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Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF) combines early estimates of earthquake parameters with ensembles of urgent tsunami propagation simulations through the Tsunami-HySEA model. In the present implementation, the PTF is initialised by the earthquake information, but not updated further with new data. In the recently started Horizon Europe project DT-GEO work has started upgrading it into a Digital Twin providing a time dependent update of the model when new data becomes available. This enables a close to real time synthesis of data products and numerical models, continuously updating the model forecast as new data are continuously assimilated. In DT-GEO, an extended set of data sources, including improved earthquake solutions, sea level tsunami data, and GNSS, will be integrated. Secondly, the Digital Twin will implement a modularised inclusion of improved wave and source physics through dispersion, non-hydrostatic tsunami generation, inundation, improved earthquake physics, and cascading earthquake triggered landslide tsunamis. The model will be tested at site demonstrators, in the Mediterranean Sea for eastern Sicily and Samos, and in the Pacific Ocean for Chile and Japan. The presentation will explain how the PTF as it works today, followed by an outline of the design of the components in the Digital Twin. The presentation will finally describe initial improvements and plans for further development, including long term plans such as potential integration into Destination Earth and service provision within EPOS-ERIC. This work is supported by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No 101058129 (DT-GEO, https://dtgeo.eu/)., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

The 2023 February 6 Mw 7.8 earthquake was the first one of a doublet which shook Türkiye and Syria causing, as per the estimates at the time of writing of this abstract, more than 45,000 casualties.The current standard operating procedures of the NEAMTWS (Tsunami Warning System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas, coordinated by UNESCO/IOC) for the initial tsunami warning message following an earthquake are based on a Decision Matrix (DM), whose input parameters are hypocentre and magnitude of the earthquake. Since the epicentre of this earthquake was located at a depth between 15-35 km at almost 100 km from the coast, both KOERI (Türkiye) and INGV (Italy) Tsunami Service Providers (TSPs) of the NEAMTWS issued a Tsunami Watch message (i.e., runup expected to exceed 1 m) for the whole Mediterranean Sea. NOA (Greece) did not issue any alert, because its initial location was more than 100 km from the coast.In response to the tsunami warning, trains were stopped in different locations in Southern Italy for several hours, and evacuation of some coastal areas was enforced. However, only a relatively small tsunami was recorded by Turkish close-by tide-gauges in the Eastern Mediterranean, with a maximum recorded amplitude of less than 50 cm. Based on these measurements and on others showing little to no tsunami at increasing distances, the alert was then ended after 5 and 9 hours by INGV and KOERI, respectively, based on the available tide-gauge recordings and interaction with Civil Protection Officers.This event has highlighted that NEAMTWS is an asset for the coastal communities. It can provide rapid alerts, which can save lives if the last-mile of the procedures is in place and the communities are “Tsunami Ready”, that is aware and prepared to respond with evacuations and other appropriate countermeasures. On the other hand, while it is reasonable – and dutiful based on current standard operation procedures – to issue a basin-wide, or at least a local alert, for an inland earthquake of unknown mechanism and of such a large magnitude, it is perhaps possible to improve the DM, which is totally heuristic and characterized by hard-thresholds, with consideration of numerical tsunami simulations and quantitative uncertainty treatment with more continuous variations. Moreover, there is no procedure currently in place to differentiate among locations where the expected time of arrival differs by many hours across the Mediterranean basin, nor a sufficient instrumental coverage that could make cancellation/ending faster due to a more solid observational basis.We will discuss some of the scientific and operational aspects with the aim of identifying which lessons can be learned to improve the NEAMTWS efficiency. We will also compare the DM-based alerts with those that would be produced with the recently introduced Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF, Selva et al., 2021, Nature Communications), presently in pre-operational testing at INGV.

