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Given the distance, energy consumption and football referees' physical challenge during matches, it is crucial that their speed, endurance, and strength should be enhanced. It is in this perspective that this One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design quasiexperimental research, aims to (a) validate a mixed-training program to enhance Primus League football referees' speed, endurance, and strength. The research also aims to (b) gather evidence on the program reliability and effectiveness. The sample consisted of 15 Primus League football referees (n=15) who attended a five-week training program with sessions held 3 times per week. During an expert panel, eight Fitness and Vitality Enhancement (FVE) professionals validated the program and later the replicability estimation indicated the training program related tests' high reliability (ICC=0.77). The normality assumption was verified, and the results obtained through paired-sample t test, with related sig.<0.025, indicated that the intervention program effectiveness, except the speed component for which there was not enough evidence of the referees' improvement. With bigger sample sizes, it is recommended that the relation between the referees' age, body mass, and speed be established to shed light on the reason of speed component statistical insignificance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of theoretical analysis of stress measurement instruments in athletes with disabilities has high urgency in the context of sports science and practice. Athletes with disabilities face unique challenges that are different from non-disabled athletes, both physically, psychologically, and socially. This study chose the Scopus, PubMed, dan Crossref database (the leading databases in the world) as the research sample and data source to be used in bibliometric analysis, covering the spectrum of publications from 2018 to 2024. Through this meticulous process, a subset was screened until finally 552 papers were selected, representing the pinnacle of rigorous research methodology and the basis for subsequent analysis and interpretation. To explore and identify key thematic areas as well as emerging topics using keyword co-emergence analysis. To support the process of visualization and analysis of the data obtained, the Vosviewer application is used. The findings in bibiometric analysis showed that these five clusters, namely: (1) athlete; (2) disability; (3) instrument; (4) patient; (5) stress level. One of them is the keyword "stress level" found in cluster 5. If the keyword is focused on networking, connections will appear on other keywords across the cluster. It can be seen that there is no connection to the keyword "athletes of disability", so this is a novelty and even a new finding in research in the present and the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to identify the contribution of Esports in promoting Physical Activity and Leisure. This is an exploratory and descriptive research conducted through The bibliographic analysis using The set of databases. The study was based on 551 articles, of which 14 were selected for the development of this work, with 6 of them being analyzed in detail. As a conclusion, it was observed that Esports play a significant role in promoting physical activity and leisure, providing numerous benefits for the health, well-being, and performance of its practitioners. From this research, we can find out the influence of esports on the promotion of physical activity, namely leisure, such as the following some positive impacts and negative impacts on the lives of practitioners. In the context of promoting physical activity and leisure, there are four areas where Esports can play a relevant role: new technologies, active electronic games, media, and the potential for physical activity to improve performance. Considering the indicators, it is essential to adopt strategies aligned with the activity physical, optimizing to the benefits in each one from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trampoline-based therapies have demonstrated the potential to enhance motor skills in children with autism by promoting the development of control, stability, and muscle power. This research aimed to investigate the impact of different trampoline therapies on motor abilities competency, lower limb muscle power, and body mass index (BMI) in a group of 25 children with autism (aged 6.9 ± 2.3 years old). Respondents were separated into two groups to participate in the experiment: Group A consisted of six children who underwent a 20-week program, while Group B comprised eight children who received a 32-week program. Additionally, an 11-member control group received no treatment. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Ability-2 otherwise stated (BOT-2), the Standing Long Jump test, and Mass Index of Body (BMI) assessments was administered at three time points: baseline (T1), during the program (T2), and after the program (T3). The results showed that both experimental groups demonstrated significant improvements scores in BOT-2 and lengthy standing jump workout performance after 20 and 32 weeks of trampoline-based therapy, respectively, compared to the control group. However, there were no significant changes in mass index of body before and after the programs in any of the three groups. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that engaging in trampoline training for a minimum duration of 20 weeks could potentially serve as an efficacious therapeutic approach to enhance motor skills among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is to compare the degree of satisfaction with life and self-esteem of Portuguese elite athletes of adapted sport according to the modality practiced, gender and sport experience. The sample consisted of 30 Portuguese elite athletes, 15 of adapted Athletics and 15 of Boccia, aged between 17 and 54 years (31.03 ± 10.26). The sports experience of these athletes was 13.33 (± 9.0) years of practice, in which 20 were male and 10 were female and all these athletes have disabilities. A questionnaire on biographical data, Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), the Self-Anchoring Rating Scale (Cantril, 1965) and the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) translated and adapted by (Bandeira et al., 2005) were applied. The questionnaire to assess subjective well-being (Translate adapted by (Fortes-Ferreira et al., 2006). The t-test was used to compare levels of satisfaction with life and self-esteem according to modality, sex, and years of practice. The results of this study allow us to conclude that Portuguese adapted athletes (8,83±4,71) and bocce (5,53±4,52) present there are statistically significant differences (0.050) in self-esteem between. The lower functional capacity, as well as the severity of Boccia athletes' deficiency, which requires the use of ancillary means, may be a reason to justify the fact that they present lower values of self-esteem than athletes. The same reason may justify a lower level of satisfaction with the lives of athletes with any less more sporting experience (25,47±4,33) than more sporting experience (28,85±4,63) since they are also older athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of physical fitness tests requires adequate facilities, so technology is needed to make it easier without having to provide facilities. The purpose of this study is to make it easier to get the results of a person's physical fitness level using age, gender, height and weight data through