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Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and there is widespread concern about the adverse effects of EDCs on human health. However, the exact mechanism of these toxicities has still not been fully deciphered. Additionally, studies have reported the toxicological effects at far low doses to the generally considered no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) dose. The present study investigates the effects of a sub‐acute (28 days) exposure to BPA (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) in adult male mice on various hormones levels, sperm motility, sperm count, functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane, testicular histological changes, oxidative stress markers and DNA damage. The key proteome signatures were quantified by LC‐MS/MS analysis using Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid Mass Spectrometer equipped with nano‐LC Easy‐nLC 1200. Data suggest that the BPA exposure in all doses (below/above NOAEL dose) have greatly impacted the hormone levels, sperm parameters (sperm count, motility and membrane integrity) and testicular histology. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics data suggested for 1352 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; 368 upregulated, 984 downregulated) affecting biological process, cellular component, and molecular functions. Specifically searched male reproductive function related proteins suggested a complex network where 46 potential proteins regulating spermatogenesis, sperm structure, activity and membrane integrity while tackling oxidative stress responses were downregulated. These potential biomarkers could shed some more light on our current understanding of the reproductive toxicological effects of BPA and may lead to exploration of novel interventions strategies against these targets for male infertility. Highlights: Bisphenol A (BPA), a potent endocrine disruptor has known reproductive toxicitiesIt shows varied degree of responses and toxicities in doses well below no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level.Sub‐acute BPA exposure leads sperm count, motility and structure alterations46 potential proteins relevant to spermatogenesis and testes tissue were downregulated by BPARedox reaction, hormonal changes, cell cycle and structural proteins affected by BPA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic compounds that can cause abnormalities in the functioning of the endocrine system of the human being, resulting in various health problems. Bisphenol‐A (BPA) is one of the important EDCs that is used in the manufacturing of plastics, food packaging canisters, and other day‐to‐day necessities. Since BPA is estrogenic in nature; its presence can affect the living component at a very low concentration. BPA and other EDCs are released from various sources like the plastic manufacturing industry, sewage treatment plants, and solid waste disposal points. Due to its global use, BPA has permeated different matrices, including our food sources. As a result, many adverse health effects have been reported, considering which, their treatment is necessary. Under the present investigation, we have reviewed various studies dealing with the sources, concentrations, and impact of BPA on the environment. In addition, we have also incorporated different treatment technologies including phytoremediation and bioremediation which can remove BPA effectively. Regardless of significant developments in our understanding of EDCs, uncertainties and knowledge gaps still occur and more studies are required to eradicate the problems of BPA contamination from our environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution and control of the temperature field during the chemical foaming of epoxy resin are of paramount importance because the foam structure results from the competition of resin crosslinking and foaming, both of which are highly dependent on temperature distributions. Herein, the epoxy foams, consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, glycidyl amine-type epoxy resin, and 4,4'-diamino diphenyl sulfone hardener, are prepared using azodicarbonamide and 4,4'-oxydibenzenesulfonyl hydrazide as a chemical foaming agent (CFA). Kinetic models for heat release and CFA decomposition are established using the auto-catalytic and n-th order models, respectively. By integrating the transient flow of resin during the foaming process, numerical simulations of the temperature field evolution within the self-expanding geometry are conducted to investigate the effects of foaming temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and mold diameter on spatial temperature distributions. A comparison of the kinetic parameters of epoxy curing and CFA decomposition at various foaming temperatures (433, 443, and 453 K) reveals that the acceleration of the curing rate is consistent with that of the decomposition rate as the foaming temperature increases, then the foam structure remains largely unchanged across different foaming temperatures. However, local overheating is unavoidable for the foams at 443 and 453 K. This study offers a method for optimizing the processing parameters in preparing epoxy foams. Highlights * Auto-catalytic model for predicting heat released rate is well established. * The decomposition kinetics of the chemical foaming agent is described by n-th model. * Nonisothermal simulation is implemented to study the self-expanded process of epoxy foam. * The foam structure is predicted by comparing the kinetic between the curing and expansion processes. KEYWORDS chemical foaming process, epoxy foams, numerical simulation, temperature evolution, 1 | INTRODUCTION Epoxy foams are frequently utilized in the fabrication of lightweight, high-strength composite structures due to their superior mechanical properties, thermal insulation, and chemical stability. (1) Their applications [...]

