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PurposeRepeated gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA)-enhanced MRIs are crucial in the diagnosis and follow-up of oncologic and chronic disorders in pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of adverse reactions to GBCAs in children after a single vs. multiple GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs.Material and methodsAll pediatric patients with at least one GBCA-enhanced abdominal MRI between 2009 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated based on adverse reactions reports, according to the classification system of the American College of Radiology and guidelines on contrast agents of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. A Student´s t-test analysis, a spearman ρ-correlation and a Chi-square test between the reported adverse reactions and the total number of GBCA applications, and the number of each applied GBCA was calculated. A p-value ResultsOf 623 patients with 964 GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs, there were 464 patients with only one and 159 patients with multiple GBCA administrations. Of 964 GBCA doses administrated, two cases with urticaria (mild allergy-like adverse reaction) and one case with vomiting (mild chemotoxic adverse reaction) were recorded (3/964 = 0.31%), but all the reports were in patients with multiple GBCA administration (3/159 = 1.89%). No adverse reactions in patients with a single GBCA administration were observed. The reported adverse reactions correlated significantly with the total number of GBCAs (pConclusionGBCA-associated adverse reactions are rare and mostly mild, but initially well-tolerated GBCA could cause adverse reactions due to the increase likelihood of drug hypersensitivity upon repeated GBCA exposure.

ObjectivesThe 9th International Forum for Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was held in Singapore in September 2019, bringing together radiologists and allied specialists to discuss the latest developments in and formulate consensus statements for liver MRI, including the applications of gadoxetic acid-enhanced imaging.MethodsAs at previous Liver Forums, the meeting was held over 2 days. Presentations by the faculty on days 1 and 2 and breakout group discussions on day 1 were followed by delegate voting on consensus statements presented on day 2. Presentations and discussions centered on two main meeting themes relating to the use of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in primary liver cancer and metastatic liver disease.Results and conclusionsGadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI offers the ability to monitor response to systemic therapy and to assist in pre-surgical/pre-interventional planning in liver metastases. In hepatocellular carcinoma, gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI provides precise staging information for accurate treatment decision-making and follow-up post therapy. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI also has potential, currently investigational, indications for the functional assessment of the liver and the biliary system. Additional voting sessions at the Liver Forum debated the role of multidisciplinary care in the management of patients with liver disease, evidence to support the use of abbreviated imaging protocols, and the importance of standardizing nomenclature in international guidelines in order to increase the sharing of scientific data and improve the communication between centers.Key points• Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI is the preferred imaging method for pre-surgical or pre-interventional planning for liver metastases after systemic therapy. • Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI provides accurate staging of HCC before and after treatment with locoregional/biologic therapies. • Abbreviated protocols for gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI offer potential time and cost savings, but more evidence is necessary. The use of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for the assessment of liver and biliary function is under active investigation.

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are acquired focal liver lesions, that occur mainly in young-to-middle-aged women who are on long-term estrogen-containing contraceptives or young men after prolonged use of anabolic steroids. Furthermore, distinct underlying diseases, such as obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, glycogen storage disease, etc. are considered risk factors. The 2017 Bordeaux classification, in particular Nault et al, divided HCAs into eight subtypes according to their pheno- and genotypic characteristics. This includes HCAs with hepatocyte-nuclear-factor (HNF1-alpha mutation), HCAs with β-catenin mutation, and HCAs without either of these genetic mutations, which are further subdivided into HCAs with and without inflammatory cells. HCAs should no longer be classified as purely benign without histologic workup since three of the eight subtypes are considered high-risk lesions, requiring adequate management: malignant transformation of the pure (ßex3-HCA) and mixed inflammatory/β-catenin exon 3 (ßex3-IHCA) adenomas, as well as potential bleeding of the sonic hedgehog HCA and pure (ßex7/8-HCA) and mixed inflammatory/β-catenin exon 7/8 (ßex7/8-IHCA). Elective surgery is recommended for any HCA in a male, or for any HCA exceeding 5 cm. Although MRI can classify up to 80% of adenomas, if findings are equivocal, biopsy remains the reference standard for adenoma subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are benign hepatic tumors that can be complicated by bleeding and/or malignant transformation. The epidemiology of HCAs has changed over recent decades, primarily influenced by an increased incidence of obesity in both men and women. Currently, at least eight distinct pathomolecular subtypes of HCAs have been identified, several of which have distinguishing and pertinent imaging features on MRI. Emerging evidence suggests that hepatobiliary phase appearance may provide diagnostic and prognostic information. The purpose of this article is to review the current pathomolecular lexicon and imaging features with emphasis on hepatobiliary phase appearance. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1630-1640.

