Search

This paper shows the description of the conceptual aspects of audiovisual content through the Audio-Visual Semantics ontology (AVS) that allows to represent actions, characteristics and interactions between entities and / or elements with a multilevel granularity. For this, it is considered that the audiovisual pieces are composed of sequences. In these sequences it is possible to identify different happenings that can be described. Happenings are composed of a series of elements such as agents, actions, targets or other events. The use of qualifiers (specifying their scope and value) is contemplated to define qualities or attributes of the different elements that intervene in an event. The agents, actions, objects and qualifiers are not defined extensively in the ontology itself, but are referenced as concepts of SKOS vocabularies, which avoids modifying the AVS ontology and allows to define semantic relations between concepts and multilingual labeling. Currently, the AVS ontology is in development and in the validation phase through the description of audiovisual pieces and the verification of the results obtained.

The purpose of this article is to know the current interactivity options in online newspapers. To do this, we analyze the concept of (structural) interactivity and establish a measuring tool based on some previous methodologies. This model includes a classification of newspapers into stages of development. In this way, we provide a tool, which allows media firms to know the degree of interactivity in newspapers, assessing what dimensions and parameters are being incorporated. It was applied to a sample of 21 online newspapers. Results show poor implementation of participation and customization options. There is a niche to be covered by sections of user-generated content and closer collaboration journalists-citizens. It will require a real adaptation to the new possibilities of interaction with readers at different levels of involvement and participation. The majority of newspapers are classified in a digital stage and some of them are close to the multimedia phase.

The variety of archival description standards makes difficult the materialization in applications that comply with all requirements. We find ourselves in this situation on the way of adapting the Odilo A3W solution to a set of standards. That has led us to study the different models to make them compatible with each other and with the technological evolution of A3W. The objective is to explain how the A3W conceptual model has been defined in terms of archival description: entities, relationships and attributes; that is, how the RiC, NEDA, EAD and e-EMGDE standards have been made compatible and how the application has been adapted to incorporate them. This communication constitutes the first phase of a major project. So, at this stage we focused on the analysis of the entity "archival document" and its attributes, in a context of coexistence of paper and electronic document management. This implies the detailed study of the e-EMGDE, NEDA, RiC and EAD specifications. As a result, the archival description attributes associated with the "file document" entity of odiloa3w have been mapped with those defined for the models indicated above.

Thesauri are knowledge organization tools necessary to control information, but many of them are not updating with the frequency required, it reduces their usefulness. This paper aims to analyze the updating degree of UNESCO thesaurus and European Union thesaurus (EUROVOC) and determine if popular science news are useful for this renovation. In this work, keywords were extracted from headlines. After, using Information Retrieval techniques (N-grams and Apache Solr) they were searched in both thesauri to find equivalences. Data obtained let us confirm that none of these macro-thesauri should be used to describe popular science news, although both of them can be used as a base for building other knowledge organization vocabularies. On the other hand, a more frequent review is necessary. Inclusion of new terms and redefinition of relationships between them is unquestionable to increase the quality of analyzed tools. Popular science news are adequate to this purpose, they constitute real sources of concepts and terms

