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Osnovni cilj ovoga rada je utvrditi povezanost rezultata trčanja na 100m i rezultata postignutim u testu za procjenu brzine trčanja MTLS20m te utvrditi povezanost relevantnih kinematičkih parametara koji najviše doprinose predikciji uspješnosti trčanja na 100m. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 118 studenata muškog spola Kineziološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu (20, 46 ± 1, 17 godina, tjelesne visine 179, 68 ± 6, 42 cm te tjelesne mase 75, 56 ± 7, 32 kg). Rezultati ukazuju kako rezultat u testu MTLS20m ima visoku povezanost s rezultatom u trčanju na 100m (R= 0, 769 ; R²= 0, 591). Višestrukom stepwise backward regresijskom analizom izdvojena su dva kinematička parametra (FK, DK) koja nose značajne informacije (povezanost) s uspješnosti trčanja na 100 m (R= 0, 773 ; R²= 0, 596). Može se zaključiti kako je test MTLS20m pouzdan prediktor uspješnosti sprinterskog trčanja, a najvažniji parametri koji doprinose prognostičkoj vrijednosti testa su frekvencija koraka i dužina koraka.

Motivacija zaposlenika jedan je od ključnih faktora uspješnog poslovanja zdravstvenog sustava. U ovo krizno vrijeme, kada opterećenje zdravstvenog sustava doseže svoj vrhunac, često se postavlja pitanje kako motivirati zdravstvene djelatnike. Proces motivacije kompleksan je posao, a preduvjet za postizanje određenog cilja predstavljaju zadovoljni djelatnici. Ne postoji strogo definirana formula po kojoj se mjeri motiviranost neke osobe. Svi posjedujemo unutarnju snagu koja nas pokreće, ali razlikujemo se po svojim ambicijama i vještinama. Važno je prepoznati darovitost svakog pojedinca i potaknuti ga na aktivnost. Stoga je uloga menadžera ključna u procesu motivacije. S obzirom na tehnološki napredak, potrebe zaposlenika se razlikuju i mijenjaju s vremenom, te je potrebno koristiti različite tehnike motiviranja. Osjećajem pripadnosti i uključivanja u proces planiranja povećava se samopouzdanje zaposlenika. Uvažavanjem sposobnosti svakog pojedinca, napredovanjem, pohvalama i nagrađivanjem truda, kvaliteta zdravstvene skrbi neće izostati., Motivation of employees is one of the key factors in successful management of healthcare system. In this time of crisis, when the strain on healthcare system reaches its peak, the question of how to motivate healthcare professionals is often raised. The process of motivation is a complex job, and satisfied employees are the precondition for achieving the designated goal. There is no strictly defined formula for measuring a person’s motivation. We all possess the inner strength that puts us in motion, but we differ regarding our ambitions and skills. It is important to recognize the talent of each individual and encourage them to act. Therefore, the role of manager is crucial in the motivation process. Due to technological progress, the needs of employees differ and change over time. It is therefore necessary to use different motivation techniques. Self-confidence of employees increases with the feeling of belonging and involvement in the planning process. By respecting abilities of each individual and by promoting, praising, and rewarding their effort, the quality of healthcare will not be lacking.

COVID-19 infection in patients treated in dialysis centers is a particular challenge given that there is a significantly increased risk of transmitting the infection to medical staff, other staff of the institution, other patients, and family members of the patients. The purpose of our work is to share our experiences in the implementation of preventive and epidemiological measures with reference to patients on a chronic outpatient hemodialysis program. Nurses play an important role in education and caring for the dialysis patient.

Motor and functional abilities are crucial for the overall development of students. This paper aims to correlate motor skills, measured by various motor tests, to school success. The research was conducted with pupils (n = 189) of subjects taught in several schools in the Republic of Croatia. The results of motor skills tests were connected with each subject and overall school success. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between individual motor tests and individual subjects, as well as the overall grade point average. As expected, success in Physical Education and Health has the highest correlation with motor tests, while success in Foreign Language has the least correlation with motor tests.

U ovom će se radu prikazati analiza tehnike trčanja prepona, prvih četiri prepone od pet, u utrci na 60m jednog od najboljih hrvatskih natjecatelja Stjepana Jana Cika (15 godina ; visina 176 cm ; težina 56 kg ; ITM 18, 4 kg/m2 ). Analizirane su kinematičke varijable tehnike trčanja do prve prepone, preko prve četiri prepone i između 1. i 2., 2. i 3. i 3. i 4. prepone. Za potrebe istraživanja je korišten sustav OptoJump Next te high speed kamere čiji zapisi su se analizirali pomoću softvera Kinovea. Brzina se je mjerila fotoćelijama Witty Microgate. Varijable koje su analizirane u prelasku preko prepona su: vrijeme kontakta prije prepone, vrijeme leta, visina centra mase tijela, dužina koraka pri prelasku preko prepone, dužina koraka od odraza do prepone, dužina koraka od prepone do prednjeg kontakta i brzina. U trčanju do prve prepone i trčanju između prepona analizirale su se slijedeće varijable: vrijeme kontakta stopala s tlom, vrijeme leta, visina centra mase tijela i dužina koraka. U tehničkoj realizaciji pretrčavanja razmaka između prepona i same prepone SJC je pokazao zavidnu razinu tehničke izvedbe koja je potvrđena dosadašnjim istraživanjima na vrhunskim sportašima seniorima.