The Geo-INQUIRE (Geosphere INfrastructure for QUestions into Integrated REsearch) project, supported by the Horizon Europe Programme, is aimed at enhancing services to make data and high-level products accessible to the broad Geoscience scientific community. Geo-INQUIRE’s goal is to encourage curiosity-driven studies into understanding the geosphere dynamics at the interface between the solid Earth, the oceans and the atmosphere using long data streams, high-performance computing and cutting-edge facilities.In the framework of Geo-INQUIRE, Transnational Access (TA, both virtual and on-site) will be provided at six test beds across Europe: the Bedretto Laboratory, Switzerland; the Ella-Link Geolab, Portugal; the Liguria-Nice-Monaco submarine infrastructure, Italy/France; the Irpinia Near-Fault Observatory, Italy; the Eastern Sicily facility, Italy; and the Corinth Rift Laboratory, Greece. These test beds are state-of-the-art research infrastructures, covering the Earth’s surface, subsurface, and marine environments over different spatial scales, from small-scale experiments in laboratories to kilometric submarine fibre cables. The TA will revolve around answering scientific key-questions on the comprehension of fundamental processes associated with geohazards and georesources such as: the preparatory phases of earthquakes, the role of the fluids within the Earth crust, the fluid-solid interaction at the seabed, and the impact of geothermal exploitation. TA will be also offered for software and workflows belonging to the EPOS-ERIC and the ChEESE Centre of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth, to develop awarded user’s projects. These are grounded on simulation of seismic waves and rupture dynamics in complex media, tsunamis, subaerial and submarine landslides. HPC-based Probabilistic Tsunami, Seismic and Volcanic Hazard workflows are offered to assess hazard at high-resolution with extensive uncertainty exploration. Support and collaboration will be offered to the awardees to facilitate the access and usage of HPC resources for tackling geoscience problems. Geo-INQUIRE will grant TA to researchers to develop their own lab or numerical experiments with the aim of advancing scientific knowledge of Earth processes while fostering cross-disciplinary research across Europe. To be granted, researchers submit a proposal to the yearly TA calls that will be issued three times during the project life. Calls will be advertised at the Geo-INQUIRE web page https://www.geo-inquire.eu/ and through the existing community channels.To encourage the cross-disciplinary research, Geo-INQUIRE will also organize a series of training and workshops, focused on data, data products and software delivered by research infrastructures, and useful for researchers. In addition, two summer schools will be organized, dedicated to cross-disciplinary interactions of solid earth and marine science.The proposals, for both transnational access and training, will be evaluated by a panel that reviews the technical and scientific feasibility of the project, ensuring equal opportunities and diversity in terms of gender, geographical distribution and career stage. The first call is expected to be issued by the end of Summer 2023. The data and products generated during the TAs will be made available to the scientific community via the project’s strict adherence to FAIR principles.

Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF) combines early estimates of earthquake parameters with large ensembles of urgent shallow water tsunami propagation simulations using the GPU based Tsunami-HySEA model (Selva et al. 2021, Nature Commun.). The present version of the PTF is initialised by the earthquake information, but not updated further with new data. In the recently started Horizon Europe project DT-GEO, this PTF is presently being upgraded to a Digital Twin. The first and essential upgrade to realise the Digital Twin is continuous data assimilation enabling a close to real time synthesis of data products and a set of numerical models that allow an updating of the model forecast as new data are continuously assimilated into the model. In DT-GEO, an extended set of data sources, including improved earthquake solutions, sea level tsunami data, and GNSS, will be integrated. A second objective of the PTF is to implement a modularised Digital Twin Component that allows for the inclusion of improved wave and source physics through dispersion, non-hydrostatic tsunami generation, inundation, improved earthquake physics, and cascading earthquake triggered landslide tsunamis. The model will be tested at site demonstrators, in the Mediterranean Sea for eastern Sicily and Samos, and in the Pacific Ocean for Chile and eastern Japan. The presentation will explain how the PTF as it works today, followed by an outline of the design of the components in the Digital Twin, as well as briefly describing initial improvements and plans for further development, including potential integration into Destination Earth. This work is supported by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No 101058129 (DT-GEO, https://dtgeo.eu/).

