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Delta-winding brushless DC (BLDC) motors are advantageous for operations requiring high torque and speed. However, the application of conventional sensorless methods, such as those using zero-crossing point of the back-EMF detection, to the delta-winding BLDC motor is difficult because the delta-winding motors have a different characteristic in back electromotive force (EMF) from star-winding BLDC motors. Accordingly, this work proposes a sensorless control method that utilizes a double second-order generalized integrator phase locked loop with back-EMF estimation based on a state observer for the delta-winding BLDC motors. From the estimated back-EMF, a positive sequence sinusoidal back-EMF can be obtained and used to estimate the exact position of the rotor. The effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control method is verified through experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focused on the implementation method and results of modifying a Raspberry Pi 4 for real-time control of brushless direct-current motors, with application in a semi-active two-axis ankle prosthesis. CANopen over EtherCAT was implemented directly on the Raspberry Pi to synchronize real-time communication between it and the motor controllers. Kinematic algorithms for setting ankle angles of zero to ten degrees in any combination of sagittal and frontal angles were implemented. To achieve reliable motor communication, where the motors continuously move, the distributed clock synchronization of Linux and Motor driver systems needs to have a finely tuned Proportional-Integral compensation and a consistent sampling period. Data collection involved moving the ankle through 33 unique pre-selected ankle configurations nine times. The system allowed for quick movement (mean settling time 0.192 s), reliable synchronization (standard deviation of 4.51 microseconds for sampling period), and precise movement (mean movement error less than 0.2 deg) for ankle angle changes and also a high update rate (250 microseconds sampling period) with modest CPU load (12.48%). This system aims to allow for the prosthesis to move within a single swing phase, enabling it to efficiently adapt to various speeds and terrains, such as walking on slopes, stairs, or around corners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets have greater freedom of shape than sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets. The ring structure is one of the typical structures of bonded Nd-Fe-B materials. In this paper, we analyzed the generation and spread of demagnetization fault (DMF) and changes in motor performance. Meanwhile, a BLDC fitted with a bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet ring was analyzed for DMF under actual overload conditions. DMF occurred with obvious localization and variability, which was mainly concentrated on the side of each pole opposite to the direction of the motor's operation, near the weak magnetic zones. The experimental results show that back electromotive force (EMF) and its harmonic had the same variation trends as the surface radial flux density of the magnet ring. The analysis with the EMF waveform and total harmonic distortion (THD) were proposed as a method for diagnosing the DMF. Finally, this paper presents a modified magnet ring. The anti-demagnetization capability of the modified magnet ring is effectively improved. This research can provide a reference for the design analysis of BLDCs using bonded Nd-Fe-B magnet rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a method for regulating varying voltage as a DC source in a six-step commutation brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive through control proportional integral derivative (PID) as a simple strategy for controlling the speed of BLDC motors. Strengthening the control gain uses the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm by minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) and overshoot as fitness control characteristics. The performance of the motor with the proposed controller is analyzed and compared with an experimentally-simulated-tuned PID, hybrid gray wolf optimization-proportional integral (GWO-PI), and hybrid horse herd PSOPID (HHH PSO-PID) under changing load and speed conditions. Simulation using compose-psim altair software. Control system response parameters such as RMSE, overshoot, electromagnetic torque ripple, and phase current ripple are measured and compared with the above controllers. The results show that the proposed controller is superior to a wide range of predefined system responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the low-voltage and low-current platform (220 VAC-10 A), this paper selected the Mayr arc theoretical model and the improved control theory model as a theoretical basis and built a single-phase low-voltage AC series arc model based on Simulink. The simulation results showed that arc dissipation power directly determined arc voltage amplitude, arc time constant influenced arc voltage waveform, and arc current was mainly determined by load resistance. Because the arc length parameter can be set by the improved control arc theory model, the arc can be drawn only at the micro-distance of two electrodes, which is more suitable for describing the arc characteristics of low voltage and low current. A scheme of large ratio reducer for permanent magnet brushless DC motor was developed, which was combined with the stepless governor controlled by PWM and the positive and negative switch to realize the adjustment of the two-electrode micro-distance. The collection and analysis of arc voltage and arc current under pure resistance, resistive load, and multi-branch load were completed. The experimental results also verified