumin using affordable, biodegradable, natural polymers could be a better approach to enhancing curcumin's water solubility and bioactivity, which could further be translated into potential therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication, facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Several drug delivery systems utilise carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers, Nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand, represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles commonly referred to as niosomes, have garnered significant attention within the pharmaceutical industry due to their remarkable capacity to versatility in encapsulation for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of these vesicles to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, making them a promising strategy for delivering various therapeutic agents such as gene materials, protein therapeutics, and chemical pharmaceuticals. This approach offers minimal toxicity and desirable targeting effectiveness. Niosomes has non-immunogenic properties and can be designed as a controlled release drug that payload slowly and steadily, reducing the risk of side effects and improving therapeutic efficacy. Niosomes are substantially more stable during the preparation and storage procedure than liposomes. Liposomes are generally less stable than niosomes due to their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and leakage of encapsulated materials. The desired pharmacokinetics property can be attained through the optimization of constituents or surface modifications. This novel method of distribution is also facile to establish and expand while maintaining cost-effective manufacturing expenses. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of niosomes as non-ionic surfactant vesicles, including their structure and components, as well as various formulation methods. Additionally, the article explores the diverse applications of niosomal in analgesics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles made of albumin have shown great application value in the field of medicine as drug carriers because of their excellent biocompatibility. Albumin-based nanoparticles are generally produced through a desolvation process, which can be strongly affected by pH, temperature, and other desolvating chemicals including ethanol and acetone. In recent years, albumin has been used as a carrier in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases like cancer, HIV, hepatitis, and influenza. Albumin has been shown to be a nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable protein carrier for drug delivery. This review deals with the synthesis of albumin-based nanoparticles and, their characterization through analytical techniques, and their applications. The major characterization techniques include UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). These albumin-based nanoparticles provide an added advantage over other available nanoparticles by being biodegradable and biocompatible. The albumin-based nanoparticles have their applications in medicine and therapeutics, agriculture, cosmetics, and the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Objective: The present investigation looked into PLGA micron-sized particles or NPs, loaded with calcium hydroxide for canal disinfecting processes which have antimicrobial properties, given the significant rejection probabilities related to these kinds of treatments. Methodology: The MIC and inhibitory growing zones (n = 5) were found using the broth dilution and agar diffusion tests, accordingly. Employing confocal microscopy and live/dead labelling, cell viability was evaluated (n = 5). ANOVA was used to evaluate, and post hoc analysis came next. Results: Ca(OH)2 NPs showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 μg/mL for Fn and 10 μg/mL for Pg and Ef (P < 0.001), following a 24-hour incubation period. Conclusion: To sum up, Ca(OH)2-contained PLGA NPs show encouraging ability to kill microbes during canal cleaning treatments.z [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) relies on chemical affinity or active targeting using radioimmunoconjugates as strategies to deliver α-emitting radionuclides to cancerous tissue. These strategies can be affected by transmetalation of the parent radionuclide by competing ions in vivo and the bond-breaking recoil energy of decay daughters. The retention of α-emitting radionuclides and the dose delivered to cancer cells are influenced by these processes. Encapsulating α-emitting radionuclides within nanoparticles can help overcome many of these challenges. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles are a biodegradable and biocompatible delivery platform that has been used for drug delivery. In this study, PLGA nanoparticles are utilized for encapsulation and retention of actinium-225 ([225Ac]Ac3+). Encapsulation of [225Ac]Ac3+ within PLGA nanoparticles (Zave = 155.3 nm) was achieved by adapting a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The encapsulation efficiency was affected by both the solvent conditions and the chelation of [225Ac]Ac3+. Chelation of [225Ac]Ac3+ to a lipophilic 2,9-bis-lactam-1,10-phenanthroline ligand ([225Ac]AcBLPhen) significantly decreased its release (< 2%) and that of its decay daughters (< 50%) from PLGA nanoparticles. PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating [225Ac]AcBLPhen significantly increased the delivery of [225Ac]Ac3+ to murine (E0771) and human (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells with a concomitant increase in cell death over free [225Ac]Ac3+ in solution. These results demonstrate that PLGA nanoparticles have potential as radionuclide delivery platforms for TAT to advance precision radiotherapy for cancer. In addition, this technology offers an alternative use for ligands with poor aqueous solubility, low stability, or low affinity, allowing them to be repurposed for TAT by encapsulation within PLGA nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Obesity is a metabolic syndrome that leads to many chronic diseases worldwide. In this study, we investigate the antihyperlipidemic activities of chitosan nanoparticles (CH NPs) on silymarin (SIL) as a carrier in the drug delivery system that can improve some biochemical parameters and hormones in the model of hyperlipidemic rats receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: Physicochemical characterization of silymarin-loaded chitosannanoparticles (CH-SIL NPs) was done by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and drug loading efficiency (LE). Diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats were treated with SIL (15 mg/kg/day) and CH-SIL NPs(15 mg/kg/day) for twelve weeks orally daily. The body weight loss (BW), food consumption, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) in serum, serum insulin, cortisol, testosterone, and brain neuropeptide Y (NPY), Y1 and Y5 receptor mRNA expression were analyzed. Results: A significant reduction in BW and food consumption from 417 ± 16 g and 33 ± 1.03 in group HFD to 338 ± 10 g and 17.33 ± 1.02 in group CHS+HFD was observed, respectively. This data revealed that CH-SIL NPs improved hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia, reduced serum cortisol, and down-regulated NPY and Y1R with a significant increase in HDL and testosterone hormones compared to the control group. Conclusion: The developed Sil-loaded CH NPs were good agents for improving efficacy. It is the first report of the proposed weight loss mechanism of SIL CH NPs, thereby providing information about the anti-hyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects of silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, a natural food with proper effects against metabolic disorders in case of hyperlipidemia that may lead to obesity and up-regulation of brain NPY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable nanomaterials can significantly improve the safety profile of nanomedicine. Germanium nanoparticles (Ge NPs) with a safe biodegradation pathway are developed as efficient photothermal converters for biomedical applications. Ge NPs synthesized by femtosecond‐laser ablation in liquids rapidly dissolve in physiological‐like environment through the oxidation mechanism. The biodegradation of Ge nanoparticles is preserved in tumor cells in vitro and in normal tissues in mice with a half‐life as short as 3.5 days. Biocompatibility of Ge NPs is confirmed in vivo by hematological, biochemical, and histological analyses. Strong optical absorption of Ge in the near‐infrared spectral range enables photothermal treatment of engrafted tumors in vivo, following intravenous injection of Ge NPs. The photothermal therapy results in a 3.9‐fold reduction of the EMT6/P adenocarcinoma tumor growth with significant prolongation of the mice survival. Excellent mass‐extinction of Ge NPs (7.9 L g−1 cm−1 at 808 nm) enables photoacoustic imaging of bones and tumors, following intravenous and intratumoral administrations of the nanomaterial. As such, strongly absorbing near‐infrared‐light biodegradable Ge nanomaterial holds promise for advanced theranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. In the clinic, usual strategies for OS treatment include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, all of these therapies have complications that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the search for better OS treatments is urgent. Black phosphorus (BP), a rising star of 2D inorganic nanoparticles, has shown excellent results in OS therapy due to its outstanding photothermal, photodynamic, biodegradable and biocompatible properties. This review aims to present current advances in the use of BP nanoparticles in OS therapy, including the synthesis of BP nanoparticles, properties of BP nanoparticles, types of BP nanoparticles, and modification strategies for BP nanoparticles. In addition, we have discussed comprehensively the application of BP in OS therapy, including single, dual, and multimodal synergistic OS therapies, as well as studies about bone regeneration and antibacterial properties. Finally, we have summarized the conclusions, limitations and perspectives of BP nanoparticles for OS therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of nanomedicines will influence how they