INTRODUCTION: Unlike in running, in race walking there are no standard graded treadmill tests to assess aerobic capacity. The suitability of test protocols with linearly progressive load which are used for running is questionable for race walking, since in the high intensity zone there is an exponential growth of energy consumption, which significantly shortens duration of the test. The aim of the study was to compare two different test protocols and establish the influence of race walking treadmill test protocol on VO2peak. METHODS: Thirty four amateur race walkers (19 men and 15 women) preformed two different graded race walking tests to exhaustion (at 1% treadmill grade), in random order: 1. with speed increments of 0.5 km/h every 30 sec (standard protocol otherwise used for running, T05) and 2. with speed increments of 0.3 km/h every 30 sec (finely graded load increments, T03). Quark b2 (Cosmed) metabolic cart was used for breath-by-breath data collection and analysis. Data were averaged for each step, at 30 sec periods, and the maximal VO2 value for a single step was considered as VO2peak. Students t- test was used to determine differences in functional parameters between the tests at VO2peak and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the relationship between parameters of the two tests. RESULTS: In the finely graded test a significantly higher VO2peak was found compared to T05 (47.1±6.2 : 45.9±6.0 ml/kg/min, p = 0.037), as well as higher maximum heart frequency (183.5±13 : 186.5±13/min, p = 0.004) and maximum minute ventilation (117.1±32.1 : 111.2±29.5 L/min, p = 0.013). On the contrary, a significantly higher maximal (technically correct) race walking speed was achieved in T05 (10.94±0.88 : 11.21±0.98, p = 0.005). Significant, high relationships were found between parameters of the tests (r = 0.76-0.95, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In comparison to running (as a load modality), a more finely graded test protocol is recommended for race walking to determine parameters of aerobic capacity

Osim metodičkog i taktičkog aspekta rada s djecom i sportašima, pedagoška kompetentnost ključna je za kvalitetan odgovor suvremenim sportskim i pedagoškim zahtjevima. Kako bi se utvrdilo trenutno stanje pedagoških vještina kineziologa, provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem samorefleksije ispitanika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 116 ispitanika kineziološke struke. Rezultati pokazuju kako su pedagoške kompetencije ispitanika uvjetovane stručnom spremom, spolom i godinama radnog staža. Dobiveni rezultati prikazuju potrebe kineziologa tijekom njihova obrazovanja i rada te mogu biti poticaj obrazovnim institucijama za uvrštavanjem dodatnih pedagoških sadržaja u svoje programe.

The purpose of this research study was to determine differences between the performance of the UHCJ20m test with the dominant and non- dominant leg and the final test result, as well as certain kinematic parameters of the test, and to determine the symmetry index for the final result and kinematic parameters in the UHCJ20m test. A sample of 118 kinesiology students aged 20.5 ± 1.2 years, with an average height of 179.7 ± 6.4 cm and body weight of 75.6 ± 7.3 kg was used for this research study. Independent samples t-test was used to determine the statistically significant difference for UHCJ20m test performance with dominant and non-dominant leg in the final test result and kinematic parameters T (4.41 ± 0.32, 4.72 ± 0.34 ; p < 0.00), v (4.56 ± 0.33, 4.26 ± 0.30 ; p < 0.00), JF (2.26 ± 0.41, 2.15 ± 0.15 ; p < 0.00), JL (2.06 ± 0.28, 1.99 ± 0.18 ; p= 0.02), CT (193.39 ± 25.01, 203.89 ± 19.22 ; p < 0.00) and JN (9.14 ± 0.87, 9.44 ± 0.95 ; p < 0.00) were determined. The symmetry index of the average speed and test performance result was SI = 93.56, suggesting an acceptable difference between performing this test with the dominant and non- dominant leg in the student athletes. For the other kinematic parameters, the value of the symmetry index was even higher (SI = 95.21 - 98.96).

Zbornik radova 29. Ljetne škole kineziologa Republike Hrvatske. Pedagoške kompetencije u kineziologiji. Znanstveno-stručni skup s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem.

U današnje vrijeme komunikacija se smatra jednom od temeljnih ljudskih vještina. Komunikacijom prenosimo informacije, izražavamo čitavu lepezu emocija, tjelesnih i psiholoških. Ona je neizbježna i dio je naše svakodnevice. Podrazumijeva se da dolazi prirodno i spontano kroz život, te možemo zaključiti da je nezamislivo ne komunicirati. Čovjek ima urođenu potrebu stvarati međuljudske odnose i održavati veze. Kako je moguće da se u današnje vrijeme tolika pozornost posvećuje ovakvoj temi? Iako je komunikacija vještina koja se uči kroz cijeli život, ipak je ona nešto što započinje još u najranijoj dobi, u krugu obitelji. Temeljna je vještina koju čovjek posjeduje, o kojoj se toliko govori, a upravo se čovjeka danas sve više zaboravlja. Smatra se kako je komunikacija između bolesnika i zdravstvenih djelatnika emocionalno najzahtjevniji posao. Najranjivijoj i najosjetljivijoj skupini ljudi neophodna je zdravstvena skrb. Upravo zbog toga je to kompleksan posao koji zahtijeva iskustvo, znanje, umijeće i određene kompetencije zdravstvenih djelatnika. U vrijeme kad tehnologija doseže svoj vrhunac nezamislivo je adekvatno provoditi zdravstvenu skrb bez određene radiološke dijagnostike. Za uspješan ishod liječenja neophodna je kvalitetna komunikacija između bolesnika i zdravstvenih djelatnika. Važno je pokazati suosjećanje i uputiti bolesniku riječi ohrabrenja. Svaki bolestan čovjek nije želio bolest i u takvom stanju potrebni su mu pažnja, ljudskost i korektan pristup okoline. Zato danas, uspostaviti ravnotežu između tehnike i humanosti, odnosno ljudskog načina u ophođenju postaje pravi izazov.

Infekcija COVID-19 u bolesnika koji se liječe u dijaliznim centrima poseban je izazov s obzirom na to da postoji značajno povećan rizik od prenošenja infekcije na medicinsko osoblje, ostalo osoblje ustanove, druge pacijente i članove obitelji bolesnika. Cilj našeg rada je podijeliti svoja iskustva u provedbi preventivnih i epidemioloških mjera u skrbi za bolesnike na kroničnom ambulantnom programu hemodijalize. Medicinske sestre igraju značajnu ulogu u edukaciji i skrbi za dijaliznog bolesnika., COVID-19 infection in patients treated in dialysis centers is a particular challenge given that there is a significantly increased risk of transmitting the infection to medical staff, other staff of the institution, other patients, and family members of the patients. The purpose of our work is to share our experiences in the implementation of preventive and epidemiological measures with reference to patients on a chronic outpatient hemodialysis program. Nurses play an important role in education and caring for the dialysis patient.

