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The present study addressed the effects of becoming aware of being at an authentic historic place both on affective reactions and acquisition of information about the relevant historic events. The study was conducted in a research institute located in a former National Socialist (NS) clinic, thus holding an authentic historic dimension, while at the same time, the building's physical attributes do not resemble its history anymore. This allowed us to manipulate the participants' awareness of being at an authentic historic place via systematic variation of prior information (neutral information about the building, general information about a historic event, information about the authenticity of the place regarding the historic event). After receiving prior information, participants had to indicate their emotional valence and arousal. They were then shown a set of photographs related to the relevant historical period or to another unrelated period in randomized order and, after a filler task, were given a memory test of the photographs. Afterwards, participants rated the study room regarding its valence and evoking arousal. It was found that awareness of being at an authentic place had a negative effect on personal mood. Furthermore, the site itself was perceived less positively when participants were aware of its NS history. However, no differences in memory performance of relevant photos were found due to history awareness. The findings indicate that being at an authentic historic place does not necessarily imply a better acquisition of relevant historical knowledge.

In this article, I read Hilgard Hall as a text of whiteness to explore how one campus building at the University of California, Berkeley renders racial power relations in the academy. Through the lens of critical whiteness studies, I examine Hilgard Hall's namesake, architecture features, and weighty epigraph, "to rescue for human society the native values of rural life." Specifically, I analyse Hilgard Hall's identity as a building dedicated to agricultural research and education through its entanglement with Berkeley's history as a land-grant institution. I offer a possible vision for Hilgard Hall that attempts to enable the building to become a 'spatial race traitor' through renovation and occupation. This article speaks to the current debates on removing monuments and building names and how agricultural programmes might approach addressing the ways white supremacy is literally constructed in(to) their teaching and research spaces.

Collective cultural transformation is needed to save the Earth from the growing effects of the human-caused environmental problems. Music education, too, can take part in preparing future generations with the knowledge and skills needed to address the world's complex challenges and create a more sustainable future. Approaching music education from the perspective of ecosocial sustainability can foster students' sensitivity to diverse sonic environments and support the overall appreciation of multispecies communities and mutually beneficial ways of interaction in the more-than-human world. Based on the general theory of ecosocial art education, this article presents three practical approaches to music education, which can promote a sustainable life orientation: (1) "Attuning to sounds" helps cultivate one's connectedness to more-than-human others. (2) "Reconnecting with sound memories" helps recognise how sonic environments affect and indicate the lives of humans and other beings. (3) "Co-composing with the more-than-human world" helps to embrace the generative powers of creativity in experiencing interdependence with others.

Indonesia is a country that is famous for its culture, arts, traditional crafts, and even traditional houses. This diversity is reflected in each region by having a unique culture as an icon of the area. Therefore, the diversity of arts and culture needs to be preserved, so that it can be used as education and study material for scientific development. This study aims to create a model of cultural preservation through an application to identify the types of traditional buildings in Indonesia. This research focuses on the preservation of traditional Javanese houses because they have many types with uniqueness in terms of topology and also ornaments. Each building model looks similar visually, but actually different because each ornament and topological form has special characteristics. This is an education for students and the general public to know the history of the building. The concept applied in identifying the type of building uses the concept of Deep Learning as one of the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The research begins with the acquisition of building object data, image analysis, development of application as an educational tool for students or the community, and the last is evaluation. The data was taken by taking pictures directly of traditional Javanese buildings in Indonesia using cameras, smartphones, and drones. The total of 1330 images were captured consisting of traditional Javanese house ornaments which are "Joglo" and "Kalang." Based on the tests carried out to recognize building objects, the system successfully able to recognize building objects with an accuracy of 99.5%. In terms of education in recognizing building design and culture, this application was tested on students, it can increase students' knowledge on building history by 97%.

Background: Video-based training has been widely adopted by private organizations and public authorities to educate occupants on various types of building emergencies. However, the effectiveness of video-based training for preparing occupants for building emergencies has not been rigorously studied nor has the impact of emergency type been investigated on training effectiveness. Objectives: This study examines whether video-based training is an effective method to prepare occupants for building emergencies and how the effectiveness differs in the context of different building emergencies. Methods: We simulated fire and active shooter emergencies in a virtual office building and conducted evacuation experiments to examine participants' emergency responses using both objective and subjective metrics. A total of 108 participants were recruited and responded to the fire or active shooter incident with or without video-based training. Results and Conclusions: The results revealed that participants with video-based training more often chose to follow other recommendations when responding to building emergencies instead of simply following others. Results from ANOVA showed that training increased participants' self-efficacy significantly, especially for those in the active shooter group. Moreover, participants in the active shooter simulation had a higher level of response efficacy than those in the fire emergency simulation. Our results also demonstrated the influence of emergency type on participants' final decisions and considerations of the recommendations. Implications: Our results suggested that video-based training is effective in improving participants' emergency preparedness and changing their behaviour patterns to a certain extent such as reducing following behaviour and encouraging safe evacuations. Additionally, statistically significant interactions between video-based training and emergency types suggested that training effectiveness should be considered in accordance with the emergency type.