The Geo-INQUIRE (Geosphere INfrastructure for QUestions into Integrated REsearch) project, supported by the Horizon Europe Programme, is aimed at enhancing services to allow data, products and software to be accessible to the Geoscience scientific community. In the framework of Geo-INQUIRE, Transnational Access (TA, both remote and physical) will be provided at six test beds across Europe:the BedrettoLab, Switzerland; the Ella-Link Geolab, Portugal; the Liguria-Nice-Monaco submarine infrastructure, Italy/France; the Irpinia Near-Fault Observatory, Italy; the Eastern Sicily facility, Italy; and the Corinth Rift Laboratory, Greece. These test beds are state-of-the-art research infrastructures, covering the Earth’s surface, subsurface, and marine environments over different spatial scales, from small-scale experiments in laboratories to kilometric submarine fibre cable. TA will be also offered for software and workflows belonging to the EPOS-ERIC and the ChEESE Centre of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth. TA are grounded on simulation of seismic waves, tsunamis and landslides. Geo-INQUIRE will grant TA to researchers to develop their own experiments with the aim of advancing scientific knowledge of Earth processes while fostering cross-disciplinary research across Europe. To be granted, researchers submit a proposal to the yearly TA calls that will be issued three times during the project life. Calls will be advertised at the Geo-INQUIRE web page https://www.geo-inquire.eu/ and through the existing community channels. The first call is expected to be issued in Fall 2023.The proposals, for both TA and training, will be evaluated by a panel that reviews the technical and scientific feasibility of the project., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Full integration of new data types into Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) is among the enhancements being pursued at BMKG. Leveraging on external projects and partnership Real-Time Precise Point Positioning (RT-PPP) data from BIG have been integrated in the processing chain at BMKG. This GNSS data product has the potential contribute to faster and more accurate scenario selection and validation in case of large tsunamigenic events. Real-time waveforms displacement obtained with the method of Precise Point Positioning with Regional Augmentation correction (PPP-RA) and Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution of the RT-PPP-Client, is thus acquired in SeisComP via a dedicated seedlink plugin developed within the project of Early Warning and Rapid ImpaCt Assessment (EWRICA) in the Mediterranean. Once integrated into SeisComP precise point positioning time series are integrated into the processing pipeline of the BMKG. We have successfully integrated RT-PPP processed by Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) into InaTEWS which is managed by the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). Next, waveforms will be used to improve and speed-up the earthquake parameter determination for large tsunamigenic events.&nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Recent advances in high-precision real-time applications of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have expanded to monitoring and early detection of natural hazards. The real-time Precise Point Positioning with Regional Augmentation (PPP+RA) technique has become increasingly popular for providing rapid and precise ground displacement information due to the availability of real-time precise GNSS satellite orbit and clock products, as well as high-rate observations. In this contribution, we implemented the PPP+RA technique to the Early-Warning and Rapid Impact Assessment with real-time GNSS in the Mediterranean (EWRICA) project for earth surface displacement monitoring. A real-time GNSS precise positioning system is developed for the project. About 80 stations from the RING network in Italy are used to evaluate the performance the system. It's worth noting that more than half of the receivers in the RING network are LEICA receivers that support GPS only. We use GFZ’s real-time precise satellite orbit and clock products for the data processing. The results show that the daily averaged accuracy of PPP+RA is 1.08 cm, 1.15 cm, and 3.20 cm in the east, north, and up directions, respectively, with a Time To First Fix (TTFF) of 1.1 minutes. Additionally, the system provides short-term relative positioning accuracy within 10 minutes, with a precision of a few millimetres, demonstrating its capability to detect even slight ground movements in real-time., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Interoperability