Cilj ovoga rada je utvrditi razinu tjelesne aktivnosti nastavnika srednje škole, te utvrditi postoje li razlike u tjelesnoj aktivnosti između nastavnica i nastavnika prilikom obavljanja njihova profesionalnog rada, prijevoza i u njihovom slobodnom vremenu s obzirom na dob, spol i radni staž. U istraživanju su sudjelovali nastavnici jedne srednje škole iz Slavonije. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 41 nastavnika srednje škole u dobi od 25 do 64 godine prosječne starosti 45godina i 8 mjeseci. Kao mjerni instrument u ovom istraživanju koristila se hrvatska inačica općeg upitnika tjelesne aktivnosti, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Deskriptivnom statističkom analizom dobiveni su parametri: aritmetička sredina i standardna devijacija ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti nastavnika, tjelesne aktivnosti na radnom mjestu, tjelesne aktivnosti u prijevozu i tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme, sportu i rekreaciji. Za utvrđivanje razlika između navedenih aritmetičkih sredina korištena je dvosmjerna analiza varijance ANOVA. Rezultati istraživanja u ovom radu pokazuju da je kod ispitanika utvrđena visoka razina ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti, a što je kod nastavnika iznosilo 4.753, 85 MET- min/tjednu, a kod nastavnica 2.137, 14 MET- min/tjednu. Tjelesnu aktivnost umjerenog i visokog intenziteta, koja doprinosi unaprjeđenju zdravlja, imalo je 76 % nastavnika, dok je 24 % nastavnika imalo tjelesnu aktivnost niskog intenziteta.

Cilj ovoga istraživanja je utvrditi pomaže li učenicima aplikacija Mogy da u vrijeme izolacije uzrokovane COVID-19 pandemijom ostanu tjelesno aktivni, postoje li razlike u tjelesnoj aktivnosti između učenika i učenica te utvrditi zadovoljstvo učenika ponuđenim modelom nastave na daljinu iz predmeta Tjelesna i zdravstvena kulture. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 143 gimnazijalca oba spola, prosječne dobi 16, 49 ± 1, 17. Učenica je bilo 98 prosječne dobi 16, 39 ± 1, 16, a učenika 45 prosječne dobi 16, 68 ± 1, 18. Za potrebe ovoga rada napravljen je upitnik o procjeni zadovoljstva novim modelom nastave TZK-a u kojem su učenici anonimno odgovarali na postavljena pitanja o nastavi na daljinu i tjelesnoj aktivnosti u vrijeme izolacije. Statistička obrada podataka je provedena programskim paketom Statistica 13.3. Izračunati su osnovni deskriptivni pokazatelji i Studentov t-test za nezavisne uzorke. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da 96, 5 % učenika želi biti tjelesno aktivno i u vrijeme izolacije. Zabrinjavajući je podatak da uz sve mogućnosti koje imaju današnji mladi ipak postoji određeni postotak tjelesno neaktivnih. U ovom istraživanju dobiveno je da 15 % učenika nije tjelesno aktivno i to 17 % učenica i 9 % učenika.

Uspješnost u sportu ovisi o mnogo čimbenika koji se odnose na samog sportaša ali i na njegovu okolinu. Genski potencijal sportaša i njegov sustavan razvoj, adekvatan i pažljivo vođen proces treninga, visok stupanj motivacije i sportaša i trenera, dobar i stručan pedagoški rad oni su činitelji koji u konačnici mogu omogućiti uspjeh u sportu. Selektivnost je jedna od osnovnih karakteristika sporta. Početni izbor ili selekcija (eng. talent identification) univerzalno je interdisciplinarno područje genetike, kineziologije, biomehanike, sportske medicine, fiziologije i razvojne psihologije. S početnim izborom je u uskoj vezi nadarenost ili talentiranost pojedinca. Sposobna djeca u pravilu pokazuju iznadprosječne sposobnosti na više različitih područja i sport je samo jedno od njihovih mogućih opredjeljenja. Tko je nadaren a tko talentiran? Nadarenost (eng. giftedeness) je širi pojam, talentiranost je uži pojam. Nadareni su oni koji pokazuju izuzetnu uspješnost na mnogim područjima djelovanja. Talentirani su oni koji pokazuju potencijal i izuzetnu uspješnost na jednom području djelovanja (Babić i Viskić-Štalec, 2002 ; Baker i sur., 2012 ; Ericsson, 2007 ; Ferbežer, 2008 ; George, 1997, Jurak, 2005). Nadarenost za sport definiraju genetski urođene morfološke karakteristike, psiho-motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti, kognitivne i socijalne karakteristike te motivacija. Razvoj tih sposobnosti i njihova realizacija u velikoj mjeri ovisi o roditeljima, školi, klubu, treneru, užoj i široj socijalnoj okolini (Renzulli, 1986). Cilj je ovoga rada ukazati na različite modele rane selekcije i probleme nadarene djece u sportu.

Primarni cilj ovoga rada bio je ukazati na korisnost i dostupnost hodanja i trčanja kao sredstva očuvanja mentalnog i fizičkog zdravlja u svakoj životnoj dobi te prikazati model treninga škole trčanja koji iz godine u godinu privlači sve veći broj ljudi i kao takav služi kao primjer dobre prakse u sportskoj rekreaciji.

Socijalna podrška važna je za uspjeh sportaša i ima značajan utjecaj na njihovo zadovoljstvo životom. Cilj ovoga rada je utvrditi relacije zadovoljstva životom i percepcije institucionalne socijalne podrške u karijeri hrvatskih elitnih sportaša. Uzorak istraživanja obuhvaća 295 aktualnih i bivših sportaša oba spola, osvajača medalja na evropskim i svjetskim prvenstvima i kupovima te Mediteranskim i Olimpijskim igrama. Na uzorku su primijenjene tri skale zadovoljstva životom, Skala kvalitete življenja, Skala zadovoljstva životom i Proširena skala životnog zadovoljstva. Postavljena su tri pitanja vezana uz obećanu podršku države i sportskih organizacija i jedno pitanje kojim se procjenjuje količina dobivene društvene pozornosti i pažnje, s odgovorima na petostupanjskoj ljestvici. Rezultati pokazuju postojanje netrivijalne povezanosti životnog zadovoljstva i procjene institucionalne socijalne podrške, dijele gotovo 10% zajedničke varijance, odnosno rezultati pokazuju da se uloga institucionalne podrške nikako ne smije umanjiti i zanemariti. Materijalna i nematerijalna podrška sportašima koju daju državne institucije, savezi i klubovi pružaju šansu za veće životno zadovoljstvo, kako aktivnih tako i sportaša koji su prekinuli karijeru.