can deliver drugs to patients reproducibly and effectively. For conventional pharmaceutical products, Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control (CMC) documents require monitoring stability and storage conditions. For nanomedicines, studying these important considerations is hindered by a lack of appropriate methods. In this paper, we show how combining radiolabelling with size exclusion chromatography, using a method called SERP (for Size Exclusion of Radioactive Polymers), can inform on the in vitro degradation of polymer nanoparticles. Using nanoparticles composed of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA), we show that SERP is more sensitive than dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) to detect degradation. We also demonstrate that the properties of the polymer composition and the nature of the aqueous buffer affect nanoparticle degradation. Importantly, we show that minute changes in stability that cannot be detected by DLS and NTA impact the pharmacokinetic of nanoparticles injected in vivo. We believe that SERP might prove a valuable method to document and understand the pharmaceutical quality of polymer nanoparticles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-osteoclastic activity of calcium hydroxide–loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles [Ca(OH) 2 -loaded PLGA NPs] in comparison to calcium hydroxide nanoparticles [Ca(OH) 2 NPs]. RAW 264.7 cell lines (third–fifth passage) were cultured and incubated with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in triplicate. Subsequently, Ca(OH) 2 -loaded PLGA NPs and Ca(OH) 2 NPs were added for 7 days to evaluate their effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand–induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. Additionally, a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was conducted to confirm the cytotoxicity of treatments to cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining showed a significant reduction in the osteoclast number when treated with Ca(OH) 2 -loaded PLGA NPs compared with Ca(OH) 2 NPs (P <.01). In comparison to the control, the number of osteoclasts significantly reduced upon treatment with Ca(OH) 2 -loaded PLGA NPs (P <.05), but there was no significant difference in Ca(OH) 2 NPs. Furthermore, osteoclast morphology in both treatment groups exhibited smaller sizes than the control group. Neither Ca(OH) 2 -loaded PLGA NPs nor Ca(OH) 2 NPs demonstrated cytotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells. Both Ca(OH) 2 NPs with and without poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) have the ability to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. However, Ca(OH) 2 -loaded PLGA NPs exhibit greater potential than Ca(OH) 2 NPs, making them a promising intracanal medicament for cases of root resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Wound healing and tissue regeneration have raised serious challenges for healthcare systems worldwide, affecting both aesthetic and health-related aspects of the community well-being. Wound healing is a complex sequence of physical, cellular, and molecular events involving cell recruitment, proliferation, as well as the synthesis and accumulation of the new extracellular matrix components. The present study aimed to histopathologically evaluate the application of zinc nanoparticles in conjunction with chitosan dressing for the wound healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected skin wounds in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental investigation, 28 healthy male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each of which including 7 rats. The wound healing process was evaluated based on histopathological studies and biochemical findings on days 7, 14, and 21. Results: According to the results from the two-way ANOVA analysis, the means of wound area in the study groups were statistically and significantly different on all evaluated days (P < 0.001). The highest wound area was associated with group III (i.e., wound with zinc oxide) on days 6, 18, 15, 12, and 9, while the lowest wound area was observed in group IV (i.e., wound with chitosannanoparticles-zinc oxide). A statistically significant difference was also found among the study groups in terms of the mean values of hydroxyproline (P < 0.001). According to the post hoc Tukey test for pairwise comparisons, a significant difference was observed among all groups regarding the hydroxyproline values (P < 0.001). Additionally, the highest collagen density was detected in the chitosan-nanoparticles-zinc oxide group. Conclusions: The application of biodegradable chitosan-nanoparticles-zinc oxide dressing significantly improved the histopathological and biochemical indices of the full-thickness skin wound healing. This study highlighted the effectiveness of chitosan-nanoparticleszinc oxide dressing in wound healing enhancement, indicating its potential application in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantable biosensors have evolved to the cutting-edge technology of personalized health care and provide promise for future directions in precision medicine. This is the reason why