The essential purpose of developing PISA-like questions is to train students' reasoning abilities so that students' ability to solve PISA-like questions increases. Therefore, this research aims to produce PISA-like math problems in the context of historical buildings in the Karawang Regency that are valid, practical, and potentially affect mathematics learning. The subjects of this study were junior high school students at SMPN 2 Karawang Barat. This research uses design research with development studies, consisting of preliminary and prototyping phases. The preliminary stage consists of two stages: needs analysis and design, while the prototyping stage consists of 5 phases: self-evaluation, expert review, one-to-one, small group, and field tests. The data collection techniques in this study were in the form of PISA-like math problems in the context of shape and space with the context of Historic Buildings in Karawang, observations, questionnaires, and interviews. All data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results show that this study resulted in nine PISA-like math problems in the context of shape and space with the context of Historic Buildings in Karawang that are valid, practical, and potentially affect learning mathematics. The potential effect is related to students' interest in PISA-like questions and students' ability to understand and answer PISA-like questions. Finally, the results of this study have an impact on students who are getting trained in solving PISA-like math problems.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), also known as drones is increasing in geospatial science curricula within the United States. Within the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture (ATCOFA) at Stephen F. Austin State University, Texas, seniors in the geospatial science program complete capstone projects to evaluate current geospatial technology to investigate complex ecological, social and environmental issues. Under the umbrella of a student initiated and designed senior project, students designed a study to estimate height of buildings with UAS data incorporating UAS data, LP360 and ArcScene programs, and Pictometry web-based interface. Results from a statistical analysis of the data confirm that geospatial science height estimation techniques can provide accurate estimates of height remotely. The independence of the students completing the project with UAS data for LP360 and ArcScene estimations, and utilizing Pictometry as an on-onscreen measuring tool, point to the need to integrate remote sensing, statistical analysis and synthesis of data into undergraduate geospatial science curricula. This reinforces the hands-on learning approach within ATCOFA and provides guidance to integrate the use of UAS in natural resource education.

This research aims to find out the process of implementing field practices in Building Education Program of Faculty of Engineering at Medan State University. The implementation of field practice is one of the implementation of vocational education. Field practice activities for building education programs are conducted through observation and analysis of various problems in building and civil construction observation and analysis of various problems in building and civil construction work. The subjects of the study were students of Building Education Program of Faculty of Engineering at Medan State University who had conducted field practice as many as 34 people in 2019. Based on the results of research and discussion of the implementation of field practice in building education, it is necessary to improve, namely: (1) acceleration of completion, because the average length of field practice is 6.88 months; (2) acceleration of administration process such as correspondence; (3) implementation of field practice conducted during college holidays to be more efficient; (4) the focus of field practice report is quickly determined when guidance with each student; and (5) field practice exam materials around the student's written report. Overall, the results show that the implementation of field practice can improve competence and attitude towards the world of work especially in the field of construction. The implementation of field practice in Building Education Program still needs attention to prepare more competent graduates in the field of building and civil construction.

The spatial turn in humanities and social sciences has contributed towards a significant discourse on the city and urban spaces, and street art is widely accepted to be one of the ways in which one can analyse and unravel the cityscape. The utilization of the public domain of the city, its entanglements with urban authorities and its diverse potential has sparked several debates, and I seek to engage in the same, and interrogate the role of street art in modifying the cityscape. Through the course of my paper, I seek to interrogate the changing cityscape of Delhi and the role that street art has played in the same, post the events of 13th and 15th December 2019. The walls of Jamia Millia Islamia serve as a canvas for the articulation of resistance against the State and its excesses, its personal testimony of the same, and the graffiti on the same covers a plethora of topics, ranging from assertions of revolution, encouraging slogans and ominous warnings by literary figures, and is a dynamic form of subversion of State Power, unlike the street art projects at Lodhi Art Districts that are aimed at gentrification. The murals have been painted by students but the anonymity of the artists is retained, and thus belongs to no one but the multiplicity. I seek to study the reorientation of the cityscape of Delhi by the protest sites of Jamia and Shaheen Bagh that is not just limited to street art but the rerouting and diversion of traffic, creation of temporary structures like classrooms and libraries outside the institution and on the roads through the works of Henri Lefebvre, and weigh the significance of this protest.