Introduction. Clinical assessment (CA) is the most commonly used method for the evaluation of volume status in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients despite its subjectivity. Multiple- frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF- BIA) is objective, accurate, and quick, proving to be a promising technique for measuring volume status. The aim of this study was to assess volume status in PD patients using CA and MF-BIA and to compare results. Methods. Incident PD patients were prospectively analyzed between January 1, 2014 and January 1, 2016 at the Clinical Hospital Center of Rijeka, Croatia. Volume status measurements were performed once a month for 6 consecutive months. The presence of symptoms and signs associated with hyper- or hypovolemia were detected by CA. Euvolemia was defined as a symptom-free state or up to 2 symptoms maximum. Patients lacking up to 1.2 L of volume or with up to 1.2 L in excess were considered euvolemic, as measured by MF-BIA. Results. A total of 45 PD patients were analyzed ; 51 % were men, 27% were diabetic, the mean age was 52 ± 26 years, and PD duration was 11.5 ± 6.5 months. In comparison to MF-BIA, CA showed a significant difference in detected hypervolemia between baseline and follow-up (p=0.708 vs. p=0.01, respectively) and among all measurements (p

The main goal of this research study was to determine running dynamics in 400m sprint event for women. The research was carried out on female sprinters of final races at four World Championships in Athletics: Stuttgart (1993), Athens (1997), Seville (1999) and Berlin (2009). Data needed for this research study were obtained from official results and published results of biomechanical analysees. This research study analyzed competitive activity referring to running rhytm and running dynamics. This study shows different examples of competitive activity structure which differ according to results' achievements. These examples vividely show the miniscule differences which make for the better running placement of female finalists of these World Championships in Athletics, based on successful realization of running dynamics.

Olimpijski festival dječijih vrtića popularna je sportska manifestacija koja se u RH provodi već 16 godina pod pokroviteljstvom Hrvatskog olimpijskog odbora. Cilj ovoga rada je opisati, utvrditi i vrednovati natjecateljsku aktivnost djevojčica i dječaka sudionika Olimpijskog festivala dječjih vrtića od 2009. do 2012. godine. Analizirani su rezultati u četiri atletske discipline: trčanje na 50 m, skok udalj, bacanje loptice i štafeti 4x25 m. Izračunata je i utvrđena razlika između pojedinih subuzoraka u odnosu na spol u pojedinim atletskim disciplinama i predložen je novi način vrednovanja natjecateljskih rezultata u navedenim disciplinama.

CILJ. Suvremena medicina je svjesna činjenice da se liječi čovjek, a ne bolest, to nam pokazuje i činjenica da se kod iste bolesti koju imaju različiti ljudi ne postižu isti rezultati i ako su se koristile iste metode liječenja. MATERIJALI I METODE. Peritonealna dijaliza postala je dobro afirmirana metoda integriranog liječenja završnog stupnja bubrežnog zatajenja. Preporučuje se kao prva metoda izbora kod liječenja kroničnog bubrežnog zatajenja kada postoji potreba za liječenjem dijalizom. Prednosti peritonealne dijalize su te da se sa njom čuva ostatna bubrežna funkcija, za razliku od liječenja hemodijalizom, a sa time se postiže i bolja kvaliteta života i u konačnici duže preživljenje. REZULTAT I ZAKLJUČAK. U našoj ustanovi peritonealnom dijalizom se liječi oko 15 % bolesnika dok u svijetu taj broj iznosi 11 %. Presudan čimbenik za uspješno provođenje peritonealne dijalize je suradljiv bolesnik. Medicinska sestra kao edukator ima presudnu ulogu u uspješnosti liječenja. Predijalizni edukacijski program uvelike doprinosi pripremi bolesnika za samu peritonealnu dijalizu. Kao kućni način liječenja peritonealna dijaliza predstavlja pred nas mnoge izazove. Tu je neophodan holistički pristup bolesniku. Kroz holistički pristup upoznajemo bolesnika, njegovu obitelj, psihološki aspekt te način funkcioniranja u svakodnevnom životu gdje se sada treba implementirati i peritonealna dijaliza. Osnovna misao vodilja svakog zdravstvenog djelatnika bi trebala biti da ne liječimo bolest već čovjeka pa se stoga holistički pristup navodi kao osnova sestrinske skrbi.

The main goal of this research study was to determine running dynamics in 400m sprint event for women. The research was carried out on female sprinters of final races at four World Championships in Athletics: Stuttgart (1993), Athens (1997), Seville (1999) and Berlin (2009). Data needed for this research study were obtained from official results and published results of biomechanical analyses. This research study analyzed competitive activity referring to running rhythm and running dynamics. This study shows different examples of competitive activity structure which differ according to results' achievements. These examples vividly show the miniscule differences which make for the better running placement of female finalists of these World Championships in Athletics, based on successful realization of running dynamics.

Movement, one of the basic human needs, has become a great challenge for all age groups in contemporary society. Many studies showed correlation between physical inactivity and many noncontagious diseases, while physical activity, especially natural movements such as walking and running, proved being useful in maintenance of optimal psycho-physical health status. Walking, the movement learnt in the earliest life stage, and running, a somewhat more complex aerobic activity, are irreplaceable forms of physical exercise in almost all models of recreational sport due to their applicability, effectiveness and simplicity. Many recreational associations started different projects with the health promotion goal. One of them is the so called “running school” which makes popular training models available to almost everyone. A great number of running schools that are ever more popular throughout the world is evident in the increasing numbers of recreational runners. It is exactly this type of physical activity promotion and awareness raising on its usefulness that make running schools top recreational projects in Croatia as well.