that the Mayr arc and improved control theory arc have good accuracy in describing low voltage and low current characteristics, which improves data support for later fault identification and removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive control, optimized for solar photovoltaic (PV)- and battery-fed light electric vehicles (LEVs). A back-electromotive force (EMF) observer integrated with an enhanced quadrature-phase-locked-loop (QPLL) structure is proposed for accurate rotor position estimation, addressing limitations of existing control methods at low speeds and under dynamic conditions. The study replaces the conventional arc-tangent technique with a QPLL-based approach, eliminating low-pass filters to enhance system adaptability and reduce delays. The experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in commutation error, with a nearly flat value at 0 degrees during steady-state and less than 8 degrees under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the performance of a modified single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar-powered LEVs is verified, minimizing current ripple and ensuring smooth motor operation. The system also incorporates a regenerative braking mechanism, extending the vehicle's range by efficiently recovering kinetic energy through the battery with 30.60% efficiency. The improved performance of the proposed method and system over conventional approaches contributes to the advancement of efficient and sustainable solar-powered BLDC motor-based EV technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives are extensively preferred in the automotive industry for their high torque‐to‐weight ratio. In conventional BLDC drives, the torque ripples are high due to 120° conduction mode operation and nonideal back EMF. To minimize the torque ripple in BLDC drives, a flux trajectory is employed based on the extension Park transformation d‐q axis frame. This article introduces a control scheme for BLDC drives that integrate maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) with pseudo–field‐oriented control (FOC). This approach gets an optimal reference d‐axis current (Ids∗) that optimize the current magnitude Is2) and minimize copper loss. Furthermore, the 180o conduction mode is used to minimize the torque ripple and provide high dynamic performance of drives. The efficacy of the proposed MTPA‐based pseudo‐FOC strategy is experimentally validated by employing a 0.75‐kW BLDC motor drive using real‐time interface controller dSPACE 1202 and Danfoss VLT 302 converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel approach utilizing Altair Flux software for electromagnetic finite element simulation and analyses of cogging torque and back electromotive force (BEMF) without altering the rotor conditions. This investigation aims to understand the effects on the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) axial fan motors. The Altair HyperStudy optimal software is used to conduct the Taguchi experimental method to analyze the influence of critical factors in motor stator design. Subsequently, the one-factor-at-a-time method proposed in this paper is applied to find the optimal motor geometry stator design satisfying the requirements. Eventually, an experimental motor is established and compared with a commercial 9SG5748P5G01 BLDC axial fan motor. The BEMF is resultantly smaller than the 9SG5748P5G01 motor. Furthermore, the disparity between the experimental and simulation analysis results is minimal with consistent findings. The motor stator design and simulation analysis methods can potentially support the motor design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parameter identification in dynamical systems is a well-known problem with many applications in control design, system monitoring, and fault detection. As these systems are increasingly integrated into complex and demanding environments, challenges such as rapid response, uncertainty handling, and disturbance rejection must be addressed. This paper presents a real-time estimation technique for parameters and load torque in brushless DC (BLDC) motors. These electrical machines are extensively used in engineering applications and often operate under hard conditions. The proposed method is based on algebraic identification, known for its robust performance in both linear and nonlinear systems. In utilizing the mathematical model of a BLDC motor, a set of equations is derived to enable parameter estimation, assuming the availability of input and output measurements in open loop. Moreover, unknown load torque is estimated by approximating the disturbance over a short time window using Taylor series expansion polynomials. The theoretical contribution is analytically validated and is also verified through numerical evaluations revealing the effectiveness of the proposed technique for real-time parameter and disturbance estimation in BLDC motors over other important techniques. Additionally, to address potential peaks in the estimation process, a modification involving an exponent is introduced to mitigate these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, solar water pumping systems (WPS) have been fuel-free and environmentally beneficial because they have gained a lot of attention in the agricultural and industrial sectors. Traditional water pumps consume higher amount of energy which make it as frequently unreliable, low efficiency and needs high maintenance. For WPS applications, Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are far superior options than other induction motors because of their high efficiency, high dependability, and low maintenance needs. Thus, in this research, the major goal is to develop a more efficient, reliable, and maintenance-free solar WPS solution. This paper