ObjectivesTo examine inter- and intra-observer agreement for four simple hepatobiliary phase (HBP)-based scores on gadoxetic acid (GA)-enhanced MRI and their correlation with liver function in patients with mixed chronic liver disease (CLD).MethodsThis single-center, retrospective study included 287 patients (62% male, 38% female, mean age 53.5 ± 13.7 years) with mixed CLD (20.9% hepatitis C, 19.2% alcoholic liver disease, 8% hepatitis B) who underwent GA-enhanced MRI of the liver for clinical care between 2010 and 2015. Relative liver enhancement (RLE), contrast uptake index (CUI), hepatic uptake index (HUI), and liver-to-spleen contrast index (LSI) were calculated by two radiologists independently using unenhanced and GA-enhanced HPB (obtained 20 min after GA administration) images; 50 patients selected at random were reviewed twice by one reader to assess intra-observer reliability. Agreement was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score, the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD), and the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score were calculated as standards of reference for hepatic function.ResultsIntra-observer ICCs ranged from 0.814 (0.668-0.896) for CUI to 0.969 (0.945-0.983) for RLE. Inter-observer ICCs ranged from 0.777 (0.605-0.874) for HUI to 0.979 (0.963-0.988) for RLE. All HBP-based scores correlated significantly (all p

Magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRI‐MRCP) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is currently based on qualitative assessment and has high interobserver variability. We investigated the utility and performance of quantitative metrics derived from a three‐dimensional biliary analysis tool in adult patients with PSC. MRI‐MRCP, blood‐based biomarkers, and FibroScan were prospectively performed in 80 participants with large‐duct PSC and 20 healthy participants. Quantitative analysis was performed using MRCP+ (Perspectum Ltd., United Kingdom), and qualitative reads were performed by radiologists. Inter‐reader agreements were compared. Patients were classified into high risk or low risk for disease progression, using Mayo risk score (MRS), Amsterdam‐Oxford model (AOM), upper limit of normal (ULN) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), disease distribution, and presence of dominant stricture. Performance of noninvasive tools was assessed using binomial logistic regressions and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Quantitative biliary metrics performed well to distinguish abnormal from normal bile ducts (P 0 (odds ratio, 31.3; P = 0.035) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Intrahepatic biliary dilatation severity calculated using MRCP+ is elevated in patients with high‐risk PSC and may be used as an adjunct for risk stratification in PSC. This exploratory study has provided the groundwork for examining the utility of novel quantitative biliary metrics in multicenter studies.