CILJ. Globalno prateći podatke kronična bubrežna bolest (KBB) je postala javno- zdrastveni problem. Uspješno zbrinjavanje bolesnika sa bubrežnom bolesti uključuje integriranu predijaliznu skrb. Priprema za dijalizno liječenje zahtijeva medicinsku, psihosocijalnu skrb i multidisciplinarni pristup bolesniku te rano upućivanje u predijaliznu kliniku. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi da li bolesnici koji su prisustvovali predijaliznoj edukaciji u većem broju odabiru peritonealnu dijalizu (PD) u odnosu na hemodijalizu (HD). MATERIJALI I METODE. Retrospektivno smo analizirali 634 bolesnika sa KBB liječenih pri Zavodu za nefrologiju, dijalizu i transplantaciju bubrega, Klinike za internu medicinu, KBC Rijeka, Hrvatska, a koji su prijavljeni u nefrološku skrb u vremenu od 01. siječnja 2008. do 30. rujna 2017. godine. Bolesnike smo podijelili u tri grupe s obzirom na predijaliznu edukaciju ili nadomjesno liječenje. REZULTAT I ZAKLJUČAK. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 634 bolesnika. U grupi PEP analizirali smo 328 (51, 7%) bolesnika, u grupi PD bez PEP 57 (9, 0%) bolesnika i u grupi HD bez PEP 249 (39, 3%). Analizom PEP grupe utvrđeno je da od ukupno 328 bolesnika, koji su prisustvovali edukacijskom programu 126 bolesnika su u praćenju, nisu još započeli nadomjesno liječenje. Od 202 (100%) koji su započeli nadomjesno liječenje 72 (35, 64%) je započelo PD, 124 (61, 38%) hemodijalizu i 6 (2, 97%) je preemtivno transplantirano. Od 126 bolesnika koji još nisu započeli nadomjesno liječenje 43 (34, 12%) izabralo je PD kao prvi, osobni odabir liječenja. Analizom podataka pokazao je u dobi 3 ; p (p-value) 1=0, 37, n (broj bolesnika) 1=72, p 2=0, 19, n2=57, p=0, 027 i u dobi 4 sa korekcijom: p1=0, 40, n1=78, p2=0, 19, n2=57, p=0, 010. Odnosno da bolesnici iz skupine PEP statistički značajno više odabiru PD nego bolesnici iz skupine bez PEP (p

CILJ. Virus humane imunodeficijencije (HIV) uzročnik je kronične progresivne bolesti koja u inficiranih osoba klinički varira od asimptomatske bolesti prepoznatljive prema laboratorijskim nalazima do stanja potpunog uništenja imunosnog sustava, što rezultira pojavom sindroma stečene imunodeficijencije. Infekcija HIV-om povezana je sa oštećenjem bubrežne funkcije uključujući HIV-nefropatiju, bolest imunih kompleksa, trombotičku mikroangiopatiju, nefropatiju povezanu s infekcijom hepatitisa B ili C ili pak oštećenjem uzrokovanim lijekovima. MATERIJALI I METODE. Završni stadij kronične bubrežne bolesti koji zahtijeva nadomjesno liječenje posljedica je uspješne antiretroviralne terapije koja omogućuje bolesnicima sa HIV infekcijom dostizanje starije životne dobi sa uobičajenim rizičnim čimbenicima (hipertenzija, dijabetes, upalne i policistične bolesti...). Sve nadomjesne metode liječenja su danas korištene u ovih bolesnika, uključujuči i donedavno osporavanu transplantaciju. Mjere spriječavanja širenja infekcije HIV-om proizlaze ponajprije iz samih putova širenja infekcije ; predmet interesa zdravstvenih radnika jesu mjere sprečavanja rizika prijenosa kontaktom sa bolesnikovom krvlju ili izlučevinama, te zaraženim predmetima unutar zdravstvenih ustanova. Ne postoje specifične mjere zaštite i nema rizika prijenosa infekcije kada se primjenjuju uobičajeni higijenski standardi prema preporukama ustanove. Opće znanje zdravstvenih djelatnika uključuje postupanje sa svim izlučevinama i zagađenim materijalom kao potencijalno patogenim izvorom neovisno o saznanju serološkog statusa bolesnika. REZULTAT I ZAKLJUČAK. Prema preporukama za prevenciju infekcije u dijaliziranih bolesnika potrebno je odrediti virusni status (HBV-HBs Ag, antiHBs, antiHBc, HBe Ag, anti HBe, HCV – antiHCV, HIV-antiHIV) i redovito ga provjeravati, te cijepiti protiv HBV. Iako smjernice navode izoliranje bolesnika i pripadajućeg uređaja za hemodijalizu, te zdravstvenog osoblja, novija istraživanja ne zahtijevaju izolaciju od ostalih bolesnika. Peritonealni dijalizat je manje infektivan od same krvi, ali se virus može replicirati u njemu i do nekoliko dana.

We are exceptionally happy that we can greet you once more on this occasion. The Faculty of Kinesiology, as a proud member of the University of Zagreb and a higher education institution that is 57 years old, is organizing The International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology for the 8th time. Identically as three years ago, this is a good opportunity to remember some important anniversaries. First of all, this year we celebrate 160 years since Nicolas Dally published his work in 1857 under the title “Kinesiology – Science of Movement in Relation to Education, Hygiene and Therapy”. This was the first book that introduced Kinesiology as a science of movement. The second important anniversary is 20 years since the establishment of our Conference. In 1997 the first International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology was held in Dubrovnik. Until today a great number of leading experts in the field of contemporary kinesiology were keynote lectures and presenters of the most important scientific breakthroughs in the field. Once again, the Conference will be a great opportunity for broadening of scientific insights into this miraculous, beautiful phenomenon of physical activity and its effects – its perfection when performed by sport artists, as seen at the XXXI Olympic Games, its joyfulness when happy children enjoy being competent to be in motion, or when we see eager people who enjoy life and nature because they have enough energy and they are healthy thanks to an active lifestyle. We are especially proud of the 17th place on the medal list thanks to the ten Olympic medals won by Croatian athletes. All fundamental and applied fields of our science will be discussed within 10 tentative sessions and 3 Satellite symposiums. The ultimate purpose of papers or abstracts published in this Proceedings book is to know and understand human beings and to apply the findings in everyday practice of education, sports, health promotion, recreation, sports management and kinesitherapy. The Proceedings Book contains 249 contributions, which were submitted by the submission deadline, written by 557 authors from 30 countries from all over the world. We expect a number of graduate, doctoral and postdoctoral students from Croatia and abroad for whom the Conference School of Kinesiology for Postgraduate and Doctoral Students will be organised during the Conference. From the very beginning the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts has given its highly respected patronage to the Conference, thus underpinning the recognition of kinesiology in the structure of sciences. Special thanks go to our partner institutions: Beijing Sports University, China and the Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, to our collaboration institutions: the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Lithuania, the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany and the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia. We wish to express much gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, participants, members of the Organisation and Program Committee, Section Editors, technical support staff, and sponsors for their contributions, time and effort inbuilt in the quality of the 8th International Conference on Kinesiology and its Proceedings. We wish success in the conference work to all the participants and a pleasant time in Opatija. Convinced that the Conference will give the expected impetus to further cooperation between scholars and institutions, we are looking forward in advance to meeting you again at the 9th International Conference on Kinesiology in 2020. Organising Committee