The skin, the organ with the largest surface area in the body, is the most susceptible to chemical exposure from the external environment. In this study, we aimed to establish an in vitro skin toxicity monitoring system that utilizes the mechanism of stress granule (SG) formation induced by various cellular stresses. In HaCaT cells, a keratinocyte cell line that comprises the human skin, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) was knocked in at the C-terminal genomic locus of Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1), a representative component of SGs. The G3BP1-GFP knock-in HaCaT cells and wild-type (WT) HaCaT cells formed SGs containing G3BP1-GFP upon exposure to arsenite and household chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC), in real-time. In addition, the exposure of G3BP1-GFP knock-in HaCaT cells to BPA and BAC promoted the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, which are cell signaling factors involved in SG formation, similar to WT HaCaT cells. In conclusion, this novel G3BP1-GFP knock-in human skin cell system can monitor SG formation in real-time and be utilized to assess skin toxicity to various substances. • Establishment of HaCaT cells expressing G3BP1-GFP. • Stress granule formation in G3BP1-GFP knock-in clones under arsenite exposure. • The G3BP1-GFP reporter system forms stress granule formation by bisphenol A or benzalkonium chloride exposure. • Real-time monitoring system allows skin toxicity and stress granule dynamics assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research efforts on permanganate (Mn(VII)) combined with redox-mediator (RM), have received increasing attention due to their significant performance for bisphenol-A (BPA) removal. However, the mechanisms underpinning BPA degradation remain underexplored. Here we show the overlooked interactions between RM and BPA during permanganate oxidation by introducing an RM—N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI). We discovered that the concurrent generation of MnO2 and phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical significantly enhances BPA oxidation within the pH range of 5.0–6.0. The detection of radical cross-coupling products between PINO radicals and BPA or its derivatives corroborates the pivotal role of radical cross-coupling in BPA oxidation. Intriguingly, we observed the formation of an NHPI-BPA complex, which undergoes preferential oxidation by Mn(VII), marked by the emergence of an electron-rich domain in NHPI. These findings unveil the underlying mechanisms in the Mn(VII)/RM system and bridge the knowledge gap concerning BPA transformation via complexation. This research paves the way for further exploration into optimizing complexation sites and RM dosage, significantly enhancing the system's efficiency in water treatment applications.

Abstract Environmental toxins are known to have many impacts on growth and development in humans, starting in utero. Alterations in amelogenesis, caused by chemical and physical trauma that occur during the antenatal, perinatal and postnatal time periods, may result in developmental defects in deciduous and permanent tooth enamel, as demonstrated in animal studies. These defects can be clinically visible and result in a variety of morphological and functional problems in the dentition. Since enamel does not remodel after formation, it may serve as a permanent record of insults during organ development. Our primary purpose was to investigate any possible relationship between intrauterine exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (phenols and phthalates) and developmental defects in enamel in children, while also accounting for fluoride exposure. Our secondary purpose was to report descriptively on findings from comprehensive dental examinations performed on 356 children that were drawn from the general paediatric population. A cohort of children from the Utah Children’s Project (N = 356) that had full medical exams, comprehensive medical and family histories and available biospecimens were given extraoral and intraoral examinations. They also completed an oral health questionnaire. Standardized intraoral photographs were taken of the teeth and viewed by standardised examiners and the dental observations were recorded for a full inventory of findings, including: tooth morphology, caries, restorations, colorations, attrition, erosion, fractures and hypomineralization. Perinatal maternal urine samples were assessed for the concentration of fluoride, phenols and phthalates, including bisphenol A (BPA). Pairwise statistical analyses were done to correlate the dental findings with one another and with the presence of environment chemicals found in the urine samples. Hypomineralization was the most common finding (96% of children; 37% of deciduous teeth, 42% of permanent teeth), consistent with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) described in other human populations. No consistent correlations were seen between dental findings and the presence of phenols and phthalates in prenatal urine, but the number of samples available for the assessment was limited (n = 35). In conclusion, we found a high proportion of dental hypomineralization in a population based paediatric cohort, but did not find an association with prenatal exposure to phenols and phthalates.