The purpose of this article is to know the current interactivity options in online newspapers. To do this, we analyze the concept of (structural) interactivity and establish a measuring tool based on some previous methodologies. This model includes a classification of newspapers into stages of development. In this way, we provide a tool, which allows media firms to know the degree of interactivity in newspapers, assessing what dimensions and parameters are being incorporated. It was applied to a sample of 21 online newspapers. Results show poor implementation of participation and customization options. There is a niche to be covered by sections of user-generated content and closer collaboration journalists-citizens. It will require a real adaptation to the new possibilities of interaction with readers at different levels of involvement and participation. The majority of newspapers are classified in a digital stage and some of them are close to the multimedia phase. RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es conocer las opciones de interactividad de periódicos en línea. Para esto, se analiza el concepto de interactividad (estructural), identificando sus componentes y definiendo un modelo de evaluación, basada en diversas metodologías que analizan la interactividad en periódicos digitales. Este modelo incluye una clasificación de periódicos en etapas de desarrollo. La herramienta permite conocer el nivel de interactividad de los periódicos y compararlos con otros, indicando qué dimensiones y parámetros están siendo incorporados y cuáles no. El modelo fue aplicado sobre 21 diarios internacionales. Los resultados revelan una escasa implementación de las opciones de participación y personalización. Existe un gran nicho en cuanto al contenido generado por los usuarios y la colaboración periodistas-ciudadanos. La mayoría de los diarios se encuentran en una fase digital. Esto requerirá una verdadera adaptación para las nuevas oportunidades de interacción con los lectores, en distintos niveles de desarrollo.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Buena parte de la información político-económica es difundida por los medios de comunicación social a través de noticias en formato digital. Sin embargo, dichos contenidos, y los de cualquier tipo en general, no tienen una estructura homogénea y se publican en grandes cantidades, lo que dificulta la extracción de conocimiento formalizado. Para resolver estos problemas a lo largo del tiempo se han desarrollado herramientas de organización y representación de la información. En los últimos años, en el marco de la web semántica aparecieron las ontologías, vocabularios que pueden mejorar la representación del contenido de documentos con un bajo nivel de estructuración, incorporando nuevos elementos a las herramientas tradicionalmente utilizadas. Ahora bien, el modelado de ontologías es complejo y requiere, entre otros, del uso de técnicas de procesamiento del lenguaje natural (indización automática) para dotar al vocabulario de elementos para la descripción de contenidos. OBJETIVOS E HIPÓTESIS: En este sentido, se plantea como objetivo general el modelado de una ontología con la que contribuir a la representación de acciones del dominio político-económico y facilitar la comprensión de los acontecimientos del mundo real en dicho contexto. Se propone la hipótesis de si el empleo de noticias de prensa digital como fuente para la adquisición de conocimiento y la aplicación de técnicas de indización humana y semiautomática para la extracción de términos son adecuados para el modelado de la ontología propuesta. METODOLOGÍA: Para ello, se sigue una metodología que comprende la configuración de una muestra de noticias del dominio político-económico de diarios generalistas de ámbito internacional; el análisis de la teoría de la Gramática de Casos aplicado al modelado de una ontología general para la descripción de acciones (ONA); la indización humana y semiautomática de una submuestra de noticias para la modificación de ONA y el modelado inicial de la ontología de dominio ONAPE (ONtología de Acciones en Política-Economía); y el mapeado inicial con otros vocabularios, orientado a la identificación de elementos equivalentes y a la definición de clases y propiedades. ONAPE es evaluada a partir de la instanciación de las palabras clave extraídas del código fuente de noticias de una submuestra con un software desarrollado ad hoc, MetadadosHTML y la anotación semántica de un recorte de esta submuestra. Finalmente, se analiza la adecuación de ONAPE (y de ONA) al dominio objeto de estudio, mediante la aplicación de fórmulas de precisión, exhaustividad y medida-F. En todos los casos se obtienen valores superiores a 0.90, lo que asegura la corrección y especificación de los elementos de la ontología modelada. CONCLUSIONES: La metodología utilizada se ha revelado útil para el propósito definido la metodología empleada. Por tanto, la hipótesis se cumple, es posible modelar una ontología de dominio con base en un componente teórico asentado, la Gramática de Casos y se atiende el objetivo planteado. Sin embargo, para que ONA y ONAPE sigan siendo útiles es necesaria su actualización por medio del análisis de nuevos corpora de noticias. En lo referente a MetadadosHTML, se pone en evidencia la dificultad del intercambio de información entre sistemas, ya que, aunque existen numerosos esquemas de metadatos para la descripción de noticias, ninguno es un estándar claro. Como trabajos futuros se plantean, entre otros: el uso de ONA u ONAPE en proyectos orientados al aprendizaje automático de software para la descripción automática de documentos y la especialización de ONAPE en subdominios concretos. INTRODUCTION: A huge amount of political-economical information is disseminated through digital social media by pieces of news. However, these contents and, in general terms, any type of information do not have a homogeneous structure and are published in large amounts. This makes the extraction of formal knowledge difficult. In order to resolve the problems generated by these issues, knowledge organisation and representation tools have been created. The semantic web and specifically the ontologies can improve the representation of the content in documents with a low level of structuring, by adding new elements to the tools traditionally used. But the ontologies-modelling is complex and requires the use of natural language processing techniques -automatic indexation-. In this way, a designed methodology can provide the vocabulary with elements that can describe contents. AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS: In this sense, the general aim of this thesis is modelling an ontology that can contribute to the representation of actions in the political-economical domain and can facilitate the understanding of the real world facts in this context. The hypothesis is if digital press pieces of news, used as a source of knowledge acquisition, and the application of both human indexation and semi-automatic indexation techniques -for extraction of terms- are adequate for modelling the proposed ontology. METHODOLOGY: For this purpose, a methodology has been defined and comprises the following steps: a sample and subsample construction composed of pieces of news of the political-economical domain. This is based in a selection of digital international newspapers; the Grammar Case analysis and its application to the modelling of a general ontology for the description of actions (ONA); both human indexing and semi-automatic indexing to the subsample1 in order to modify ONA and to model a domain ontology for the description of political-economical actions (ONAPE); and the initial mapping with some vocabularies, in order to identify equivalent elements and define classes and properties. ONAPE (and ONA) are evaluated by instantiating ONAPE with some keywords (extracted from source codes of the subsample2 with MetadadosHTML) and by the semantic annotation of a cut of this subsample. Finally, the adaptation of ONAPE (and thus of ONA) to the studied domain is analysed by the application of both accuracy and recall equations. In all cases higher than 0.9 values are obtained. This ensures the correctness and specification of the elements of the modelled ontology. CONCLUSIONS: The designed methodology has proved profitable for the purpose of this thesis. With the Grammar Case as its main theoretical component, the methodology can be used for the modelling of others domain ontologies. However, for these tools remaining useful they need to be updated by analysing new corpora. In relation to MetadadosHTML, there is evidence of the difficulty of the information interchange. This has to do with the fact that there are numerous metadata schemas for the description of pieces of news, but none of them has become a standard. Finally, future works are proposed, such as the use of both ONA and ONAPE in projects focused on the automatic learning software for the automatic description of documents and the specialization of ONAPE in specific subdomains.