Nowadays numerous scientific evidence, published worldwide, propagates increasement of overall physical activity not only so individuals engage consequently in sports and become athletes but primarily in order for individuals to be healthy. Additionally, there is multitude of scientific evidence which supports the benefits of sports programmes on individual's overall psychophysical development. In RH as well as in EU, the educational system is set up in a way where PE classes are compulsory ; however, those classes do not conform to realistic needs of pupils due to the fact that school system standards have remained intact for decades already while the way of living has changed throughout that time period. The imbalance between these is evident in increased number of individuals’ sick days as well as in increased trend of various illnesses, the main cause behind these being physical inactivity. This research study will deal with modalities of educational system functioning in today’s society in RH and EU, starting from kindergarten to high education system. Additionally, this research study will imply weaknesses of the system and give recommendations and guidelines for improvements of not only the educational system, but of the overall life quality of society in general.

Uvod. Akutna upala potrbušnice najčešća je komplikacija u bolesnika na liječenju peritonealnom dijalizom (PD). Zbog ciljanog antimikrobnog liječenje potrebno je izolirati uzročnika upale mikrobiološkom analizom dijalizata koji se najčešće prezentira zamućenjem. Prema dostupnoj literaturi, u čak 22% slučaja bakterijski ili gljivični uzročnik nije dokazan (aseptična, kultura-negativna ili sterilna upala potrbušnice). Takvi bolesnici predstavljaju dijagnostički i terapijski izazov. Prikaz slučaja. Radi se o bolesniku kojemu je zbog kroničnog glomerulonefritisa posljedičnog bubrežnoga zatajenja 1998. godine učinjena preemptivna transplantacija bubrega od majke. Zbog terminalnog zatajenja transplantata od 2012. godine na liječenju je metodom automatizirane PD (APD). Stabilna propisana APD tijekom 2016. godine: ukupni volumen 14500mL, 1x1, 36% glukoza 5000mL ; 2x2, 27% glukoza 5000mL ; pojedinačni utok 2500mL, duljina postupka 9 sati, zadržavanje 80 min, 5 ciklusa, zadnji utok Extraneal 2000mL. Ostatna dnevna diureza ~200mL, a dnevna ultrafiltracija ~1000mL. Bolesnik je uvršten u nacionalnu listu čekanja za transplantaciju bubrega od umrle osobe. U razdoblju 05/2016 -02/2017 bolesnik je u pet navrata hospitaliziran zbog kultura-negativne upale potrbušnice: 05/2016. mutan dijalizat, febrilan 38, 8°C, bol u trbuhu, malaksalost i pogoršanje anemije. Lab: Hemoglobin (Hgb) 85 g/L ; Leukociti u dijalizatu (D-Leu) 5, 7 (x109/L) ; proteini u dijalizatu (D-pro) 2100 g/L, neutrofili 79, 2%. Dijalizat anaerobno, aerobno i mikološki negativne kulture. Hemokulture negativne. Bez infekcije izlazišta katetera za PD. Zbog pogoršanja anemije učini se ezofagogastroduodenoskopija (EGDS): U području kardije nabor iz kojeg krvari, susp. teleangiektazije. Th: argon plazma koagulacija (APK) + inhibitor protonske pumpe (IPP) ; cefazolin 1g + ceftazidim 1g intraperitonealno (IP). Nakon APK dolazi do razbistravanja dijalizata sljedeći dan i regresije upalnih parametara. IP antimikrobna terapija nastavljena dva tjedna od razbistrivanja dijalizata. Sekundarna anemija ispravi se primjenom dvije transfuzijske jedinice filtriranih eritrocita. 07/2016. mutan dijalizat, bol u trbuhu, afebrilan, hipotenzivan, malaksalost i pogoršanje anemije. D-Leu 0, 7(x109/L) ; D-pro 0, 880 g/L, neutrofili 48, 2% ; Hgb 91 g/L. Dijalizat anaerobno, aerobno i mikološki negativan. EGDS: Antralno tri niza angiodisplazija. Th: APK + IPP ; cefazolin 1g + ceftazidim 1g IP. Nakon APK slijedeći dan dolazi do razbistravanja dijalizata. IP antimikrobna terapija nastavljena dva tjedna od razbistrivanja dijalizata. Sekundarna anemija ispravi se primjenom dvije transfuzijske jedinice filtriranih eritrocita. 09/2016. mutan dijalizat, bol u trbuhu, subfebrilan 37, 3°C, malaksalost i pogoršanje anemije. D-Leu 0, 20(x109/L) ; Hgb 80 g/L. Dijalizat anaerobno, aerobno i mikološki negativan. EGDS: fundus dva polipa, kardija jedan hiperplastični polip, antrum tri nabora teleangiektazija. Polipi se ekstirpiraju. Th: cefazolin 1g + ceftazidim 1g IP. Dolazi do razbistravanja dijalizata nakon pet dana. IP antimikrobna terapija nastavljena dva tjedna od razbistrivanja dijalizata. Sekundarna anemija ispravi se primjenom dvije transfuzijske jedinice filtriranih eritrocita. 12/2016. mutan dijalizat, bol u trbuhu, afebrilan, malaksalost i pogoršanje anemije. D-Leu 0, 66(x109/L) ; neutrofili 74, 8% ; Hgb 88 g/L. Dijalizat anaerobno, aerobno i mikološki negativan. EGDS: kardija upalni upalni polip. Th: cefazolin 1g + ceftazidim 1g IP. Dolazi do razbistravanja dijalizata nakon tri dana. IP antimikrobna terapija nastavljena dva tjedna od razbistrivanja dijalizata. Sekundarna anemija ispravi se primjenom dvije transfuzijske jedinice filtriranih eritrocita. Predložen prijelaz na metodu hemodijalize (HD) kojoj bolesnik u tom trenutku nije sklon. 01/2017. mutan dijalizat, bol u trbuhu, subfebrilan 37, 3°C, malaksalost i pogoršanje anemije. D-Leu 0 ; D-pro 0, 370 g/L, Hgb 88 g/L. Dijalizat anaerobno, aerobno i mikološki negativan. EGDS se ne učini zbog suhog kašlja. Th: ceftazidim 1g + cefazolin 1g IP ; Sekundarna anemija ispravi se primjenom dvije transfuzijske jedinice filtriranih eritrocita. Postavi se netunelirani centralni venski kateter putem desne unutarnje jugularne vene te se nadomjesno bubrežno liječenje nastavi metodom HD. Rasprava i zaključak. Opisani slučajevi kultura-negativnih upala potrbušnice vezanih uz krvareće procese u probavnom sustavu mogu imati patofiziološku osnovu u transmuralnoj upali koja se prenosi i na peritoneum. U slučaju našeg bolesnika upale potrbušnice liječene su intarperitonealnom primjenom empirijske antimikrobne terapije te kauterizacijom krvarećih želučanih teleangiektazija uz resekciju polipa. Ponavljajuće upale potrbušnice u bolesnika na PD indikacija su za za promjenu metode dijalitičkog liječenja. To doprinosi poboljšanju općeg stanja bolesnika te kraćem vremenu provedenom na listi čekanja za transplantaciju bubrega.