these devices stand to revolutionize our approach to health and disease management and offer insights into our bodily functions in ways that have never been possible before. This review article tries to delve into the important developments, new materials, and multifarious applications of these biosensors, along with a frank discussion on the challenges that the devices will face in their clinical deployment. In addition, techniques that have been employed for the improvement of the sensitivity and specificity of the biosensors alike are focused on in this article, like new biomarkers and advanced computational and data communicational models. A significant challenge of miniaturized in situ implants is that they need to be removed after serving their purpose. Surgical expulsion provokes discomfort to patients, potentially leading to post-operative complications. Therefore, the biodegradability of implants is an alternative method for removal through natural biological processes. This includes biocompatible materials to develop sensors that remain in the body over longer periods with a much-reduced immune response and better device longevity. However, the biodegradability of implantable sensors is still in its infancy compared to conventional non-biodegradable ones. Sensor design, morphology, fabrication, power, electronics, and data transmission all play a pivotal role in developing medically approved implantable biodegradable biosensors. Advanced material science and nanotechnology extended the capacity of different research groups to implement novel courses of action to design implantable and biodegradable sensor components. But the actualization of such potential for the transformative nature of the health sector, in the first place, will have to surmount the challenges related to biofouling, managing power, guaranteeing data security, and meeting today's rules and regulations. Solving these problems will, therefore, not only enhance the performance and reliability of implantable biodegradable biosensors but also facilitate the translation of laboratory development into clinics, serving patients worldwide in their better disease management and personalized therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide‐loaded poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles (CH‐loaded PLGA NPs) on multi‐species biofilms. Human root blocks were prepared (n = 40), and multi‐species suspensions of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii were incubated within the root canals for 21 days. Canals (n = 10/group) were then medicated with saline solution (negative control), chlorhexidine (positive control), calcium hydroxide and CH‐loaded PLGA NPs for 7 days. Samples taken from the 0.1 mm root canal dentin were collected, and cell growth was detected by culture on BHI agar. The viable cell count of the Ca(OH)2, chlorhexidine gel and CH‐loaded PLGA NPs group was significantly lower than the normal saline group (p < 0.001). CH‐loaded PLGA NPs demonstrated a significant lower viable cell than Ca(OH)2 (p < 0.001); it has potential as a medicament for endodontic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a detailed investigation of the structural and surface modifications of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the distinct characteristic peaks of Fe3O4 NPs and their subsequent modifications with stearic acid (ST) layers. The FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 580 cm−1, and 441 cm−1, corresponding to the Fe‐O stretching vibrations of the bulk Fe3O4 NPs. The successful loading of stearic acid onto the Fe3O4 NPs was confirmed by the appearance of new peaks at 1413 cm−1 and 2908 cm−1, indicative of the asymmetric CH2 stretch and CH3 umbrella vibration modes of stearic acid. UV‐Vis spectroscopy further corroborated the efficient loading of tetracycline and ibuprofen onto Fe3O4/DST nanoparticles, as evidenced by changes in absorption spectra. N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms illustrated the presence of micro and meso pores on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs, with alterations in pore volume and diameter post‐surface modification and drug loading. Evaluation of magnetic properties indicated a reduction in saturation magnetization after surface modification and drug loading, attributed to changes in homogeneity and surface moments. Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy elucidated distinctive peaks and shifts in spectra, confirming the composition and structural changes in drug‐loaded nanofibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach for the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 3,4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones was developed by using biodegradable supported nanoparticles in a hydrotropic aqueous medium. Agar-supported NiO nanoparticles (NiO@AG NPs) were synthesized by in-situ co-precipitation method and characterization by means of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques indicates that spherical NiO NPs successfully supported on the surface of agar with particle size 31.22 nm containing Carbon, Nickel and Oxygen as major elements. NiO@AG NPs exhibit higher