describes a sensorless control strategy that reduces the need for hall sensors and increases system's overall reliability. Solar system power is typically impacted by partial shadowing and cannot reach the maximum available power because the traditional perturbed and observe (P&O) algorithm fails. This paper integrates the modified P&O (MP&O) algorithm with an improved mayfly optimization (IMO) name called IMO-MP&O to address these issues by efficiently extracts the maximum power from solar. From the results, it clearly shows that IMO-MP&O achieved higher efficiency of 99.58% than the existing P&O MPPT which is analyzed the MATLAB sim-power-system toolboxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the detection of a partial inter-turn short-circuit fault in a brushless motor with permanent magnets (BLPMM). The detection of a single inter-turn short circuit is a difficult issue. The authors of this article tested the sensitivity of the tested powertrain damage detection method. The diagnostic method developed for BLPMM allows for any configuration of the motor winding. A number of analysed configurations have been applied for the combined star–delta connection (YΔ). For the combined star–delta connection Y/Δ, the problem of partial short circuit at two locations was analysed. In the first case, this was the short-circuit winding phenomena in the star part (SC1). In the second case, the short circuit was connected in part to the delta (SC2). A mathematical model has been developed that takes into account both the type of connection and the chance of a partial short circuit of the coil. Based on numerical calculations, the sensitivity of diagnostic methods is designated for both cases. Furthermore, the impact of partial short circuits on motor performance was also examined. The effect of a partial inter-turn short-circuit fault on motor parameters was also determined. Laboratory verification was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, the aging and decreasing number of agricultural workers is a significant problem. For wine grape harvesting, especially for large farming areas, there is physical strain to farmers. In order to solve this problem, this study focuses on developing an automated harvesting robot for wine grapes. The harvesting robot needs high dust, water, and mud resistance because grapevines are grown in hard conditions. Therefore, a three-axis linear robot was developed using a rack and pinion mechanism in this study, which can be used in outdoor conditions with low cost. Three brushless DC motors were utilized to drive the three-axis linear robot. The motors were controlled using a control area network (CAN) bus to simplify the hardware system. The accuracy of the robot positioning was evaluated at the automated harvesting condition. The experiment results show that the accuracy is approximately 5 mm, 9 mm, and 9 mm in the x-axis (horizontal), y-axis (vertical), and z-axis (depth), respectively. In order to improve the accuracy, we constructed an error model of the robot and conducted a calibration of the robot. The accuracy was improved to around 2 mm of all three axes after calibration. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the robot is high enough for automated harvesting of the wine grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BLDC motor is becoming more popular in electric vehicles than other motors because of its high torque, robust control, etc. Antithetically, it is more challenging to regulate the torque ripples of a BLDC motor under various real-time conditions. To overcome these shortcomings, this study uses novel methodology to analyse the effectiveness of BLDC motor with different energy management controllers. In this study, to control the torque variations of a BLDC motor, supervisory, hybrid, intelligent, and PID controllers are designed using MATLAB/Simulink. This study integrates experimental and modelling techniques to understand the behaviour of a BLDC motor with various EMCs in real-time conditions. The simulation finding indicates that the supervisory controller exhibits a minimal settling time (0.05 s), rise time (0.01 s), and overshoot (0.93%) than other conventional controllers. It integrates knowledge of real-time rules and numerical data with a neural network in order to forecast and reduce error statistics in the BLDC motor. As well, the proposed supervisory approach significantly reduces the torque fluctuations of BLDC motors under various real-time operating conditions. Further, an experimental study is conducted to validate the results of the simulation; this work entails the development of efficiency maps for a variety of energy management controllers. The efficiency of the various controllers is 97, 91, 85, and 78%, respectively. The recommended supervisory strategy surpasses other controllers in terms of time-domain characteristics under different conditions. Therefore, the proposed controller will enhance the efficiency of the BLDC motor and extend driving range of EVs under various real-time driving situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of pulmonary blood flow is uneven and can be described as a three-zone model, the West zones: zone 1 occurs whenever alveolar pressure exceeds arterial pressure; zone 2 when the arterial pressure is greater than alveolar but the alveolar pressure exceeds the venous pressure; and finally zone 3 when both arterial and venous pressures exceed alveolar pressure. Consequently, the blood flow is almost determined by the difference between the arterial and venous pressures in zone 3 and between arterial and alveolar pressures in zone 2 and ceases in zone 1. The understanding of this subject may be difficult to some medical students. Therefore, to improve the learning of this topic in our physiology course, we used a didactic model to demonstrate the core concept of flow down gradients and its application to pulmonary blood flow. We modeled a Starling resistor by placing a collapsible tube inside a hermetic chamber of variable pressure. Transparent turbine flowmeters were connected to the upstream and downstream extremities of the Starling resistor, and we generated a constant airflow with a brushless motor. By maintaining the input (arterial) pressure constant and varying the chamber (alveolar) pressure, we could simulate the three zones and demonstrate the resulting flow through the turbines. In conclusion, our demonstration using a Starling resistor model combined with visible turbine flowmeters can be used to facilitate comprehension of important concepts in physiology involving flow down gradients, such as pulmonary blood flow. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The understanding of respiratory physiology is a challenge to medical students. To improve the learning of pulmonary blood flow distribution through lung vessels in our physiology course, we modeled a Starling resistor model combined with visible turbine flowmeters. Our model can significantly improve the core concept of flow down gradients teaching and its application to West zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of permanent magnet (PM) machines due to functional advantages such as power density and low losses (high efficiency) and better controllability in industrial applications has led to an increased need for research on possible faults in this type of machine and the development of effective methods to diagnose faults in different operational conditions. The performance characteristics of PM machines are strongly influenced by the PMs used in their structure. Accordingly, one of the most important PM machine faults is the demagnetisation fault which arises due to the physical, operational, and environmental conditions or their combination. This can result in damage to the functional characteristics of the machine. In this paper, the main topologies of PM machines, including the PM synchronous machines, the brushless DC motors, and the flux modulation machines, are first reviewed. Subsequently, the techniques for detecting demagnetisation faults in PM machines are then reviewed and summarised. This paper discusses the factors that cause faults in PM machines and their effects on machine performance. It also examines conventional modelling methods used to study demagnetisation faults. Finally, it presents a general structure for techniques developed for demagnetisation faults in different operating conditions (stationary and non‐stationary) and based on intelligent methods. It also compares the proposed methods and highlights their strengths and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, we present the design, construction, and control of a pendulum-like system propelled by a propeller mounted on a brushless motor. Programming and data acquisition were performed using an Arduino UNO board connected to a computer through the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The measurement of the pendulum's angular position was conducted using a variable resistor. However, a drawback of this approach is its susceptibility to introducing noise into the signals. To address this issue, a Kalman filter was implemented in the analysis. The system was mathematically modeled as a second-order transfer function with underdamped poles and identified using the adaptive Gauss-Newton method. Experimental tests were conducted with step response trials, employing pulse width modulation (PWM) as the input and the resistor voltage as the output variable. The pendulum position was controlled using a Linear Quadratic Regulator with Gravity Compensation (LQR+G) and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Finally, a comparative analysis of performance was carried out between both approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the dynamical behaviors, experimental validation using a microcontroller technique, and control strategies for complex and coexisting behaviors in a nonsmooth-air-gap brushless direct current motor under the influence of temperature (NAGBDCMT). Steady-state analysis reveals three steady states with unstable branches in the three considered planes. The NAGBDCMT exhibits diverse dynamical structures, including bistable regular and chaotic domains, monostable attractors, periodic and continuous spiking, coexisting chaotic and regular spiking behaviors, various complex characteristics, and coexistence between continuous spiking oscillations and chaotic characteristics. These dynamical structures are corroborated by an ATMEGA2560 microcontroller realization scheme. Control of the complex characteristics and coexisting attractors in the NAGBDCMT is achieved using two configured single controllers and a linear augmentation control scheme, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Renewable Energy & Sustainable Development is the property of Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Three‐phase brushless DC (BLDC) motors are cost‐effective and are increasingly used in various speed control applications. The phase voltage, DC‐bus utilization, current ripple, and torque ripple are major performance parameters for a BLDC motor drive. Different pulse width modulation (PWM) methods will diversely influence these parameters. This paper presents the phase voltage, current ripple, and DC‐bus utilization analysis of BLDC motor drive for four PWM techniques and provides a comparative analysis. The current ripple of the BLDC drive is evaluated with low and high switching frequency operations. Phase voltage and DC‐bus utilization of a BLDC motor are evaluated using analytical methods and validated