On the subject of youth and sports, it is evident that sports career starts much earlier than at the moment of accomplishing first noticeable sports result. Elite and professional sports are extremely selective and exclusive. There is a vast number of children, young athletes, who undergo many phases of selection process, which starts at the very early age and lasts till late adolescence. This research study will deal with examples of good selection process practices in the world and in Croatia which, regarding its size and population number, is very successful on international level in many sports. The emphasis of this study will be on different models of talent ID, on selection phases and girls' sprint running selection. Conclusively, this research study will suggest scientifically proven number of easily applicable field tests for use in girls' sprint running selection practice. Concerning available research on the subject, it is suggested that first selection of girls for sprint running is conducted at 11 years of age, the latest. For boys' selection, more research studies need to be conducted.

Scoring system of the heptathlon disciplines is lately subject of extended debates about their fairness and validity. The issue is based on a noticeably larger progressive steering and rewarding results in some disciplines and defers others. Difficulties arise from principle of progressive value of the scoring interval, trade- off between the disciplines scores and the non- additivity of the events in the aggregation process. The aim of this study is presentation of new scoring methods (incremental scoring system). Scoring results and function of the (new) incremental scoring system are compared with current scoring system using IAAF heptathlon data the WC, OG, WJC, WYC between 1997 and 2014 and 500 random generated. Current scoring system in heptathlon has a strong influence on the heptathletes preparation and training, which means that competitions are already shaded by the scoring philosophy. To avoid this feedback between training and scoring system, this study explains construction details of the new scoring system. The new approach assume mathematical function which is more flexible and make process of evaluation more objective in a way to reward maximal individual achievements redistributing the total current score on a new way. Used equation (si ‒ si- 1=αi∙ (xi ‒ xi-1), i = 1, …n) reflects the idea that the improvement in the score is proportional to the improvement in the result and the proportionality factor is greater for the higher quality (better) results. The model is still in the development phase.

The aim of this research was to establish exercise attitude differences in female students of Economy Faculty at University of Zagreb. The research study included sample of 332 first and second year female college students who, within mandatory PE course, chose different exercise programs: volleball, basketball or aerobics. The intrinsic motivation inventory (McAuley et al., 1989) with 18 items in which all of the items employed were scored on a five-degree type of Likert scale was used to estimate exercise attitudes. The differences between participants' samples were tested by discriminant analysis. The obtained results showed how, in the intrinsic motivation inventory, one discriminant function successfully differed analyzed students' groups according to chosen exercise program. However, none of the variables was found to be particularly contributing to the differences between groups. Some variables slightly contributed to students' exercise efforts and, at the same time, to the indiference towards exercise success. Volleyball and basketball engaged students seemed to show less effort and an opinion of not being successful at exercising, in contrast to students who chose aerobics program. It can be concluded how in PE classes at Economy Faculty at University of Zagreb more incentive should be placed on exercising and perfecting volleyball and basketball elements and skills, along with introducing the collegiate competitions. It should also be noted that students are foremost oriented at their personal contribution, skills amelioration and group unity, that is, on intrinsic motivation.

There is a need to learn more about healthy lifestyle of older adults. Purpose: The main aim of this thesis is to describe the physical culture and retirement of seniors. Methods: The focus of this research was on older adults who are retired and living in Georgia (USA), Czech Republic and Croatia. This interpretive paradigm incorporated various research methods in order to collect the data. Participant observations, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups were all utilized to ascertain the findings of this study. Results: As a result of this study we found a growing number of older adults who have rejected previous notions of aging and are incorporating physical culture as a healthy lifestyle. Conclusion: Social dance, walking, and exercise class are several ways that seniors have chosen to pursue physical activity and a healthy lifestyle.

Uloga medicinske sestre u predijaliznoj klinici - devetogodišnje iskustvo KBC Rijeka

Predstavljanje novih načina poučavanja pomoću IT u sportu. Predstavljanje kolegija Atletika hodanja i trčanja koji u svojoj višegodišnjoj praksi koristi hibridni oblik poučavanja.