In the past, the application of TiO2 slurry reactors has faced difficulties concerning the recovery and reusability of the catalyst. In response to these challenges, immobilized photocatalyst systems have been investigated, wherein the catalyst is fixed onto a solid support, frequently with reduced photocatalytic performance. In the present study, thin TiO2 films were developed in the anatase phase by the sol-gel process and spin-cast on laser-microstructured silicon substrates, to form photocatalytic surfaces of increased activity. The TiO2 films were thoroughly characterized using SEM-EDX, XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these surfaces was evaluated by the degradation of atrazine in aqueous solution under UV irradiation. Their photocatalytic activity was found to be significantly enhanced (mean kobs 24.1 × 10−3 min−1) when they are deposited on laser-microstructured silicon compared with flat silicon (mean kobs 4.9 × 10−3 min−1), approaching the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel TiO2 fortified with Degussa P25, used as a reference material (mean kobs 32.7 × 10−3 min−1). During the photocatalytic process, several transformation products (TPs) of atrazine, namely 2-chloro-4-(isopropylamino)-6-amino-s-triazine (CIAT), 2-chloro-4-amino-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (CAET), and 2-chloro-4.6-diamino-s-triazine (CAAT), were identified with LC–MS/MS. The stability of the photocatalytic surfaces was also investigated and remained unchanged through multiple cycles of usage. The surfaces were further tested with two other pollutants, i.e., 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and bisphenol-a, showing similar photocatalytic activity as with atrazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental toxins are known to have many impacts on growth and development in humans, starting in utero. Alterations in amelogenesis, caused by chemical and physical trauma that occur during the antenatal, perinatal and postnatal time periods, may result in developmental defects in deciduous and permanent tooth enamel, as demonstrated in animal studies. These defects can be clinically visible and result in a variety of morphological and functional problems in the dentition. Since enamel does not remodel after formation, it may serve as a permanent record of insults during organ development. Our primary purpose was to investigate any possible relationship between intrauterine exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (phenols and phthalates) and developmental defects in enamel in children, while also accounting for fluoride exposure. Our secondary purpose was to report descriptively on findings from comprehensive dental examinations performed on 356 children that were drawn from the general paediatric population. A cohort of children from the Utah Children's Project (N = 356) that had full medical exams, comprehensive medical and family histories and available biospecimens were given extraoral and intraoral examinations. They also completed an oral health questionnaire. Standardized intraoral photographs were taken of the teeth and viewed by standardised examiners and the dental observations were recorded for a full inventory of findings, including: tooth morphology, caries, restorations, colorations, attrition, erosion, fractures and hypomineralization. Perinatal maternal urine samples were assessed for the concentration of fluoride, phenols and phthalates, including bisphenol A (BPA). Pairwise statistical analyses were done to correlate the dental findings with one another and with the presence of environment chemicals found in the urine samples. Hypomineralization was the most common finding (96% of children; 37% of deciduous teeth, 42% of permanent teeth), consistent with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) described in other human populations. No consistent correlations were seen between dental findings and the presence of phenols and phthalates in prenatal urine, but the number of samples available for the assessment was limited (n = 35). In conclusion, we found a high proportion of dental hypomineralization in a population based paediatric cohort, but did not find an association with prenatal exposure to phenols and phthalates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

³Additives such as bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates are added to plastics during production processes in order to improve their properties. Since they are not covalently bound but simply mixed with the plastic polymer. They disperse easily in the environment, especially when plastic products are degraded into microplatics. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate bioaccumulation and toxicity of bisphenol-A and phthalates on earthworm (Apporrectoda ionga) and nitrifying bacteria from soil collected in Waste management landfill, Kaduna Sate, Nigeria using standard techniques. Data obtained shows that Bisphenol A, Diethytlphalate, Dimethylphthalate and Diethylhexylphalate were detected in the plastic enriched compositing soil while only bisphenol A was detected in the control soil sample. The physico-chemical analysis of the composted soil and the control had electrical conductivity 254.00, 61.00us/cm, chloride 66.15, 16.00mg/kg, potassium 171.5, 4.25mg/kg, nickel 1.00, 0.25mg/kg, Iron 17.40, 3.11mg/kg, Zinc 2.90, 0.67mg/kg, moisture 5.32, 7.21% total organic carbon 5.26, 0.71% and total nitrogen 0.52, 0.07% respectively. The bacteriological analysis for composted soil and control soil growth ranging from 4.0 x 10³>+0.12 to 3.5x10³+104cfu/g and 3.2x10³+0.4 to 2.8x103+0.10 respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the bacteria counts from the control soil sample. The toxicity analysis revealed higher percentage utilization of nitrite with LC50 values of 25.04, 23.93, 15.9 and 13.39 and higher bacteria inhibition with EC50 values of 52.00, 81.72, 111.31 and 123.13. The results suggest that autotrophic transformation by nitrifying bacteria which enhances soil fertility may be hindered in an ecosystem polluted with these plasticizers as nitrification process will reduced. Percentage survival rate of earth worms decreased with increase in plastic concentration (75.47-20.93%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect human health by inducing oxidative stress and irreversible damage to cells. Bioactive compounds found in some functional foods, individually or in combination, can attenuate the negative effects of BPA exposure; an example is the multi-supplement containing guarana (Gua), selenium (Se), and L-carnitine (LC) —GSC— which has already demonstrated antioxidant, genoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of GSC and its constituents on oxidative and genotoxic alterations triggered by BPA exposure in the retinal epithelial cell line. The cells exposed to BPA (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 µM) to determine the lowest concentration required to induce cyto-genotoxicity. ARPE-19 cells were then concomitantly exposed to the selected BPA concentration, GSC, and its components (Gua, 1.07 mg/mL; Se, 0.178 µg/mL; and LC, 1.43 mg/mL). Flow cytometry, biochemical assays, qRT-PCR, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation. Based on our results, 10 µM of BPA could induce cyto-genotoxic and oxidative alterations. BPA did not alter the Bcl-2/BAX expression ratio but induced Casp3 and Casp8 overexpression, suggesting that apoptosis was induced mainly via the extrinsic pathway. GSC partially reversed the alterations triggered by BPA in ARPE-19 cells. However, Se had unexpected negative effects on ARPE-19 cells. The multi-supplement GSC may attenuate changes in oxidative and genotoxic markers related to exposure of ARPE-19 cells to BPA. our results revealed that the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and genoprotective properties of GSC were not universally shared by its individual, once Se did not exhibit any positive impact.