Purpose: With the increasing demand for sustainable developments, higher education should focus on teaching both sustainable buildings and infrastructure systems. This study aims to investigate the existing sustainable infrastructure (SI) teaching efforts in sustainability courses; identify best practices to integrate SI throughout bachelor's and master's programs under the construction management (CM) curricula; and propose guidelines for students to obtain Envision sustainability professional (ENV SP) credential during sustainability education. Design/methodology/approach: This study conducted keywords search within the sustainability course descriptions under the American Council for Construction Education accredited CM curricula to locate SI topics. Additionally, this research collected inputs from the Envision Academic Committee members to develop a matrix representing the best practices for integrating SI in higher education and provided a guide with a step-by-step procedure to obtain ENV SP credentials. Findings: This study identified a gap regarding the availability of SI education and offered best practices on how CM curricula might nurture such knowledge. Phase I highlighted that only two CM programs taught infrastructure sustainability, and three programs offered sustainability credentialing processes under a bachelor's degree. Phase II developed a framework that offered a variety of pedagogical approaches and outlined the process for obtaining the ENV SP certificate for CM students in the freshman, sophomore, junior and senior years. Originality/value: The findings of this study can facilitate CM education to create awareness among the future workforce and encourage them to establish skills pertaining to the economic, social and environmental implications while designing SI.

In this study, the visual assessment of building facades, which define the boundaries of avenues, were based on the color factor with the aim of revealing its effect on the aesthetic perception of a city. Being part of the façade coloring work implemented in the Province of Antalya, the facades along the Avenues of Gulluk, Yuzuncuyil and Mevlana were selected as the sample for this study. In the first stage of this study, a survey assessment form was developed with reference to similar studies. For the online survey, random participants were asked to evaluate the former and current appearance photos showing the coloring work on the selected avenues based on five selected criteria (Like-Dislike, Boring-Exciting, Compatible-Incompatible, Disturbing-Relaxing, Appealing-Unappealing). Research suggest that coloring work did not have a significantly positive effect neither on the aesthetic value of the city nor on people's degree of liking of the avenues. However, in scope of given criteria, different relations do emerge when the degree of liking scores for the former and current appearance is evaluated. There is a strong relation between Compatible-Incompatible criteria and degree of liking before the coloring work however, the relation between Boring-Exciting criteria and degree of liking after the coloring work is stronger. Accordingly, it is possible to say that the standard colors used formerly on the avenue facades were liked because they were compatible however, the applied colors are liked because they are found more exciting.

This article describes use of a virtual environment in a multi-disciplinary context to enhance discipline specific skills. A virtual environment built by reusing gaming technology was modified in a collaboration across Computing, Construction Management and Nursing & Midwifery disciplines. A two-staged pilot evaluation considered (i) a construction management cohort engaged with regulatory building inspection critically analyzing their environment to determine compliance and (ii) a nursing cohort, building occupant's experience in a virtual fire drill. Feedback from cohorts was used to improve the virtual environment and reflect on the use of simulations in this context. Results suggest students appreciate graphical realism in the simulated environment and the ability for the virtual environment to enhance practicality in learning and to contextualize theory.

This study aimed to present an example activity in which the engineering design process was used. The activity was carried out in an out-of-school learning environment in 12 periods of 40 minutes. Twenty-four students who were in the 6th, 7th or 8th grade, participated in the activity. Students were presented with a design problem in which moving companies must carry out transport operations in high-rise buildings without using the lifts of the buildings. They were then requested to make a design at a scale of 1/20 that can be used to carry goods to the fourth floor of a building. The students used technology (the Arduino program) for developing a solution. This activity enabled integration of the disciplines of technology, engineering, science, and mathematics. Students expressed positive opinions about the activity. The difficulties that students experienced and the suggestions for how to support them are discussed in the paper.

The purpose of this study was to find the main factors that guide language policies and discover correlations between top-down and bottom-up ideologies in the context of Hungary and Kyrgyzstan. To accomplish this, the study created a database of relevant official documents, photos of linguistic landscapes and qualitative data. The study analyzed the documented top-down decisions from historical perspectives, and then compared them with the data collected from interviews and surveys, and from the collection of photos. The participants included both high-ranking political figures, professors, students and random citizens. Results showed that the official policies often do not comprehensively match with the people's beliefs, attitudes and desires. Findings also imply that using either document analysis, or the method of linguistic landscape, or qualitative methods alone, might not sufficiently validate the results in the absence of each other, since errors may top up from various discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up arrangements, as well as from overt and covert ideologies.