experimentally. The investigation provided in this work are significant for PWM selection and implementation for low and high switching frequency operations. Both low‐ and high‐frequency operations are performed by supplying the BLDC drive from a silicon carbide (SiC) based inverter. These PWM techniques are also compared, considering high and low‐speed applications. Experimental results of SiC inverter‐fed BLDC motor drive are provided to substantiate the proposed work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is the control technology of quadcopters. The aim of this article is to propose further simulation assessment opportunities and other control implementations for investigating the transfer function of a quadrotor BLDC (Brushless Direct Current Electric Motor) motor obtained from experimental results in a previously published paper by separate authors. In this article, an LQ (linear-quadratic) controller is implemented based on the transmission function, during which the response of the controller to a unit step signal is examined. It is proved that LQ control can significantly enhance the autonomy of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) compared to PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller) control, as a faster and more accurate step response is achieved during system analysis. Additionally, how the LQ controller and the PID controller respond to a randomly generated white noise is examined. The results are compared with those implemented with a PID controller presented in a separate article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Machines & Control / Dianji Yu Kongzhi Xuebao is the property of Electric Machines & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A brushless DC (BLDC) motor is likewise called an electrically commutated motor; because of its long help life, high productivity, smaller size, and higher power output, it has numerous modern applications. These motors require precise rotor orientation for longevity, as they utilize a magnet at the shaft end, detected by sensors to maintain speed control for stability. In modern apparatuses, the corresponding, primary, and subsidiary (proportional-integral) regulator is broadly utilized in controlling the speed of modern machines; however, an ideal and effective controlling strategy is constantly invited. BLDC motor is a complex system having nonlinearity in its dynamic responses which makes primary controllers in efficient. Therefore, this paper implements metaheuristic optimization techniques such as Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO), Levy Flight Trajectory-Based Whale Optimization Algorithm (LFWOA); moreover, a chaotic map and weight factor are also being applied to modify LFWOA (i.e., CMLFWOA) for optimizing the PI controller to control the speed of BLDC motor. Model of the brushless DC motor using a sensorless control strategy incorporated metaheuristic algorithms is simulated on MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory)/Simulink. The Integral Square Error (ISE) criteria is used to determine the efficiency of the algorithms-based controller. In the latter part of this article after implementing these mentioned techniques a comparative analysis of their results is presented through statistical tests using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software. The results of statistical and analytical tests show the significant supremacy of WOA on others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of a robust speed controller for brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) under field-oriented control (FOC). The proposed robust controller integrates extension theory (ET) and sliding mode theory (SMT) to achieve robustness. First, the speed difference between the speed command and the actual speed of the BLDCM, along with the rate of change of the speed difference, are divided into 20 interval categories. Then, the feedback speed difference and the rate of change of the speed difference are calculated for their extension correlation with each of the 20 interval categories. The interval category with the highest correlation is used to determine the appropriate control gain for the sliding mode speed controller. This gain adjustment tunes the parameters of the sliding surface in the SMT, thereby suppressing the overshoot of the motor's speed. Because a sliding surface reaching law of the sliding mode controller (SMC) adopts the exponential approach law (EAL), the system's speed response can quickly follow the speed command in any state and exhibit an excellent load regulation response. The simplicity of this robust control method, which requires minimal training data, facilitates its easy implementation. Finally, the speed control of the BLDCM is simulated using Matlab/Simulink software (2023b version), and the results are compared with those of the SMC using the constant-speed approach law (CSAL). The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed robust controller exhibits superior speed command tracking and load regulation responses compared to the traditional SMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the torque ripple caused by significant current ripple and non‐ideal back‐electromotive force (back‐EMF) of coreless brushless DC motor (BLDCM), an incremental predictive control strategy based on unipolar pulse width modulation (PWM) is proposed in the non‐commutation interval. Firstly, the unipolar PWM scheme is used to double the current ripple frequency, which can reduce the current ripple. On this basis, the current prediction equations of adjacent control periods are subtracted to obtain the incremental current prediction equation, and the influence of non‐ideal back‐EMF on torque ripple suppression is eliminated. Finally, combined