Abstract A new synthesis route different from convenient epoxy/C[O.sub.2] method was established to synthesize a five-membered dicyclocarbonate of bisphenol A (BisA-5dCC), and its hybrid non-isocyanate polyurethanes with epoxy resins (HNIPUs) [...]

Summary: The Minamata Convention resulted in restrictions in the use of amalgam in daily dental practice. This opens up new discussions about the biocompatibility of amalgam, but also of composites as alternative materials. In the following review article, these issues will be discussed in more detail to provide dentists with a knowledge base for themselves and for communication with their patients. In addition to mercury in amalgam or monomers in composites, bisphenol A and nanoparticles generated during the grinding, polishing or removal of restorations must also be included in the biocompatibility evaluation. In laboratory tests, these substances cause toxic reactions, and bisphenol A also exhibits estrogen-like effects. However, it must be taken into account that the concentrations used in laboratory tests are much higher than in clinical practice. Thus, both amalgam and composite can be used in the general population. Nevertheless, for scientifically, politically and legally defined risk groups (e.g. dental personnel, allergic persons, pregnant or lactating women, children under 15 years of age, people with certain systemic diseases), indication restrictions and precautionary measures must be observed. The well-known amalgam discussion has taught us the importance of thorough and open risk communication with the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used around the world in the production of Polycarbonate (PC) plastics. Notably, the ubiquitous 5-gallon water bottles in the UAE are primarily made of PC plastic, making them a significant concern as bottled water is the region's main supply of drinking water. These bottles undergo temperature variations during storage and transportation, potentially leading to harmful BPA (Bisphenol A) leaching. This study analyzed 40 PC 5-gallon water bottles from two local brands A and B, with 20 bottles per brand, under two conditions: room temperature and outdoor sunlight exposure for a month. BPA levels were assessed at 0, 15, and 30 days, following ethical approval. Liquid-liquid extraction and ELISA assays were conducted, with comprehensive kit validation. The results revealed a significant increase in BPA concentration over time, particularly in bottles exposed to elevated temperatures (Day 30 outdoor-stored samples exhibited the highest concentration at 9.05 ± 2.30 µg/L). Brand B consistently exhibited higher BPA concentrations across different samples and environments. This study emphasizes the link between BPA content and storage time, highlighting the need for preventive measures to reduce BPA exposure. Individuals should be aware of potential health risks associated with prolonged storage in plastic containers and consider safer alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of phloretin against bisphenol-A (BPA)-induced liver and kidney damage in rats using histopathological and biochemical parameters. Materials and Methods: This study started on female rats on the postnatal 28th day via subcutaneous injection by dissolving the compounds in corn oil at 30-min intervals, starting with phloretin, and followed by BPA. The dose of BPA was 50 mg/kg bw/day, and the doses of phloretin were 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg bw/day. Treatments were administered every day for 15 days. Histopathological, morphometric, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results: Histopathological evaluation revealed tubular degeneration, fibrous tissue formation, congestion, and edema in the kidney tissue and cellular degeneration and congestion in the liver tissue. BPA treatment resulted in a statistically significant increase in serum urea and alanine aminotransferase levels and a decrease in serum glucose and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Against these effects of BPA, a positive effect was detected only on serum urea levels in rats treated with 50 mg/kg bw/day phloretin. There was also no significant change in serum triglyceride, creatinine, and albumin levels in the BPA positive control group. The renal morphometric analysis revealed that treatment with 0.5 mg/kg bw/day phloretin reduced the BPA-induced glomerular damage. Conclusion: Biochemical parameters and histopathological findings in the kidney and liver tissues revealed no clear evidence of a protective effect of phloretin against the damage caused by BPA. Hence, phloretin exhibits a low level of protection against liver and kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a toxic chemical largely produced and used in polycarbonate plastics worldwide. Majoon Suranjan (MS), a polyherbal formulation, is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine against rheumatoid arthritis. The present study aimed to evaluate BPA-induced toxicity and its possible amelioration by MS. To test our hypothesis, we performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, DNA interaction