Energy efficiency is identified as a vital area for addressing sustainability challenges of our time. Governments throughout the world invest vast amounts of resources in research, for advancing knowledge on energy efficiency, and for fostering innovations that can support a transition towards a more sustainable energy system. Evaluation can be an important component in transition processes, for setting directions, assessing outcomes, and enhancing learning. In Sweden, evaluations are undertaken to assess the contribution of energy research to national goals and are also regularly undertaken for individual research programmes and institutions to assess processes and effects. Thus, in a context where evaluations are conducted at different levels and with different objectives, the connectivity between them becomes complex and often unclear. This study focuses on how research is evaluated and how individual evaluations frame and relate the evaluand to an energy transition. By reviewing 20 Swedish evaluations of research for energy efficiency in buildings, we seek to provide insights on the operationalization, analysis, and assessment of the evaluations. The results reveal that evaluations often deploy a systems perspective that frames the initiatives in a larger societal perspective, crucial for supporting a transition. They also highlight a heterogeneity within the undertaking of the evaluation: from a generally wide operationalization--to a more narrow analysis focusing on programme level outcomes--to a wider assessment of impacts and relevance for society and different actors. In all, the full potential of individual research evaluations is still to be harnessed through deliberate evaluation approaches.

As Building Information Modeling (BIM) became the gold standard of the architecture, construction, and engineering industry, lack of skilled BIM professionals is considered one of the major challenges. While numerous studies have identified different approaches to introduce BIM in construction management (CM) programs, comprehensive frameworks have not been found. To bridge the gap, this paper proposes a three-level framework that provides a systematic coverage of BIM through the entire CM curriculum. The framework consists of a fundamentals level covering BIM contents in most CM subjects, an application level where BIM is applied to solve real-world problems, and an advanced level that focuses on the latest and advanced topics of BIM. The framework aligns most CM subjects to their respective BIM components and exposes CM students to BIM from entry to exit. This paper serves as a case study of how BIM education has been implemented in an undergraduate CM program.

This paper focusses on the forensic work put on display at Londres-38, a building in Santiago Chile designated as a National Monument, which once functioned as a torture and extermination centre under Pinochet's dictatorship. Striving to avoid conventional memorial practices, or didactic strategies that would morbidly represent the past horror, Londres-38 curatorially opts for very few educational props, so that visitors can have a peculiarly direct encounter with the materiality of the building. The paper engages with one of the few displays employed at Londres-38: a time-looped video detailing the forensic work undertaken on a small washroom. Despite the years that have passed, remaining within its walls, floors, and on the surfaces of the National Monument are material traces left by the detainees-disappeared: scratches and inscriptions, as well as DNA, that are still being forensically harvested. The paper discusses how the video exhibit documents a pedagogical performance of how the unperceived can come to light, how the erasure of the violent past can be made to re-appear as a matter of public concern through a certain sensibility to materiality that is unique to forensics. At issue in the paper is the curatorial-pedagogical strategy employed that invites us to immerse and try out for ourselves the forensic sensibility that tends to and gazes at the materiality of the building in a particular way so that the embedded evidence therein can come to matter and move us to hear the unsettled call for justice in our present.

This paper discusses a post-conference experience involving attendees who utilized airport space to debrief through face-to-face (FtF) communication. Their temporary spatial proximity led to an idea generation process of recalling, rethinking, and getting ready for what's next. Literature about learning spaces, knowledge management, and the affordances and preferences of FtF communication are explored as they relate to using spaces for purposive conversation. The paper highlights a proposed debriefing model of immediacy, place, and presence. This framework allows organizations to leverage unique affordances of FtF communication and geography of the airport, or other similar spaces, to maximize engagement and benefit.

Crowning the second semester of geometry, taught within a Catholic middle school, the author's students explored connections between the geometry of regular polygons and architecture of local buildings. They went on to explore how these principles apply famous buildings around the world such as the monuments of Washington, D.C. and the elliptical piazza of Saint Peter's Basilica at Vatican City within Rome, Italy.

The project "3D and 4D Simulations for Landscape Reconstruction and Damage Scenarios: GIS Pilot Applications" has been devised with the intention to deal with the demand for research, innovation and applicative methodology on the part of the international programme, requiring concrete results to increase the capacity to know, anticipate and respond to a natural disaster. This project therefore sets out to develop an experimental methodology, a wide geodatabase, a connected performant GIS platform and multifunctional scenarios able to profitably relate the added values deriving from different geotechnologies, aimed at a series of crucial steps regarding landscape reconstruction, event simulation, damage evaluation, emergency management, multi-temporal analysis. The Vesuvius area has been chosen for the pilot application owing to such an impressive number of people and buildings subject to volcanic risk that one could speak in terms of a possible national disaster. The steps of the project move around the following core elements: creation of models that reproduce the territorial and anthropic structure of the past periods, and reconstruction of the urbanized area, with temporal distinctions; three-dimensional representation of the Vesuvius area in terms of infrastructuralresidential aspects; GIS simulation of the expected event; first examination of the healthcareepidemiological consequences; educational proposals. This paper represents a proactive contribution which describes the aims of the project, the steps which constitute a set of specific procedures for the methodology which we are experimenting, and some thoughts regarding the geodatabase useful to "package" illustrative elaborations. Since the involvement of the population and adequate hazard preparedness are very important aspects, some educational and communicational considerations are presented in connection with the use of geotechnologies to promote the knowledge of risk.