an intelligent system using the naïve Bayes algorithm without having to do a physical fitness test. This research is included in the Experimental research. The method used in this study used machine learning and classification with the naïve Bayes algorithm. Data analysis techniques use probability by using data tests and evaluations. The evaluation used uses accuracy. The population in this study was 100 college students. Training model scheme 98 and test 2 get an accuracy value when training is 100%, on testing an accuracy value of 50%. The best model is used as a reference in predicting new data, using 5 new data where 3 data already know the VO2Max value with the same prediction value and actual value, then 2 new data are not yet known VO2Max value, the 4th data gets a value of 44.2 and the 5th data gets a value of 33.2. The results of VO2Max testing using the naïve Bayes algorithm are declared accountable. Contribution to future research is to multiply research datasets to improve accuracy and improve user interface quality through development research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) Differences in the effects of image training methods using audiovisual and visual means on reaction time. (2) the difference between the effects of high agility and low response time; (3) Interaction between image and agility training model on reaction time of futsal goalkeepers. This study used experimental methods with a quantitative approach in a 2x2 factorial design and took a target sample, ie 24 students out of a total of 90 students. The data analysis method used was a two-way ANOVA test using the SPSS 23 program with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that: (1) There was a difference in the effect of image training methods using audiovisual media and visual media on reaction time, with a significance value of 0.001<0.05; (2) There is a difference between the effects of high mobility and short reaction time, with significant values of 0.018 < 0.05; (3) For reaction time of futsal goalkeepers, there is an interaction between imagination and agility training models with significant values of 0.373 > 0.05. The conclusions in this study are: (1) There is a difference in the effects of audiovisual imagery training and visual imagery training on the reaction time of goalkeepers in futsal players; (2) Effects of high and low agility on goalkeeper reaction time in futsal athletes; (3) Synergistic effects of imagination and agility training on goalkeeper reaction time in futsal players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball is a very technical sport that requires good physical condition. A talent skills assessment instrument specifically created for high school basketball players is critical to advancing their growth in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to design, create, and evaluate the validity of a skills evaluation instrument specifically created for junior high school basketball players in Indonesia. For this development research design, junior high school basketball players who had completed the training programme were selected as samples. Coefficient alpha analysis was used to assess the validity of the instrument, and the results were very encouraging. The alpha coefficient of all items is close to or equal to 1.00, which indicates the validity of the proposed evaluation instrument is very good. With the help of this evaluation instrument, athletes can be grouped based on their skill level and carry out talent evaluations more successfully. This makes it easier for coaches and team leaders to create training plans that are more focused on the skill areas that each athlete needs to improve. As a result, this assessment instrument is useful for individual and collective team growth. The findings of this research demonstrate the reliability of the development instrument created and its potential to improve the training and growth of junior high school basketball players in Indonesia. By utilising these assessment techniques, we can ensure that coaching efforts concentrate on the unique needs of each athlete, resulting in better results in the game of high school basketball. However, these findings also point to a number of topics that require further investigation. Future research could look at larger samples and include additional elements such as athletes' physical, mental, and social conditions for a more thorough examination. In this way, we can understand more deeply the elements that influence the abilities of junior high school basketball players. The skills evaluation instrument created specifically for junior high school basketball players in Indonesia has good validity. This can be a useful tool to increase athlete growth and develop basketball in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of physical education learning into online learning during the covid-19 pandemic impacts student participation in learning, requiring new techniques that might motivate students to engage in online learning activities. This research investigates the effectiveness of using a task sheet-based direct instruction learning model to increase elementary school students' physical education learning motivation. Experimental research with a pretest-posttest group design was employed in this research. Twenty-four fifth-grade students (16 male and eight female students) were employed in this research. They were grouped into two groups, the experimental and the control group. The research instrument used in this research was Elementary School Students' Learning Motivation Instruments in Physical Education to measure students' learning motivation levels. The data obtained were analyzed using a t-test. The results of this research revealed a significant effect of applying the task sheet-based direct instruction learning model to increase students' motivation in learning physical education in elementary schools. In this study, the researchers concluded that applying the task sheet-based direct instruction learning model was more effective in developing elementary school students' motivation than the conventional learning model in physical education learning. The use of Task Sheet-based Direct Instruction learning model can be used as an alternative for teachers in teaching physical education at elementary schools, both in online and offline learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of manipulative exercise on gross motor ability in students with grade V autism at SDLB who are 12 years old. The method and design used in this study is single-subject research using an Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) design. Researchers use test techniques in the form of instruments that use an event score recording system by providing checks/notes on paper that have been provided for each event or behavior that occurs up to a predetermined period. Data collection is carried out by observation and documentation techniques which are then analyzed using visual analysis under conditions. The results of this study provide a conclusion that manipulative exercises have an influence on the gross motor ability of students with autism, so manipulative exercises can be used as an alternative to improving gross motor ability. This success may be influenced by several other factors that limit this study such as social, cultural, linguistic, and possibly even genetic characteristics that can be used for further study. The recommendation for further research is to conduct further research by paying attention to the limitations of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]