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Keywords: biodiversity; biological carbon sequestration; ecosystem function; forest regeneration; Global Biodiversity Monitoring System; remote sensing; species richness; trophic levels EN biodiversity biological carbon sequestration ecosystem function forest regeneration Global Biodiversity Monitoring System remote sensing species richness trophic levels 5117 5119 3 08/17/23 20230915 NES 230915 Ecosystem studies often consider the co-benefits of biodiversity and carbon sequestration, but these carbon-biodiversity links can be complex and multifaceted. Biodiversity, ecosystem function, forest regeneration, Global Biodiversity Monitoring System, biological carbon sequestration, remote sensing, species richness, trophic levels This work serves as a cautionary tale for ongoing efforts to assess biodiversity and ecosystem function by using remote sensing, which is now widely employed for large-scale evaluations of both biological carbon sequestration and biodiversity. [Extracted from the article]

Agricultural intensification in the past has led to many land-use-related issues around the world, and nature-based solutions (NbS) in farming seek to offset those negative consequences. NbS, in addition to promoting sustainable production of goods and resources and preserving ecosystem integrity, provides a range of ecosystem services. Mixed-species systems such as agroforestry, including the coconut-based farming systems (CBFS), are excellent examples of NbS. The CBFS, which involves many sciophytic agricultural crops, not only ensures economic benefits, but also improves crop productivity. They produce a variety of food items (fruits, nuts, tubers, and so on), earning the moniker ''coconut-based food forests,'' and have the potential to enrich agrobiodiversity. Biological carbon sequestration is another important attribute of CBFS. Crop combinations that include a variety of species, particularly tree crops, have the potential to increase carbon sequestration while also delivering diverse provisioning and cultural services. Kerala, the ''Land of Coconut Trees,'' witnessed a ''coconut boom'' from 1955 to 2000, although production and area have been fluctuating since then. The functional dynamics of CBFS and the natural resource challenges they address, as well as the ecosystem services CBFS provides and the biodiversity outcomes, are reviewed in this article, with a focus on Kerala.

Biological carbon sequestration is considered an important strategy to mitigate climate change. The energy crop Miscanthus × giganteus has great sequestration potential. The objective of this study was to determine: a) the dry matter yield and carbon content in aboveground and belowground biomass; b) the total carbon balance in the plant and soil pool. The study was conducted in continental Croatia (N 45°51′01.32″; E 16°10′35.85″) by the destructive harvesting of five-year-old Miscanthus × giganteus stands established by rhizomes (MxgR) and seedlings (MxgS) in the spring of 2021. The soil sampling was conducted in 2016 and 2022. The average amount of carbon in the aboveground biomass of MxgR and MxgS is 11.51 t/ha and 9.87 t/ha, respectively, and in the belowground biomass it is 13.18 t/ha and 14.90 t/ha, respectively. The carbon balance in the plant pool of MxgR is three times lower (1.67 t/ha) than that in the plant pool of MxgS (5.03 t/ha). The total soil carbon content increased by 8.7 t/ha under MxgR and by 14.8 t/ha under MxgS during 2016–2022. Therefore, under the studied agroecological conditions, seedlings should be preferred over rhizomes in the selection of planting material. The obtained data represent valuable input data for sequestration modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Display omitted] • E. gracilis was modified with 60Co γ-ray and PEG adaptive to obtain strain M800. • Biomass and maximum CO 2 fixation rate of M800 were both 47% higher than wild strain. • Biomass of M800 with 1 mM PEG was 2.31 g/L, which was 79.1 % higher than wild strain. • M800 alleviate lipid peroxidation damage due to their higher antioxidant activities. • Cell proliferation of M800 was promoted, the apoptosis and necrosis rates decreased. To effectively improve biomass growth and flue-gas CO 2 fixation of microalgae, acid-tolerant Euglena gracilis was modified with cobalt-60 γ-ray irradiation and polyethylene glycol (PEG) adaptive screening to obtain the mutant strain M800. The biomass dry weight and maximum CO 2 fixation rate of M800 were both 1.47 times higher than that of wild strain, which was attributed to a substantial increase in key carbon fixation enzyme RuBisCO activity and photosynthetic pigment content. The high charge separation quantum efficiency in PSII reaction center, efficient light utilization and energy regulation that favors light conversion, were the underlying drivers of efficient photosynthetic carbon fixation in M800. M800 had stronger antioxidant capacity in sufficient high-carbon environment, alleviating lipid peroxidation damage. After adding 1 mM PEG, biomass dry weight of M800 reached 2.31 g/L, which was 79.1 % higher than that of wild strain. Cell proliferation of M800 was promoted, the apoptosis and necrosis rates decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological carbon sequestration is considered an important strategy to mitigate climate change. The energy crop Miscanthus × giganteus has great sequestration potential. The objective of this study was to determine: a) the dry matter yield and carbon content in aboveground and belowground biomass; b) the total carbon balance in the plant and soil pool. The study was conducted in continental Croatia (N 45°51′01.32″; E 16°10′35.85″) by the destructive harvesting of five-year-old Miscanthus × giganteus stands established by rhizomes (MxgR) and seedlings (MxgS) in the spring of 2021. The soil sampling was conducted in 2016 and 2022. The average amount of carbon in the aboveground biomass of MxgR and MxgS is 11.51 t/ha and 9.87 t/ha, respectively, and in the belowground biomass it is 13.18 t/ha and 14.90 t/ha, respectively. The carbon balance in the plant pool of MxgR is three times lower (1.67 t/ha) than that in the plant pool of MxgS (5.03 t/ha). The total soil carbon content increased by 8.7 t/ha under MxgR and by 14.8 t/ha under MxgS during 2016–2022. Therefore, under the studied agroecological conditions, seedlings should be preferred over rhizomes in the selection of planting material. The obtained data represent valuable input data for sequestration modeling.