We investigated how schemas can bias both memory and perception of a frequently seen building leading to a horizontal-vertical illusion. Specifically, undergraduate students (n = 172) were asked to estimate and sketch the dimensions of a highly familiar campus building to determine if they misremember or misperceive the building's features. Despite its cubic dimensions, participants frequently overestimated the building's height to width ratio, both on sketches and estimates, as they were likely biased by the horizontal-vertical illusion and the schema that buildings are often taller than wider. This occurred regardless of whether participants sketched and estimated from memory or completed these tasks while perceiving the building. Additionally, participants were often unable to correctly identify the building's outline on a recognition test, even while looking at it. These results demonstrate that both perceptual and memory accuracy can be impacted by schematic biases and cognitive illusions.

When museums commission green buildings, those buildings are often covered in the press. To understand the educational potential of green building press coverage, we qualitatively analyzed 96 articles about eight U.S. green science museums. We found that journalists who cover green buildings highlight green roofs, material choices, site/landscaping, and plant choices most often. Additionally, analyses showed that green building coverage catalyzed discussion of broader sustainability issues such as ecosystems, climate change, and water issues. Press coverage of sustainable architecture sets an agenda of sustainability and contributes to the larger aim of public science education.

Background: Previous research has shown two-way associations between rental tenure, poorer housing quality, and health outcomes, but little research has looked at relative housing contributions to health outcomes. Aims: We investigated whether tenure and/or dwelling condition were associated with housing-sensitive hospitalizations and whether any association differed by income. Method: Using a data set of housing characteristics matched to hospitalization records, rental tenure data, and income quintiles, we modeled differences in housing-sensitive hospitalization rates by ecological-level tenure and housing condition, controlling for age-group and mean temperatures. Results: There were clear associations between income, tenure, and house condition, and winter-associated hospitalization risk. In the adjusted model, the largest risk differences were associated with neighborhoods with low income (risk ratio [RR] = 1.48) and high rental tenure (RR = 1.41). There was a nonsignificant difference for housing condition (RR = 1.04). Discussion: Rental tenure and poor housing condition were risks for housing-sensitive hospitalization, but the association with income was stronger. Higher income households may be better able to offset quality and tenure-related health risks. This research illustrates the inverse housing law: Those most vulnerable, with most need for good-quality housing, are least likely to have it. Income inequity is inbuilt in tenure, quality, and health burden relationships. Conclusion: These findings suggest that measures to address health inequities should include improvements to both tenure security and housing quality, particularly in low-income areas. However, policymakers aiming to reduce overall hospitalization rates should focus their efforts on reducing fuel poverty and improving the affordability of quality housing.

This research analyzes the illegal and unreasonable practice of court rulings that aim to accelerate the major construction of problematic long-delayed apartment blocks in the Russian Federation. The authors express their critical attitude to the widespread wrongful approach that violates the laws in effect and allows courts to apply branch-specific legal regulation to public relations, which should be regulated by different laws. The authors support the supremacy of law over the administrative and economic expedience, which often prevails in modern Russia, and analyze the legal status of the victims of unscrupulous real estate developers, including that of persons who took mortgage loans and bore additional costs due to increased interest rates, and the financial losses of banks that were forced to create additional reserves for potential losses from bad debts with security in the form of apartments in buildings, the construction of which was delayed indefinitely.

Historical investigation anchors architectural and urban practice. Analyzing two sets of questionnaires distributed in different class settings, this paper explores two questions: how do design students currently learn about architectural history, and how do they translate this knowledge into their design practice? First, tentative conclusions are that (1) physical engagement with buildings outside the classroom is an important inspiration for the students, (2) (assigned) books definitely influence their (design) thinking, (3) different types of pedagogy--lecture, seminar, thesis, studio--affect student learning in different and complementary ways, and (4) students overwhelmingly see history as a relevant preparation and foundation for design, but this understanding is implicit and often unspecific.

When the author tells people that her research focuses on how people teach and learn with historic places, the first response is usually "Oh, I love field trips." This sensibility, that field trips are required to teach about a place, is the single greatest barrier to understanding what can be learned from Place. Every Place is an Historic Place. To start teaching with Historic Places the author recommends taking time to apply this idea within the school building, or another Place of interest. The structure of this article can be used to engage in a guided inquiry of that Place.