of data and products among disciplines is becoming a key aspect within the scientific community to allow the optimal integrated exploitation of data, taking advantage of modern real-time work-flows using also AI techniques.Within the EWRICA project, aiming at creating robust local ground motion models shortly after an earthquake to assess secondary effects such as tsunamis and landslides, one of the tasks focussed on integration of near-field seismo-geodetic data into real-time source inversion. To enable this task, Real-Time Precise Point Positioning (RT-PPP) data have been converted to miniSEED records on the fly by using a tailored plugin for SeisComP developed within the project. The real-time data in GFZ Displacement Real-Time (GDRT) format have been mapped to miniSEED channels as described in the SeisComP documentation [1]. The initial mapping has been defined considering also one additional use case implemented in the TURNkey project where RT-PPP data were generated from a newly developed standalone instrument. RT-PPP has been integrated in the data flow and sent out to clients via seedlink for processing in the known data and metadata format enabling faster and improved assessment of seismic moment, hypocentre and rupture kinematics.In this presentation we introduce the gdrt_plugin released for the first time in June 2022 with the SeisComP v5.0.0 [2], we outline the initial process of mapping the GNSS products to existing data and metadata formats and would welcome discussions about further integration in seismology through the FDSN.[1] https://www.seiscomp.de/doc/apps/seedlink.html#seedlink-sources-gdrt-label[2] https://github.com/SeisComP/seiscomp/releases/tag/5.0.0, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

High-precision real-time GNSS have recently expanded to monitoring and early detection of natural hazards. German research project EWRICA (Early-Warning and Rapid ImpaCt Assessment with real-time GNSS in the Mediterranean) funded by the national Ministry for Education and Research aims for the prototype implementation of the GNSS-augmented seismic source inversion and rapid impact assessment in the seismically active regions of Mediterranean. The project runs in close cooperation with partners operating high-rate GNSS networks RING (Italy) and NOANET (Greece). An overarching goal is to compute robust local ground motion models shortly after an earthquake to assess areas of strong shaking as well as secondary effects such as tsunamis and landslides. The four work packages - (1) real-time processing of coseismic displacements (RT-multi GNSS with regional augmentation, streamed in miniSEED format via SeedLink server, optionally joint processing with collocated accelerometers); (2) fast source inversion (Bayesian moment-tensor solution with Pyrocko tools); (3) rapid impact assessment (neural network predictions of ground motion maps with uncertainties, also coupled to probabilistic tsunami forecasting PTF at INGV); and (4) system prototype -- end up with an operational system prototype to demonstrate the full operational processing chain by hindcasting selected historical (e.g., 2016 M6.2 Norcia; 2020 M7 Samos) and synthetic event scenarios. EWRICA may serve as a blueprint for other regions of the world: currently EWRICA's tools are being tested for application in Indonesia, together with the colleagues from the Geospatial Agency (BIG) and from the national tsunami warning center InaTEWS., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

The INGV RING research infrastructure is based on a permanent GNSS network developed to measure deformation at different spatial and temporal scales in the Mediterranean region. The network (http://ring.gm.ingv.it/) consists of ~250 real-time transmitting remote sites, using standard RTCM format, towards the Irpinia acquisition centres (Southern Italy). Data streaming is managed by a Ntrip Caster (https://igs.bkg.bund.de/ntrip/bkgcaster), whose sourcetable is synchronized with the RING database, thus guaranteeing reliable metadata for the analysis. Within the EWRICA project, the real-time data analysis is performed by using the RTPPP software (Ge et al.,2012) that provides different Precise Point Positioning products with increasing accuracies (standard PPP, PPP-AR and PPP-RA). On 24-h data, the ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) and the regional augmentation (PPP-RA) allows accuracies of ~1 cm and ~3 cm for the horizontal and vertical components, respectively, at the best sites. Using shorter sliding windows (i.e. 60 s or 120 s, thus simulating a real-time situation), the accuracies are ~0,5 cm and ~1 cm for horizontal and vertical components, respectively. We also tested a homemade algorithm able to detect co-seismic static offsets in real-time in a simulated real-time strategy. The first results make the RING real-time solutions a potential contribution to be tested in earthquake and tsunami warning systems in Italy and surrounding regions. We will show the RING architecture, from the data to the PPP results, an evaluation of the uncertainties, and some examples of offset detection for recent earthquakes.&nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Modern scientific endeavours already have the capacity to call upon a vast variety of data, often in huge volumes. However, the challenge is not only how to make the most of such a resource, but also how to make it available to the wider scientific community, especially for encouraging curiosity-driven research. Fifty-one institutions from 13 countries are currently working together in the Geo-INQUIRE (Geosphere INfrastructure for QUestions into Integrated REsearch) project.The main goal of this new project is to enhance, give access to, and make interoperable, key datasets of the Geoscience community. This will include "big" data streams and high-performance computing codes which are critical to studying the temporal variation of the solid Earth, forecasting multi-hazards, evaluating Georesources and the analysis of the interface between the solid Earth as well as oceans and atmosphere. About 150 access points – both on-site and virtually are involved. Transnational Access (TA, both virtual and on-site) will be provided at six test beds across Europe: the Bedretto Laboratory, Switzerland; the Ella-Link Geolab, Portugal; the Liguria-Nice-Monaco submarine infrastructure, Italy/France; the Irpinia Near-Fault Observatory, Italy; the Eastern Sicily facility, Italy; and the Corinth Rift Laboratory, Greece.Several European Research Infrastructure Consortia take part, namely the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) for solid Earth and geodynamics observations, the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and Water Column Observatory (EMSO) for deep-sea and coastal observations, and ECCSEL for CO2 capture, utilization, transport, and storage, and geoenergy. This 16 million Euro project started in October 2022, within the Horizon Europe Infrastructure program of the European Union.The presentation will briefly describe the project and give examples of curiosity-driven research topics which will be made possible through such a multi-disciplinary project. We will finally present the challenges and efforts made to comply with FAIR principles and accompany the dissemination of the data with innovative and cross-disciplinary training activities.

Tsunamis caused by large volcanic eruptions and flanks collapsing into the sea are major hazards for nearby coastal regions. They often occur with little precursory activity and are thus challenging to detect in a timely manner. This makes the pre-emptive identification of volcanoes prone to causing tsunamis particularly important, as it allows for better hazard assessment and denser monitoring in these areas. Here, we present a catalogue of potentially tsunamigenic volcanoes in Southeast Asia and rank these volcanoes by their tsunami hazard. The ranking is based on a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) composed of five individually weighted factors impacting flank stability and tsunami hazard. The data are sourced from geological databases, remote sensing data, historical volcano-induced tsunami records, and our topographic analyses, mainly considering the eruptive and tsunami history, elevation relative to the distance from the sea, flank steepness, hydrothermal alteration, and vegetation coverage. Out of 131 analysed volcanoes, we found 19 with particularly high tsunamigenic hazard potential in Indonesia (Anak Krakatau, Batu Tara, Iliwerung, Gamalama, Sangeang Api, Karangetang, Sirung, Wetar, Nila, Ruang, Serua) and Papua New Guinea (Kadovar, Ritter Island, Rabaul, Manam, Langila, Ulawun, Bam) but also in the Philippines (Didicas). While some of these volcanoes, such as Anak Krakatau, are well known for their deadly tsunamis, many others on this list are lesser known and monitored. We further performed tsunami travel time modelling on these high-hazard volcanoes, which indicates that future events could affect large coastal areas in a short time. This highlights the importance of individual tsunami hazard assessment for these volcanoes, the importance of dedicated volcanological monitoring, and the need for increased preparedness on the potentially affected coasts.