Climate change and loss of biodiversity are widely recognized as the foremost environmental challenges of our time. Forests annually sequester large quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and store carbon above and below ground for long periods of time. Intact forests—largely free from human intervention except primarily for trails and hazard removals—are the most carbon-dense and biodiverse terrestrial ecosystems, with additional benefits to society and the economy. Internationally, focus has been on preventing loss of tropical forests, yet U.S. temperate and boreal forests remove sufficient atmospheric CO2 to reduce national annual net emissions by 11%. U.S. forests have the potential for much more rapid atmospheric CO2 removal rates and biological carbon sequestration by intact and/or older forests. The recent 1.5 Degree Warming Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identifies reforestation and afforestation as important strategies to increase negative emissions, but they face significant challenges: afforestation requires an enormous amount of additional land, and neither strategy can remove sufficient carbon by growing young trees during the critical next decade(s). In contrast, growing existing forests intact to their ecological potential—termed proforestation—is a more effective, immediate, and low-cost approach that could be mobilized across suitable forests of all types. Proforestation serves the greatest public good by maximizing co-benefits such as nature-based biological carbon sequestration and unparalleled ecosystem services such as biodiversity enhancement, water and air quality, flood and erosion control, public health benefits, low impact recreation, and scenic beauty.

We examined opportunities for avoided loss of wetland carbon stocks in the Great Plains of the United States in the context of future agricultural expansion through analysis of land-use land-cover (LULC) change scenarios, baseline carbon datasets and biogeochemical model outputs. A wetland map that classifies wetlands according to carbon pools was created to describe future patterns of carbon loss and potential carbon savings. Wetland avoided loss scenarios, superimposed upon LULC change scenarios, quantified carbon stocks preserved under criteria of carbon densities or land value plus cropland suitability. Up to 3420 km of wetlands may be lost in the region by 2050, mainly due to conversion of herbaceous wetlands in the Temperate Prairies where soil organic carbon (SOC) is highest. SOC loss would be approximately 0.20 ± 0.15 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year (MgC ha yr), depending upon tillage practices on converted wetlands, and total ecosystem carbon loss in woody wetlands would be approximately 0.81 ± 0.41 MgC ha yr, based on biogeochemical model results. Among wetlands vulnerable to conversion, wetlands in the Northern Glaciated Plains and Lake Agassiz Plains ecoregions exhibit very high mean SOC and on average, relatively low land values, potentially creating economically competitive opportunities for avoided carbon loss. This mitigation scenarios approach may be adapted by managers using their own preferred criteria to select sites that best meet their objectives. Results can help prioritize field-based assessments, where site-level investigations of carbon stocks, land value, and consideration of local priorities for climate change mitigation programs are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]