studies, genotoxicity tests, oxidative stress parameters, and histopathological examinations. GC-MS profiling of MS revealed the presence of various anti-oxidant compounds. DNA interaction studies showed that both chemicals intercalate between DNA base pairs. Next, we observed BPA-induced genotoxicity and oxidative damage. The observed effects might be due to BPA-induced reactive oxygen species production. Further, BPA changed the anti-oxidant enzyme activities, increased the malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels, and caused gross damage to the liver and kidney. Interestingly, these effects were significantly reversed by MS. In conclusion, MS shows protective effects against BPA-induced toxicity and could be a potential alternative medicine against BPA toxicity, especially in third-world countries where BPA uses are not strictly regulated. Bisphenol-A (BPA) induces multiple toxic effects. BPA induces genotoxicity, oxidative and tissue damage. Majoon Suranjan (MS) ameliorates the BPA induced toxic effects. GC-MS profiling show various active anti-oxidant compounds in MS. MS is anti-genotoxic, anti-oxidant, and hepato-renal protective [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence has revealed associations between endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and placental insufficiency due to altered placental growth, syncytialization, and trophoblast invasion. However, no epidemiologic study has reported associations between exposure to EDCs and asymmetric fetal growth restriction (FGR) caused by placenta insufficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between EDC exposure and asymmetric FGR. This was a prospective cohort study including women admitted for delivery to the Maternal Fetal Center at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital between October 2021 and October 2022. Maternal urine and cord blood samples were collected, and the levels of bisphenol-A (BPA), monoethyl phthalates, and perfluorooctanoic acid in each specimen were analyzed. We investigated linear and non-linear associations between the levels of EDCs and fetal growth parameters, including the head circumference (HC)/abdominal circumference (AC) ratio as an asymmetric parameter. The levels of EDCs were compared between fetuses with and without asymmetric FGR. Of the EDCs, only the fetal levels of BPA showed a linear association with the HC/AC ratio after adjusting for confounding variables (β = 0.003, p

Additives such as bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates are added to plastics during production processes in order to improve their properties. Since they are not covalently bound but simply mixed with the plastic polymer. They disperse easily in the environment, especially when plastic products are degraded into microplatics. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate bioaccumulation and toxicity of bisphenol-A and phthalates on earthworm (Apporrectoda ionga) and nitrifying bacteria from soil collected in Waste management landfill, Kaduna Sate, Nigeria using standard techniques. Data obtained shows that Bisphenol A, Diethytlphalate, Dimethylphthalate and Diethylhexylphalate were detected in the plastic enriched compositing soil while only bisphenol A was detected in the control soil sample. The physico-chemical analysis of the composted soil and the control had electrical conductivity 254.00, 61.00us/cm, chloride 66.15, 16.00mg/kg, potassium 171.5, 4.25mg/kg, nickel 1.00, 0.25mg/kg, Iron 17.40, 3.11mg/kg, Zinc 2.90, 0.67mg/kg, moisture 5.32, 7.21% total organic carbon 5.26, 0.71% and total nitrogen 0.52, 0.07% respectively. The bacteriological analysis for composted soil and control soil growth ranging from 4.0 x 103+0.12 to 3.5x103+104cfu/g and 3.2x103+0.4 to 2.8x103+0.10 respectively. There was significant difference (p

The industrial dyes and phenols resulting from various industries have a devastating impact on human health and the ecosystem when they enter the food chain, making it necessary to research effective and sustainable treatments. This study informs a novel resource of peroxidase, extracted from discarded cabbage stems purchased from restaurant garbage to use as a biocatalyst treatment. The research focused on comparing the effectiveness of crude and purified enzymes for biodegrading dyes and bisphenol-A. The purification fold for Cabbage legs peroxidase (CLP) was 2.14 with a 39 % yield. At pH 6 and 40 °C the optimum activity of the enzyme was observed, and from its initial activity, the retention is 65% at 60 °C. The (CLP) has been assessed by determining the Michaelis-Menten constant Km value for pyrogallol and H2O2, which were found to be 0.78 mM and 0.047 mM, respectively. For RB49 and RG19 the percentage decolorization was 86% and 78%, respectively after 10-h incubation. The pure enzyme concurrently displayed 79% and 75% decolorization percentages for RB49 and RG19 at the same time and conditions. The crude enzyme demonstrated outstanding effectiveness in removing pollutants. The results indicate that (CLP) holds a promising potential for environmental remediation and bioengineering problems.

BackgroundPhthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are endocrine disrupting chemicals used in consumer products, building materials, and food processing and packaging materials. They are associated with adverse health outcomes, especially when exposure occurs during heightened windows of susceptibility.ObjectiveWe evaluated the relationship between housing and dietary characteristics and the concentration of several high-molecular-weight (HMW) phthalate metabolites and BPA in a cohort of Latina adolescents.MethodsWe collected information on recent food consumption and housing characteristics and quantified the concentration of HMW phthalate and BPA metabolites in urine collected at two different time points. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to assess predictors of each metabolite.ResultsNo significant associations were observed between housing and dietary characteristics and metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or BPA. In contrast, higher urinary monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentration was associated with living in a home with vinyl or linoleum flooring (66.7% change, p-value

STUDY QUESTION How does bisphenol-A (BPA) influence male fertility, and which mechanisms are activated following BPA exposure? SUMMARY ANSWER BPA exposure causes hormonal disruption and alters mitochondrial dynamics and activity, ultimately leading to decreased male fertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY As public health concerns following BPA exposure are rising globally, there is a need to understand the exact mechanisms of BPA on various diseases. BPA exposure causes hormonal imbalances and affects male fertility by binding the estrogen receptors (ERs), but the mechanism of how it mediates the hormonal dysregulation is yet to be studied. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study consisted of a comparative study using mice that were separated into a control group and a group exposed to the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) (n = 20 mice/group) after a week of acclimatization to the environment. For this study, the LOAEL established by the US Environmental Protection Agency of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day of BPA was used. The control mice were given corn oil orally. Based on the daily variations in BW, both groups were gavaged every day from 6 to 11 weeks (6-week exposure). Before sampling, mice were stabilized for a week. Then, the testes and spermatozoa of each mouse were collected to investigate the effects of BPA on male fertility. IVF was carried out using the cumulus–oocyte complexes from female hybrid B6D2F1/CrljOri mice (n = 3) between the ages of eight and twelve weeks. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Signaling pathways, apoptosis, and mitochondrial activity/dynamics-related proteins were evaluated by western blotting. ELISA was performed to determine the levels of sex hormones (FSH, LH, and testosterone) in serum. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to determine the effects of BPA on histological morphology and stage VII/VIII testicular seminiferous epithelium. Blastocyst formation and cleavage development rate were evaluated using IVF. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE BPA acted by binding to ERs and G protein-coupled receptors and activating the protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, leading to aberrant hormone levels and effects on the respiratory chain complex, ATP synthase and protein-related apoptotic pathways in testis mitochondria (P  <   0.05). Subsequently, embryo cleavage and blastocyst formation were reduced after the use of affected sperm, and abnormal morphology of seminiferous tubules and stage VII and VIII seminiferous epithelial cells (P  <   0.05) was observed. It is noteworthy that histopathological lesions were detected in the testes at the LOAEL dose, even though the mice remained generally healthy and did not exhibit significant changes in BW following BPA exposure. These observations suggest that testicular toxicity is more than a secondary outcome of compromised overall health in the mice due to systemic effects. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Since the protein expression levels in the testes were validated, in vitro studies in each testicular cell type (Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatogonial stem cells) would be required to shed further light on the exact mechanism resulting from BPA exposure. Furthermore, the BPA doses employed in this study significantly exceed the typical human exposure levels in real-life scenarios. Consequently, it is imperative to conduct experiments focusing on the effects of BPA concentrations more in line with daily human exposures to comprehensively assess their impact on testicular toxicity and mitochondrial activity. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings demonstrate that BPA exposure impacts male fertility by disrupting mitochondrial dynamics and activities in the testes and provides a solid foundation for subsequent investigations into the effects on male reproductive function and fertility following BPA exposure, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects. In addition, these findings suggest that the LOAEL concentration of BPA demonstrates exceptional toxicity, especially when considering its specific impact on the testes and its adverse consequences for male fertility by impairing mitochondrial activity. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that BPA elicits distinct toxicological responses and mechanistic endpoints based on the particular concentration levels for each target organ. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025159). No competing interests are declared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bisphenol-A is a monomer in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics synthesis. However, it is an endocrine disruptor participating in several adverse health problems. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to detect the effects of Bisphenol-A on the structure of the adrenal cortex and the possible impact of concomitant administration of vitamin C in protection against these changes in the adult male albino rat. Material and Methods: 45 adult male albino rats weighing (200-250) gm were used. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1: control group was given distilled water for six weeks. Group 2: received 25 mg BPA /kg/day, once daily orally, for six weeks. Group 3: received 25 mg BPA /kg/day and 60 mg vitamin C /kg/ day, once daily orally for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. The left adrenals were removed, and processed for light and electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Results: Bisphenol-A intake caused structural changes in the adrenal cortex, such as loss of normal arrangement of cells, congestion of blood capillaries, vacuolization of cytoplasm, nuclear pyknosis, shrinkage of the nuclei, thickening of the capsule, strong positive caspase-3 cytoplasmic reaction, marked significant reduction of the thickness and cell diameter of all three layers, and increase of the %Area of caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Vitamin C cancelled most of these light and electron histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric effects. Conclusion: Bisphenol-A administration has damaging effects on the adrenal cortex and vitamin C protects against these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to undertake a systematic review of the available evidence on the release of bisphenol-A (BPA) from thermoplastic materials used in the fabrication of clear aligners (CA). Electronic databases, such as MEDLINE (via PubMed), Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, OpenGrey, and the U.S. National Institute of Heath-Clinical Trials, were searched up to 27 October 2022. In vivo/in vitro studies that assessed the release of BPA from different thermoplastic CA materials, with or without a control group, were selected. The risk of bias (RoB) in the randomised controlled trials (RCT) and in vitro studies was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool and the guidelines for the reporting of pre-clinical studies, respectively. The quality of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) Pro tool. Six studies were considered for review from a total of 1926 records. This included one RCT and five in vitro studies. Only two studies found leaching of BPA, while four did not report any traces. The RoB was found to be moderate to high. The GRADE evidence level ranged from low to very low. Five of the included studies were conducted in vitro. Significant heterogeneity among the included studies prevented a quantitative synthesis. In light of the available conflicting evidence, BPA release from CAs can neither be confirmed nor denied. Safety remains questionable until high-quality in vivo trials prove otherwise. PROSPERO CRD42022310434. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an estrogenic chemical used today in the production of epoxy resin and as an additive in other nonpolymer plastics. Due to the widespread use of BPA today, human exposure is inevitable. This exposure causes harmful effects on various body systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects on the development of the kidneys of the offspring of mother rats exposed to BPA during pregnancy and lactation, as a result of the offspring being exposed to BPA through the placenta and milk. Material and Methods: In this study, 13 adult Wistar albino female rats were divided into 3 groups. In Group 1 (Control group), rats were only administered 1 ml/kg/day corn oil intraperitoneally. Group 2 (25 mg BPA group) rats were administered 25 mg/kg/day BPA; Group 3 (50 mg group) rats were administered 50 mg/kg/day BPA intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the intracardiac blood and kidney tissues of the offspring rats were taken and examined for urea, total protein, creatinine, TAS, TOS, MDA values. Results: At the end of the study, it was determined that BPA increased serum urea, creatinine and total protein levels, induced the formation of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative damage in kidney tissue, and caused serious structural damages Conclusion: Only mother rats exposed to BPA. BPA transferred to pups via placenta and milk, causing structural damage: narrowing in Bowman's space of renal corpuscle, dilatation in proximal/distal tubules and collecting ducts, occasional cell loss, vacuolization in tubule epithelia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, the application of TiO2 slurry reactors has faced difficulties concerning the recovery and reusability of the catalyst. In response to these challenges, immobilized photocatalyst systems have been investigated, wherein the catalyst is fixed onto a solid support, frequently with reduced photocatalytic performance. In the present study, thin TiO2 films were developed in the anatase phase by the sol-gel process and spin-cast on laser-microstructured silicon substrates, to form photocatalytic surfaces of increased activity. The TiO2 films were thoroughly characterized using SEM-EDX, XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these surfaces was evaluated by the degradation of atrazine in aqueous solution under UV irradiation. Their photocatalytic activity was found to be significantly enhanced (mean kobs 24.1 × 10−3 min−1) when they are deposited on laser-microstructured silicon compared with flat silicon (mean kobs 4.9 × 10−3 min−1), approaching the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel TiO2 fortified with Degussa P25, used as a reference material (mean kobs 32.7 × 10−3 min−1). During the photocatalytic process, several transformation products (TPs) of atrazine, namely 2-chloro-4-(isopropylamino)-6-amino-s-triazine (CIAT), 2-chloro-4-amino-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (CAET), and 2-chloro-4.6-diamino-s-triazine (CAAT), were identified with LC–MS/MS. The stability of the photocatalytic surfaces was also investigated and remained unchanged through multiple cycles of usage. The surfaces were further tested with two other pollutants, i.e., 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and bisphenol-a, showing similar photocatalytic activity as with atrazine.