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has been at the center of a national conversation around the necessity to strengthen the STEM workforce starting with STEM education in K-12 schools. "The Next Generation Science Standards" (NGSS Lead States 2013) incorporate a prominent engineering component in both disciplinary core ideas and practices. STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics), an iteration of STEM that incorporates the arts, is becoming more prevalent in early childhood education settings and serves as an aesthetic context that naturally extends engineering and technology experiences (Wynn and Harris 2012). The past decade has seen a significant growth in makerspaces and STEAM labs making their way to elementary schools. Makerspaces and STEAM labs are areas with both physical and technological resources for students to create. These spaces provide environments for teachers to integrate Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics as a way for students to use higher level thinking to make complex meaning in traditionally discrete subjects. Early childhood education majors at Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, take a Math/Science methods block during their junior year, alongside an Integrated Art course. The Math/ Science methods block is designed to prepare candidates to teach science and mathematics to children age 3 to grade 3. Likewise, the Integrated Art course is designed to prepare candidates to integrate the arts throughout the curriculum at this age level. These courses provided a unique opportunity to incorporate STEAM education in a meaningful way that aligned with course outcomes and provided opportunities for students to understand and apply best practices in STEAM education. As such, the STEAM module presented in this article, The Geometry of Buildings, was designed to cover kindergarten standards but also to provide preservice early childhood education majors a high-quality experience with STEAM education.

In this study children's learning of the concept, stability, during some building activities were investigated. It was also examined how a story can create meaning, having the children build for some animals in the story. Two preschool teachers and 10 children participated. Data consisted of video-recordings from activities with the children and was analysed through thematic coding. The findings showed that the children enjoyed to build and showed an understanding of how to build stable constructions, however without using the word stable. There were connections to the story and new stories were also made by the children during building activities.

This study investigated the extent to which people can develop a global representation of local environments through across-boundary navigation. Participants learned objects' locations in two misaligned rectangular rooms in an immersive virtual environment. After learning, they adopted a local view in one room and judged directions of objects within the room; the views in two consecutive trials were from different rooms and locally or globally consistent (priming task). In some experiments, participants learned locations of five buildings before learning the objects in the rooms. In testing, after the priming task, they pointed to the buildings while adopting local views inside the rooms (across-boundary pointing task). Participants' estimated global headings were calculated from their pointing responses. The results showed that the priming effect from the globally consistent views occurred when participants learned the buildings and then locomoted between the rooms through a simple path. Consistent with the global priming effect, the means of participants' estimated global headings were accurate. In contrast, there was only the priming effect from the locally consistent views when participants did not learn the buildings before learning the objects inside the rooms or when participants were teleported between the rooms after learning the buildings. These results suggest that people can develop global representations of local environments through across-boundary navigation while traveling a simple path, provided that there are prior global representations.

A comprehensive study has yet to be carried out depending on the historical environment particular to the Elementary Schools in Northern Cyprus. The aim of this study is hence to determine whether the coverage of historical environment subjects in elementary school social sciences textbooks is absorbed or not by the 4th and 5th Grades in the context of both content and visuals. The method of study analysed has been organised in accordance with the qualitative research. The population was not indicated pursuant to qualitative research and so purposive sampling was implemented. The textbooks used were mainly selected from the afore-mentioned grades and classes. All the data collected were based on the textbooks used during the assessment process. The data was gathered in accordance with the document analysis technique and everything was analysed in detail. The categories used were generated after the authors performed analysis by utilising textbooks. To ensure the validity of the categories, literature scanning was undertaken and expert opinion was taken. The category definitions were written for public access. Moreover, units, titles and sub-titles were chosen as registration units and studied accordingly. Thus, the texts in the textbooks were guaranteed to cover the sufficient coverage and dimension for teaching the subject. The frequency of categories used under the text in historical environment was given and the number of words for the scope was also indicated. The size of visuals used in textbooks was given in accordance with the categories. As a result of the study, while 5th Grade textbooks cover historical environment subjects, there was no indication for the 4th Grade textbooks.

The section is an essential tool for understanding, exploring, representing and communicating spatial relations, structure and materiality in architecture, design and engineering, and therefore a recurring topic in the curricula. The section itself is destructive of nature and incompatible with a built environment in use or under construction. Hence, students throughout their education meet the section in the form of diagrammatic representations, that is, as forms of meaning emptied from scale, spatiality and materiality. This article reports on a series of four workshops, held in the spring semesters from 2011 to 2014 for first-year students at Aarhus School of Architecture. The aim was to provide first-year students with an experience of the relation between the section as a diagrammatic representation and the materiality, structure and spatial relations of a concrete building. The climax of each workshop was a full-scale dissection and transformation of an abandoned house. As we shall see, the workshops fulfilled not only the intended learning goals, but created an initially unforeseen and unique context for learning about the relations between building and place and introduced the question regarding depopulation of rural areas as a pertinent processional challenge. Beyond an educational value, the research project 'Transformation on abandonment, a new critical practice?' transpired from the workshops. This research project and the interplay between teaching and research are discussed in the last part of the article.