with the author's previous research on the commutation torque ripple suppression strategy, an integrated suppression strategy for non‐commutation and commutation interval is proposed. The experimental results show that, compared with the PI control strategy, the total torque ripple of the proposed strategy is reduced to less than 35%, and the current ripple is reduced. Meanwhile, the commutation time is shortened, and the advantages of coreless motor rapid response are retained. The strategy is universal, not limited by motor parameters and operating conditions, and has theoretical and engineering value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Commutation torque ripple occurs when brushless DC (BLDC) motor runs in the high‐speed range, which degrades operation performance. To overcome the problem, this paper presents a commutation torque ripple suppression method based on the minimum phase shift angle (MPSA) of hall signals. In the paper, the effect of the phase shift angle (PSA) of hall signals on phase current is analyzed, and the MPSA is deduced on the basis of the unit duty cycle of the incoming and non‐commutation phase. With the proposed method, two‐phase conduction mode is used in the full speed range, commutation period and non‐commutation period, which avoids switching modulation mode and enhances system reliability. The proposed method is implemented through shifting hall signals by the MPSA, and it is simple and feasible without the requirement to redesign a controller. Moreover, no additional power devices and precise sensors are required, which reduces design cost and volume size. The proposed method is experimentally compared with different methods under steady operation condition, and the results show superior performance on suppressing commutation torque ripple. The loading experiment demonstrates that the proposed method exhibits good dynamic response. The frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic torque is analyzed, and it is verified that the 6nf harmonics are diminished with the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simple and effective sensorless control strategy based on extended state observers (ESOs) to enhance the performance of brushless DC (BLDC) motors. First, an ESO is used to estimate the back-electromotive force (EMF) without additional filters. Second, another ESO is incorporated into the quadrature phase-locked loop (QPLL) to enable the implementation of an active harmonic compensator to reduce noise harmonics induced by the estimated back-EMF. By using the P-Q theory, the proposed compensator calculates a compensation signal to be directly injected into the QPLL based on ESO. The results analysis shows that the proposed strategy significantly reduces torque ripples and speed/position estimation errors under a wide range of speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Machines & Control / Dianji Yu Kongzhi Xuebao is the property of Electric Machines & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A conventional dual-winding (DW) motor has two internal windings consisting of a master part and a slave part, each connected to a different electronic control unit (ECU) to realize a redundant system. However, existing DW motors have a problem related to heat generation in both the healthy mode and the faulty mode of the motor operation. In the healthy mode, unexpected overloads can cause both windings to burn out simultaneously due to equal heat distribution. If the current sensor fails to measure correctly, the motor may exceed the designed current density of 4.7 [Arms/mm2] under air-cooling conditions, further increasing burnout risk. External factors such as excessive load cycles or extreme heat conditions can further exacerbate this issue. In the faulty mode, the motor requires double the current to generate maximum torque, leading to rapid temperature increases and a high risk of overheating. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the design of a thermal fault-tolerant asymmetric dual-winding (ADW) motor, which improves heat management in both healthy and faulty modes for autonomous vehicles. A lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) with a piecewise stator-housing model (PSMs) was employed to evaluate the coil temperature during faulty operation. An optimal design approach, incorporating kriging modeling, Design of Experiments (DOE), and a genetic algorithm (GA), was also utilized. The results confirm that the proposed ADW motor design effectively reduces the risk of simultaneous burnout in the healthy mode and overheating in the faulty mode, offering a robust solution for autonomous vehicle applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical science & Technology series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposed the integral-proportional-derivative (I-PD) as an extension of the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) method that has been used in many brushless direct current (BLDC) applications to control the BLDC motor that can deal with desired speed (reference) changes. It has elucidated a comprehensive comparative analysis between PID, intending to delineate the most efficacious control approach based on a thorough evaluation. This paper scrutinizes four principal methods: proportional-integral (PI), integral-proportional (I-P), PID, and I-PD. Our findings indicate that in the presence of voltage spike constraints, I-P or IPD emerges as the optimum choice for both four-pole and six-pole motors. Where maximum difference (MaxDiff) is the principal consideration, PI, and I-P are identified as the most suitable methods. Conversely, when the primary objective is to minimize root mean square error (RMSE), PI proves superior for four-pole motors, while PID is preferable for six-pole