Purpose: Repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA)-enhanced MRIs are crucial in the diagnosis and follow-up of oncologic and chronic disorders in pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of adverse reactions to GBCAs in children after a single vs. multiple GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs. Material and methods: All pediatric patients with at least one GBCA-enhanced abdominal MRI between 2009 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated based on adverse reactions reports, according to the classification system of the American College of Radiology and guidelines on contrast agents of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. A Student´s t-test analysis, a spearman ρ-correlation and a Chi-square test between the reported adverse reactions and the total number of GBCA applications, and the number of each applied GBCA was calculated. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of 623 patients with 964 GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs, there were 464 patients with only one and 159 patients with multiple GBCA administrations. Of 964 GBCA doses administrated, two cases with urticaria (mild allergy-like adverse reaction) and one case with vomiting (mild chemotoxic adverse reaction) were recorded (3/964 = 0.31%), but all the reports were in patients with multiple GBCA administration (3/159 = 1.89%). No adverse reactions in patients with a single GBCA administration were observed. The reported adverse reactions correlated significantly with the total number of GBCAs (p<0.001) and the number of each GBCA (p<0.001 or p = 0.002). The independent two-tailed t-tests, and the chi-square test were significant (p<0.001, p = 0.003). Conclusion: GBCA-associated adverse reactions are rare and mostly mild, but initially well-tolerated GBCA could cause adverse reactions due to the increase likelihood of drug hypersensitivity upon repeated GBCA exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hepatobiliary MRI contrast agents are increasingly being used for liver imaging. In clinical practice, most focal liver lesions do not uptake hepatobiliary contrast agents. Less commonly, hepatic lesions may show variable signal characteristics on hepatobiliary phase. This pictorial essay reviews a broad spectrum of benign and malignant focal hepatic observations that may show hyperintensity on hepatobiliary phase in various clinical settings. In non-cirrhotic patients, focal hepatic observations that show hyperintensity in the hepatobiliary phase are usually benign and typically include focal nodular hyperplasia. In patients with primary or secondary vascular disorders, focal nodular hyperplasia-like lesions arise as a local hyperplastic response to vascular alterations and tend to be iso- or hyperintense in the hepatobiliary phase. In oncologic patients, metastases and cholangiocarcinoma are hypointense lesions in the hepatobiliary phase; however, occasionally they may show a diffuse, central and inhomogeneous hepatobiliary paradoxical uptake with peripheral rim hypointensity. Post-chemotherapy focal nodular hyperplasia-like lesions may be tricky, and their typical hyperintense rim in the hepatobiliary phase is very helpful for the differential diagnosis with metastases. In cirrhotic patients, hepatocellular carcinoma may occasionally appear hyperintense on hepatobiliary phase.

ObjectivesLiver-specific MRI is a fast-growing field, with technological and protocol advancements providing more robust imaging and allowing a greater depth of information per examination. This article reports the evidence for, and expert thinking on, current challenges in liver-specific MRI, as discussed at the 7th International Forum for Liver MRI, which was held in Shanghai, China, in October 2013.MethodsTopics discussed included the role of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in the differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatocellular adenoma and small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from small intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (in patients with chronic liver disease), the differentiation of low-grade dysplastic nodule (DN) from pre-malignant high-grade DN and early HCC, and treatment planning and assessment of treatment response for patients with HCC and colorectal liver metastasis. Optimization of the gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI protocol to gain robust arterial and hepatobiliary phase images was also discussed.Results and conclusionsGadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI demonstrates added value for the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions and shows promise in a number of new indications, including regional liver functional assessment and patient monitoring after therapy; however, more data are needed in some areas, and further developments are needed to translate cutting-edge techniques into clinical practice.Key pointsLiver-specific MRI is a fast-growing field, with many technological and protocol advancements. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI demonstrates value for detecting and characterizing focal liver lesions. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI shows promise in regional functional assessment and patient monitoring. Further developments are needed to translate cutting-edge techniques into clinical practice.

Purpose Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI is frequently compromised by transient severe motion artifacts (TSM) in the arterial phase, which limits image interpretation for the detection and differentiation of focal liver lesions and for the recognition of the arterial vasculature before and after liver transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate which patient factors affect TSM in children who undergo Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI and whether younger children are affected as much as adolescents. Methods One hundred and forty-eight patients (65 female, 83 male, 0.1–18.9 years old), who underwent 226 Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRIs were included retrospectively in this single-center study. The occurrence of TSM was assessed by three readers using a four-point Likert scale. The relation to age, gender, body mass index, indication for MRI, requirement for sedation, and MR repetition was investigated using uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results In Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRIs, TSM occurred in 24 examinations (10.6%). Patients with TSM were significantly older than patients without TSM (median 14.3 years; range 10.1–18.1 vs. 12.4 years; range 0.1–18.9, pConclusion TSM in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI do not appear in children under the age of 10 years.