activity for the synthesis of 3,4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones in an aqueous medium by using hydrotropes with high (463.51 h−1) turn over frequency. Short reaction time, high efficiency, centrifugation-free method of separation of the catalyst, and column chromatography-free isolation of the product are the key factor of this protocol. The easy synthetic method and stable form of NiO nanoparticles supported on agar suggest that it could be an efficient material for water-based organic transformation on a large scale with high turnover frequency in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise targeting is a major prerequisite for effective cancer therapy because it ensures a sufficient therapeutic dosage in tumors while minimizing off-target side effects. Herein, we report a live-macrophage-based therapeutic system for high-efficiency tumor therapy. As a proof of concept, anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) affibodies were genetically engineered onto the extracellular membrane of macrophages (AE-Mφ), which further internalized doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) to produce a macrophage-based therapeutic system armed with anti-HER2 affibodies. NPs(DOX)@AE-Mφ were able to target HER2+ cancer cells and specifically elicit affibody-mediated cell therapy. Most importantly, the superior HER2 + -targeting capability of NPs(DOX)@AE-Mφ greatly guaranteed high accumulation at the tumor site for improved chemotherapy, which acted synergistically with cell therapy to significantly enhance anti-tumor efficacy. This study suggests that NPs(DOX)@AE-Mφ could be utilized as an innovative 'living targeted drug' platform for combining both macrophage-mediated cell therapy and targeted chemotherapy for the individualized treatment of solid tumors. Ning et al. present a live-macrophage-based therapeutic system as a novel dosage form for high-efficiency tumor therapy. Anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) affibodies were genetically engineered on the extracellular membrane of macrophages (AE-Mφ), which further internalized doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly (lactic- co -glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) to produce as an innovative "living targeted drug" platform of delivery science and technology for combining both macrophage-mediated cell therapy and targeted chemotherapy for individualized treatment of solid tumors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing environmental concerns and consumer demand for safe food lead to the innovation of biodegradable and active packaging materials. In this work, a biodegradable and active bilayer nanocomposite (TPS‐Y/NP) from two cassava starch‐based film layers is developed by casting, for possible use as packaging that can extend food shelf life. One layer is composed of a starch‐yerba mate extract film (TPS‐Y) and the other of a starch‐titanium dioxide nanoparticles nanocomposite (TPS‐NP). The use of the same starch matrix (TPS) in both films achieves a material with excellent interlayer compatibility. The bilayer presents activity against different pathogens and improvements in mechanical resistance and water vapor permeability (WVP) due to the contribution of the nanocomposite layer, and it shows antioxidant activity and greater deformation due to the layer with the natural extract. In addition, all films degrade in vegetable compost almost completely in two weeks. This bilayer film can be promisingly employed as a biodegradable and functional packaging to improve the useful life of food by conferring antioxidant and antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable gelatin coating embedded with different concentrations (1, 3 and 5%) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) designed as an antimicrobial packaging system to improve the quality of toast bread samples and prolong their shelf life when stored at room temperature for a 5-day period. The findings revealed a significant enhancement in the physical (film thickness, solubility, water vapor permeability, oxygen permeability) and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation at break) properties of the gelatin-based films upon the integration of AgNPs up to 3% (P < 0.05). SEM analysis displayed a homogeneous structure in the nanocomposite films when AgNPs were integrated at concentrations ≤ 3%. This was complemented by the confirmation of the interaction between the polymer and nanoparticles, as well as the crystallinity of AgNPs in the film, validated through FT-IR spectroscopy and XRD respectively. The evaluation of physicochemical and microbial characteristics of the coated bread revealed that samples containing 3% of AgNPs effectively preserved moisture content and water activity, minimized bread firmness and staleness, thereby maintaining the lightness index (L*) of the crust/crumb in comparison to the control (gelatin alone). Furthermore, all actively coated treatments, particularly those with AgNPs at concentrations ≥ 3%, demonstrated robust antimicrobial activity by preventing bacterial and mold growth during 5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]