types. Notably, I-P demonstrates excellent performance in terms of settling time for both motor types. In summation, I-P stands out as the preeminent choice if the objective is to select a singular method that ensures optimal performance across all parameters for a four-pole or six-pole motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electric automobiles, or EVs, is essential to environmentally conscious transportation. Battery EVs (BEVs) are predicted to become increasingly accepted for passenger vehicle transportation within the next 10 years. Although enthusiasm for EVs for environmentally friendly transportation is on the rise, there remain significant concerns and unanswered research concerns regarding the possible future of EV power transmission. Numerous motor drive control algorithms struggle to deliver efficient management when ripples in torque minimization and improved dependability control approaches in motors are taken into account. Control techniques involving direct torque control (DTC), field orientation control (FOC), sliding mode control (SMC), intelligent control (IC), and model predictive control (MPC) are implemented in electric motor drive control algorithms to successfully deal with this problem. The present study analyses only sophisticated control strategies for frequently utilized EV motors, such as the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, and possible solutions to reduce torque fluctuations. This study additionally explores the history of EV motors, the operational method between EM and PEC, and EV motor design techniques and development. The future prospects for EV design include a vital selection of motors and control approaches for lowering torque ripple, as well as additional research possibilities to improve EV functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current study, which focuses on the operational safety problem in intelligent three-dimensional garages, an obstacle avoidance measurement and control scheme for the AGV parking robot is proposed. Under the premise of high-precision distance detection using Kalman filtering, a mathematical model of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor with full-speed range hybrid control is established. MATLAB/Simulink (R2022a) is used to build the control model, which has dual closed-loop vector-controlled motors in the low- to medium-speed range, with photoelectric encoders for speed feedback. The simulation results show that, at lower to medium speeds, the maximum overshoot of the output response curve is 1.5%, and the response time is 0.01 s. However, at higher speeds, there is significant jitter in the speed output waveform. Therefore, the speed feedback is switched to a sliding mode observer (SMO) instead of the original speed sensor at high speeds. Experiments show that, based on the SMO, the problem of speed waveform jitter at high motor speeds can be significantly improved, and the BLDC motor system has strong robustness. The above shows that the motor speed under the full-speed range hybrid control system can meet the AGV control and safety requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand and projected shortage of rare earth elements in the near future, the urgent task of developing energy-efficient electrical equipment with less dependence on rare earth magnets has become paramount. The use of permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMaSynRMs), which reduce the consumption of rare earth magnets, can help solve this problem. This article presents a theoretical analysis of the characteristics of PMaSynRM in a subway train drive. Options with rare earth and ferrite magnets are considered. Optimization of the motor designs considering the train movement cycle is carried out using the Nelder-Mead method. Characteristics of the motors, such as losses, torque ripple, and inverter power rating, as well as the mass and cost of active materials, are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torque ripple in a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) seriously restricts its application in high-performance fields. This paper proposes a commutation torque ripple suppression strategy based on a Zeta converter. The expected output voltage of a Zeta converter that suppresses the commutation torque ripple is obtained, according to the effect of the duty ratio of the Zeta converter on the turn-off phase freewheeling duration and the turn-on phase rising duration, during commutation. Based on the analysis of the dynamic response of the Zeta converter, the Zeta converter is adjusted to ensure that the Zeta converter reaches stability in sufficient time. During the commutation, the output voltage of the Zeta converter is connected to the main circuit to reduce the torque ripple during commutation, and the expected regulated duty cycle of the Zeta converter during the next commutation is calculated to adjust the output voltage of the Zeta converter. Based on this analysis, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper derives an advanced multi-loop speed feedback system equipped with model-free pole-zero cancellation (PZC) filters for the position and current measurements of servo drives. The proposed feedback system does not necessitate an exact system model, and it renders the transfer function of each loop in a first-order low-pass filter form by involving active damping terms. Furthermore, the PZC filters output the desired speed and current information for each of the loops along the first-order convergent system, independent of the system model. An experimental platform involving a 500 W brushless DC motor, with a digital signal processor as a controller, validates the practical improvement of the proposed feedback system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]