In 1974, Unesco published the Nomenclature for Fields of Science and Technology. Since then, it has been used in Spain to classify the scientific activity. In order to better determine its characteristics, development and scope, we studied the literature and analysed its use by university research groups in Spain and in other national and international settings. From the data obtained, we designed an ontology based on the combination of the Nomenclature and keywords identified in the literature. The result is an ontological model adapted to the semantic web technologies that provides a higher degree of expressiveness than the original Nomenclature. It also helps to solve problems such as obsolescence and the absence of certain emerging subject areas, facilitating the classification of scientific activities and increasing its usefulness

Los tesauros son herramientas de organización del conocimiento necesarias para el control de la información. Muchos no se actualizan con la necesaria frecuencia, reduciendo considerablemente su utilidad. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos, analizar el grado de actualización de los tesauros de la Unesco y Unión Europea (Eurovoc); y determinar la capacidad de las noticias de divulgación científica de ser usadas para efectuar esa renovación. Para ello se han extraído palabras clave a partir de titulares de artículos de divulgación científica, publicados en prensa digital. A continuación, mediante técnicas de Recuperación de Información (N-gramas y Apache Solr) se buscaron equivalencias con los tesauros mencionados anteriormente. Los datos obtenidos permiten confirmar que ninguno de los macro-tesauros debe utilizarse para describir noticias de divulgación científica, ya que buena parte de las palabras clave extraídas no se recogían en estos. Sin embargo sí pueden emplearse como base para la construcción de otros vocabularios de organización del conocimiento. Por otro lado, una revisión más frecuente es necesaria y obligatoria. La inclusión de nuevos términos y la redefinición de las relaciones entre los ya existentes incrementarían incuestionablemente la calidad de las herramientas analizadas. Las noticias de divulgación resultan adecuadas para dicha actualización, constituyendo auténticos yacimientos de conceptos y términos. Abstract Thesauri are knowledge organization tools necessary to control information, but many of them are not up- dating with the frequency required, it reduces their usefulness. This paper aims to analyze the updating degree of UNESCO thesaurus and European Union thesaurus (EUROVOC) and determine if popular sci- ence news are useful for this renovation. In this work, keywords were extracted from headlines. After, using Information Retrieval techniques (N-grams and Apache Solr) they were searched in both thesauri to find equivalences. Data obtained let us confirm that none of these macro-thesauri should be used to de- scribe popular science news, although both of them can be used as a base for building other knowledge organization vocabularies. On the other hand, a more frequent review is necessary. Inclusion of new terms and redefinition of relationships between them is un- questionable to increase the quality of analyzed tools. Popular science news are adequate to this purpose, they constitute real sources of concepts and terms.