Although communicative purposes are an important element in language production, few studies investigate the extent to which they might affect referential choices. In this study we contrast two tasks with different purposes: identification and route directions giving. In Experiment 1 speakers referred to a target building nearby or further away so their addressee would distinguish it from other buildings (identification) or give route directions and use the same building as a landmark (instructions). Our results showed that irrespective of the speaker's purposes, referring expressions consisted of the same types of attributes, yet the attribute frequency and formulation differed. In the identification task the referring expressions were longer and contained more locative and more postnominal modifiers. In addition, referential choices were influenced by the visual distance between the speaker and the target: When speakers observed the target from afar, their references were longer and contained more often locative modifiers. In Experiment 2 a different group of participants had to evaluate references produced in Experiment 1 while assessing descriptions of objects or descriptions of objects extracted from route directions. Neither task, distance, nor the length of the phrases influenced their choice, indicating that addressees consider references produced in both conditions equally adequate in both uses.

This article examines the semiotic landscape of the Chinatown in Incheon, South Korea. Using the geosemiotic framework as a heuristic guide, we analyze how the spectacle of Chinatown is constituted through spatial, linguistic, semiotic, and material resources, and find that the unordinariness of the place is contingent on and emerges through its juxtaposition with ordinary space, practice, and language use. We suggest this apparent paradox can be understood through the process of scaling, during which signs and practices that might have been considered quotidian become monumentalised and ritualised when they are transported across timescales and spatial scales. Incheon's Chinatown then affords an opportunity to understand the semiotic and material production of 'unordinariness' through 'ordinariness'. These collective spatiotemporal disjunctures or juxtapositions reveal unexpected but nonetheless crucial intersections among language, semiotics, and nationness.

Field visits to churches, mosques, temples or other buildings used by religious groups, are often valued by students of religious education as an opportunity to engage with the 'reality' of the subject: religions as they exist in the world. The Council of Europe text "Signposts" specifies field visits as an important contributor to the religious dimension of intercultural education, but also identifies issues that need to be addressed by researchers and teachers. During an excursion, students interact with representatives who are likely to represent their tradition in one particular way. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the representation of religion and religiosity is constructed during excursions by representatives and visitors. We have developed an analytical tool based on the interpretive approach and the theory of speech genres. Based on our analysis of documentation related to four field visits with students to places of worship, we suggest how the different speech genres in play during an excursion can help in promoting awareness of different levels of religion: individual, group and the whole tradition.

This paper presents the operation of the educational software, Real Estate Data Analyzer, to teachers and future teachers. It is a specific software that allows students carry out complete statistical analysis projects on the characteristics of the buildings that surround them.

Thermal imaging was used 60+ years ago to enable the targeting of heat-seeking missiles and seeing opposing forces at night. Today thermograpy is employed for myriad uses, from turning on faucets, to tracking and attacking enemies from aerial spy drones, to identifying the scope of moisture infiltration in building envelopes. Thermography for facilities management has gone through an evolution of camera technology and procedures starting six decades ago with hand-held cameras and men walking on roofs in the dark. The new technology involves aerial data collection and patented computer analysis that identifies wet materials invisible to the naked eye. The goal in all cases is to accurately see inside roofs and walls to enable the visualization of what is invisible. Florida State University (FSU), University of Central Florida (UCF), University of Houston (UH), and universities administered by the State of Mississippi are among campuses that have secured the patented reports and proven the accuracy of the diagnostic intelligence by validating the results through coring and lab testing.

Building owners are caught between two powerful forces--the need to lower energy costs and the need to meet or exceed outdoor air ventilation regulations for occupant health and comfort. Large amounts of energy are wasted each day from commercial, institutional, and government building sites as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems replace indoor air with fresh outdoor air multiple times per day. Heating or cooling energy is continually wasted in the exhaust air stream, while new energy must be generated and used to condition entering outdoor air. Building owners who fail to capture this wasted energy will continue to incur high energy costs, negatively impacting asset values, profitability, and the ability to attract tenants, customers, or students with corporate or federally directed energy-efficiency mandates. To address this challenge, many building owners are turning to site-recovered energy technologies such as Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV). Designed to operate with new or existing HVAC units, ERV technology provides an affordable means to simultaneously cut HVAC energy costs without compromising outdoor air ventilation requirements. (Contains 3 figures and 5 endnotes.)