Organic contaminants such as Bisphenol A are classified as Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). The inability of conventional water and wastewater treatments to remove CECs has made Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) attractive for their removal from water sources. Oxidation species such as hydroxyl radicals are produced by AOPs that degrades and mineralize CECs found in water and wastewater. The present study focuses on using heterogeneous nano-metallic oxide embedded activated carbon (AC) for degrading Bisphenol-A (BPA) present in the water. The catalytic ozonation process was carried out using AC/Cu2O/ZnO as the catalyst. The bimetallic catalyst was characterized using BET, XRD, FESEM, Raman Spectra, and DLS. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal was 19% higher for catalytic ozonation when compared with non-catalytic ozonation. HPLC studies found that BPA was removed by 98%. The optimal conditions for degradation were 650 µg/L, pH 8 and 60 minutes. LC-MS/LC-Q-TOF was utilized to find the degradation pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Environmental pollutants have been suggested to be among the possible causes that play a role in the generation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Included in these environmental pollutants, we find the highly used plasticizer bisphenol-A, which produces neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders similar to those induced in AD. However, the mechanisms through which this and other environmental pollutants produce these effects are unknown. In AD, as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases that produce cognitive disorders, a selective cholinergic neuronal loss is induced in the brain region of the basal forebrain, which in turn leads to the denervation of the hippocampus and cortex, producing neurodegeneration in these regions and, eventually, cognitive disorders. Our results show the alteration of some mechanisms that could mediate bisphenol-A disruption of synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration induction in this specific type of basal forebrain neurons. These results may assist to elucidate the processes that mediate the cognition alterations produced by bisphenol-A and other environmental pollutants, which it shares mechanisms with, and could lead to the development of preventive and therapeutic tools to avoid and treat these effects in the population. The widely used plasticizer bisphenol-A (BPA) is well-known for producing neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders, following acute and long-term exposure. Although some of the BPA actions involved in these effects have been unraveled, they are still incompletely known. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) regulate memory and learning processes and their selective loss, as observed in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, leads to cognitive decline. In order to study the BPA neurotoxic effects on BFCN and the mechanisms through which they are induced, 60-day old Wistar rats were used, and a neuroblastoma cholinergic cell line from the basal forebrain (SN56) was used as a basal forebrain cholinergic neuron model. Acute treatment of rats with BPA (40 µg/kg) induced a more pronounced basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss. Exposure to BPA, following 1- or 14-days, produced postsynaptic-density-protein-95 (PSD95), synaptophysin, spinophilin, and N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-subunit-1 (NMDAR1) synaptic proteins downregulation, an increase in glutamate content through an increase in glutaminase activity, a downregulation in the vesicular-glutamate-transporter-2 (VGLUT2) and in the WNT/β-Catenin pathway, and cell death in SN56 cells. These toxic effects observed in SN56 cells were mediated by overexpression of histone-deacetylase-2 (HDAC2). These results may help to explain the synaptic plasticity, cognitive dysfunction, and neurodegeneration induced by the plasticizer BPA, which could contribute to their prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) controls protein homeostasis to maintain cell functionality and survival. Neurogenesis relies on proteasome function, and a defective proteasome system during brain development leads to neurological disorders. An endocrine-disrupting xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) used in plastic products adversely affects human health and causes neurotoxicity. Previously, we reported that BPA reduces neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and differentiation, impairs myelination and mitochondrial protein import, and causes excessive mitochondrial fragmentation leading to cognitive impairments in rats. Herein, we examined the effect(s) of prenatal BPA exposure on UPS functions during NSCs proliferation and differentiation in the hippocampus. Rats were orally treated with 40 µg/kg body weight BPA during day 6 gestation to day 21 postnatal. BPA significantly reduced proteasome activity in a cellular extract of NSCs. Immunocytochemistry exhibited a significant reduction of 20S proteasome/Nestin+ and PSMB5/Nestin+ cells in NSCs culture. BPA decreased 20S/Tuj1+ and PSMB5/Tuj1+ cells, indicating disrupted UPS during neuronal differentiation. BPA reduced the expression of UPS genes, 20S, and PSMB5 protein levels and proteasome activity in the hippocampus. It significantly reduced overall protein synthesis by the loss of Nissl substances in the hippocampus. Pharmacological activation of UPS by a bioactive triterpenoid 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α GA) caused increased proteasome activities, significantly increased neurosphere size and number, and enhanced NSCs proliferation in BPA exposed culture, while proteasome inhibition by MG132 further aggravates BPA-mediated effects. In silico studies demonstrated that BPA strongly binds to catalytic sites of UPS genes (PSMB5, TRIM11, Parkin, and PSMD4) which may result in UPS inactivation. These results suggest that BPA significantly reduces NSCs proliferation by impairing UPS, and UPS activation by 18α GA could suppress BPA-mediated neurotoxicity and exerts neuroprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic ozonation for the total mineralization of bisphenol-A (BPA) from aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various silica-based catalysts such as mesoporous silica, acid-activated bentonite (HMt) and montmorillonite-rich materials (Mt) ion-exchanged with Na+ and Fe2+ cations (NaMt and Fe(II)Mt). The effects of the catalyst surface were studied by correlating the hydrophilic character and catalyst dispersion in the aqueous media to the silica content and BPA conversion. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has barely been tackled so far. Acid-activated and iron-free clay catalysts produced complete BPA degradation in short ozonation times. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on the hydrophilic character, which, in turn, depends on the Si content. Catalyst interactions with water and BPA appear to promote hydrophobic adsorption in high Si catalysts. These findings are of great importance because they allow tailoring silica-containing catalyst properties for specific features of the waters to be treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]