Supplementary data: The following is the Supplementary data to this article: Acrobat PDF file (2MB) available at: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2212420921007329-mmc1.pdf Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Very large tsunamis are associated with low probabilities of occurrence. In many parts of the world, these events have usually occurred in a distant time in the past. As a result, there is low risk perception and a lack of collective memories, making tsunami risk communication both challenging and complex. Furthermore, immense challenges lie ahead as population and risk exposure continue to increase in coastal areas. Through the last decades, tsunamis have caught coastal populations off-guard, providing evidence of lack of preparedness. Recent tsunamis, such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, 2011 Tohoku and 2018 Palu, have shaped the way tsunami risk is perceived and acted upon. Based on lessons learned from a selection of past tsunami events, this paper aims to review the existing body of knowledge and the current challenges in tsunami risk communication, and to identify the gaps in the tsunami risk management methodologies. The important lessons provided by the past events call for strengthening community resilience and improvement in risk-informed actions and policy measures. This paper shows that research efforts related to tsunami risk communication remain fragmented. The analysis of tsunami risk together with a thorough understanding of risk communication gaps and challenges is indispensable towards developing and deploying comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures. Moving from a broad and interdisciplinary perspective, the paper suggests that probabilistic hazard and risk assessments could potentially contribute towards better science communication and improved planning and implementation of risk mitigation measures. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology); Royal Society, UK (grant number CHL\R1\180173); Severo Ochoa Centers of Excellence Program (CEX 2018-000797-S) funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033; Lloyd's Tercentenary Research Foundation, the Lighthill Risk Network, and the Lloyd's Register Foundation-Data Centric Engineering Programme of the Alan Turing Institute.

Special issue EPOS a Research Infrastructure in solid Earth: open science and innovation .-- 21 pages, 8 figures, Tsunamis constitute a significant hazard for European coastal populations, and the impact of tsunami events worldwide can extend well beyond the coastal regions directly affected. Understanding the complex mechanisms of tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation, as well as managing the tsunami risk, requires multidisciplinary research and infrastructures that cross national boundaries. Recent decades have seen both great advances in tsunami science and consolidation of the European tsunami research community. A recurring theme has been the need for a sustainable platform for coordinated tsunami community activities and a hub for tsunami services. Following about three years of preparation, in July 2021, the European tsunami community attained the status of Candidate Thematic Core Service (cTCS) within the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) Research Infrastructure. Within a transition period of three years, the Tsunami candidate TCS is anticipated to develop into a fully operational EPOS TCS. We here outline the path taken to reach this point, and the envisaged form of the future EPOS TCS Tsunami. Our cTCS is planned to be organised within four thematic pillars: (1) Support to Tsunami Service Providers, (2) Tsunami Data, (3) Numerical Models, and (4) Hazard and Risk Products. We outline how identified needs in tsunami science and tsunami risk mitigation will be addressed within this structure and how participation within EPOS will become an integration point for community development, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Tsunamis constitute a significant hazard for European coastal populations, and the impact of tsunami events worldwide can extend well beyond the coastal regions directly affected. Understanding the complex mechanisms of tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation, as well as managing the tsunami risk, requires multidisciplinary research and infrastructures that cross national boundaries. Recent decades have seen both great advances in tsunami science and consolidation of the European tsunami research community. A recurring theme has been the need for a sustainable platform for coordinated tsunami community activities and a hub for tsunami services. Following about three years of preparation, in July 2021, the European tsunami community attained the status of Candidate Thematic Core Service (cTCS) within the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) Research Infrastructure. Within a transition period of three years, the Tsunami candidate TCS is anticipated to develop into a fully operational EPOS TCS. We here outline the path taken to reach this point, and the envisaged form of the future EPOS TCS Tsunami. Our cTCS is planned to be organised within four thematic pillars: (1) Support to Tsunami Service Providers, (2) Tsunami Data, (3) Numerical Models, and (4) Hazard and Risk Products. We outline how identified needs in tsunami science and tsunami risk mitigation will be addressed within this structure and how participation within EPOS will become an integration point for community development.