There has been a tremendous increase in use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the design and construction industry. There have been numerous case studies that have documented the improvements. The majority of these improvements have focused on better coordination of design resulting in fewer Requests for Information and/or change orders. There have also been a number of projects that have reduced timelines due to the more precise design documents. The owners and facility managers have been slower to adopt BIM. A portion of this delay is directly related to projects moving from design to construction to substantial completion. Other delays may be related to the increased investment that is necessary to move to a BIM platform. Working with the design and construction team on a new project is the ideal time to begin exploring the advantages that BIM can provide to the facility manager. In this article, the author talks about BIM as a better tool for facility data management and discusses how to create a BIM model for facility management.

For facilities managers, deferred capital renewal (DCR) is the issue that, in many ways, can play the role of spoiler for other programs and initiatives are that important to their campuses. In particular, operations and maintenance programs, campus growth strategies, and even sustainability programs can suffer setbacks caused by the unplanned system failures and/or the significant funding required for an adequate capital renewal program. In looking at the issue of DCR as a spoiler to higher priority programs, the viewpoint of this article intends to be simply an economic look at the challenges and some opportunities present when dealing with this topic. This approach encourages a more integrated view of DCR and its physical and financial relationship with other institution programs and their objectives. Since these programs require funding and other resources, they must be prioritized and various elements traded off in order to be effective. (Contains 2 tables.)

This article is a summary and conclusions of a field study carried out in a secondary education classroom with the aim of experimenting and observing how 13-year-old students learn the history of architecture by using complex virtual reality software. Within the framework of autonomous and active learning, students act as builders of some of the historic landmarks studied during the course. Thus, students learn, for instance, the features of Romanesque and Gothic architecture as they are asked to build block by block--and with the aid of a computer equipped with virtual reality software-- various buildings of the periods concerned. The student-centered approach which concentrates on students' learning also allows for a high degree of student autonomy and creativity. At the same time, this method fosters interactivity, and the spectacular results of virtual recreation and its stimulating activities are highly motivating and contribute to improve student concentration and achievement alike.

There are some words in the building industry that seem to be clear and understandable to say, yet they need some help in understanding the depth of the meaning. When the term maintenance is talked about there seems to be some agreement that it does not mean building a new building. Maintenance as a term covers many areas and if not clarified could be interpreted to mean a lot of things. Entering into the maintenance vocabulary are some new words. One of the words that seems simple to talk about yet is hard to find a common definition for is the term "Sustainability." Another new word is "interoperability," which is sometimes referred as a technology term. Sustainability and interoperability are terms and definitions that help describe two additional terms that are impacting the profession: BIM-"Building Information Modeling" and TCO-"Total Cost of Ownership." The only way these two terms are made feasible is if the practice of sustainability and interoperability is not just a planted idea in the minds of an organization, but that steps are being taken to incorporate the terms into the core way in which management sees its role and vision as facilities managers. These terms, if taken on by any organization, must be understood as a "paradigm shift" and that everything that is currently being done needs to be seen through this new vision.

This article will assume that one has heard of Building Information Modeling or BIM but has not developed a strategy as to how to get the most out of it. The National BIM Standard (NBIMS) has defined BIM as a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such, it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility, forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle from inception onward. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update, or modify information to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. The BIM is a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability.

Two experiments investigated how people use buildings and street configurations to reorient in large-scale environments. In immersive virtual environments, participants learned objects' locations in an intersection consisting of 4 streets. The objects' locations were specified by 2 cues: a building and/or the street configuration. During the test, participants localized objects with either or both cues. Participants were divided into a competition group and a no-competition group. The competition group learned both cues whereas the no-competition group learned the single cue for trials with single testing cue. For the trials with both testing cues, both groups learned both cues and these 2 cues were placed at the original locations or displaced relative to each other during testing. Critically, the familiarity with the environment was also manipulated: in Experiment 1, participants learned the same building at the same corner of the same intersection for all trials (familiar); in Experiment 2, participants learned different buildings at different corners of different intersections across trials (unfamiliar). The results showed that the performance in the competition group was impaired in unfamiliar environments but not in familiar environments. When displacement occurred, the participants' preference in unfamiliar environments was determined by the response accuracy of using the 2 cues respectively, whereas participants in the familiar environment preferred the street configuration with a probability higher than what was solely determined by response accuracy based on individual cues. When the 2 cues were consistent with each other, they were combined additively in both familiar and unfamiliar environments.

Theatre for Early Years (TEY) audiences is a relatively new and growing area of practice. This article arises from empirical research with a group of children aged three and four, who made repeat visits to watch TEY performances at Polka Theatre in London. Drawing on literature from education studies, theatre studies and cultural geography, this article explores the pedagogy of TEY beyond the performance in isolation. By reflecting on our journeys to and activities at the theatre, I propose a contextually embedded understanding of the wider TEY event, as well as some of the ways that researchers and educators might seek to better comprehend or enhance this.