Multidisciplinarni pristup predijaliznom bolesniku

Uvod: Prema važećem preporukama opća profilaksa citomegalovirusne (CMV) infekcije uputna je kod pacijenata kojima je transplantiran bubreg. Cilj naše studije bio je analizirati učestalost CMV viremije/bolesti kod pacijenata koji su primili CMV profilaksu u odnosu na pacijente koji nisu primili CMV profilaksu. Ispitanici i metode: Retrospektivnom analizom analizirali smo 521 pacijenta prosječne životne dobi 48,9 ± 13,6 godina u razdoblju od 1. 1. 1990. do 31. 12. 2014. Od 521 analiziranog pacijenta, 426 pacijenata nije primilo CMV profilaksu, a 95 pacijenata primilo je CMV profilaksu peroralnim valganciklovirom tijekom tri do šest mjeseci nakon transplantacije. Rezultati: Pacijenti koji su primili CMV profilaksu imali su značajno nižu učestalost CMV bolesti u usporedbi s pacijentima koji nisu primali profilaksu (2,1 % vs. 8,7 %; P = 0,046). Pacijenti koji su primali CMV profilaksu imali su nižu učestalost CMV viremije u odnosu na pacijente koji nisu primali CMV profilaksu, ali ova razlika nije bila statistički značajna (3,2 % vs. 9,4 %; P = 0,073). Pacijenti koji su primili CMV profilaksu imali su niže vrijednosti kreatinina nakon prve postoperativne godine, ali niti ova razlika nije bila statistički značajna (131,1 ± 66,4 vs. 145,6 ± 88,5; P = 0,173). Veći udio pacijenata koji nisu primili CMV profilaksu izgubio je bubrežni transplantat nakon prve godine poslije transplantacije u odnosu na udio pacijenata koji je primio CMV profilaksu, ali ta razlika također nije bila statistički značajna. U skupini pacijenata koja je primila profilaksu najčešći razlozi za gubitak transplantata bili su krize odbacivanja i kirurške komplikacije, a u skupini pacijenata koja nije primila profilaksu najčešći uzroci bili su kronična nefropatija transplantata i kirurške komplikacije. Zaključak: Profilaktička primjena valganciklovira učinkovita je u prevenciji CMV infekcije nakon transplantacije bubrega., Introduction: According to the current guidelines prophylactic treatment for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is recommended in solid organ transplantation. We were interested to explore the prevalence of CMV viremia/disease due to use of prophylactic treatment in our renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Patients and methods: We retrospectively examined the 24-year (from 01.01.1990 to 31.12.2014) data of 521 RTRs mean age 48.9 ± 13.6 years. 95 RTRs were received prophylaxis for CMV and 426 patients didn’t receive prophylactic treatment. Results: Prophylactic treatment significantly reduced the incidence of CMV disease during the first-year after transplantation (2.1 % vs. 8.7 %; P = 0.046). Although the prevalence of CMV viremia was higher in the group of patients that didn’t receive prophylaxis, that difference was not statistically significant (3.2 % vs. 9.4 %; P = 0.073). The mean values of serum creatinine didn’t show any significant differences after one-year of follow-up between the RTRs who received prophylaxis in comparison to the patients that didn’t receive prophylactic treatment (131.1 ± 66.4 vs. 145.6 ± 88.5; P = 0.173). Although the loss of renal allograft was higher in the group of patients that didn’t receive prophylactic treatment, that difference was not statisticaly significant. In the group of patients who received prophylaxis the main reasons for graft loss were an acute rejection and surgical complications, while surgical complications and chronic allograft nephropathy were the most common reasons for graft loss in the second group of RTRs. Conclusion: Prophylactic treatment with vanganciklovir for CMV is an effective way to prevent CMV disease after renal transplantation.

S porastom incidencije debljine i metaboličkog sindroma raste i incidencija nealkoholne masne bolesti jetre (engl. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – NAFLD). Osim što ovi bolesnici imaju znatan rizik od progresije u terminalni stadij kronične bolesti jetre, poznato je da imaju i povećan rizik od razvoja hepatocelularnog karcinoma. S druge strane, posljednjih godina sve je veći broj publikacija koje govore u prilog tomu da NAFLD nije samo bolest ograničena na jetru, nego je udružena s nizom izvanjetrenih bolesti i stanja, a najčešće s kardiovaskularnim bolestima, kroničnom bubrežnom bolesti i šećernom bolesti tipa II. Posljedično, NAFLD je postao rastući javnozdravstveni problem. Brojni supspecijalisti, kao i liječnici obiteljske medicine trebali bi biti svjesni navedenih potencijalnih izvanjetrenih manifestacija NAFLD-a s obzirom na dostupnost brojnih metoda za probir u kliničkoj praksi. Navedeno je važno kako bi se potencijalne izvanjetrene manifestacije NAFLD-a detektirale u ranim stadijima, a time i prevenirala ili barem usporila progresija pojedinih bolesti., With the increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver ­disease (NAFLD) is increasing as well. These patients have a significant risk of progression to the end-stage liver disease, but also these patients are at increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years there is a growing ­number of publications that support the idea that NAFLD is not just a disease that is limited to the liver, but is associated with a number of extrahepatic manifestations. For example, NAFLD increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. Consequently NAFLD has become a growing public health problem. A number of sub-specialists as well as primary care physicians should be aware of these potential extrahepatic associations, given the availability of numerous methods for screening in clinical practice. The above approach is important in order to recognize potentially modifiable events in the early stages, and thus manage them and at least prevent the progression of certain diseases.

Background. Volume overload is a mortality and morbidity risk factor in dialysis patients. Residual renal function (RRF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients remains preserved longer than in hemodialysis patients. In spite of that, PD patients are still at high risk of volume overload leading to a challenging hypertension control. Routine clinical assessment of volume status is subjective, and a new tool was needed for its more precise and objective evaluation. A multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA) is a simple, non-invasive and accurate tool for the evaluation of hydration status. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of long-term MF-BIA volume status assessment and volume-dependent hypertension incidence in PD patients. Methods. In this prospective trial, we included incident PD patients in Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2015. MF-BIA volume status assessment was conducted every six months on a patient with the full abdomen. Additionally, we assessed systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (hypertension was considered systolic/diastolic BP >140/90) and RRF. Patients who achieved at least three consecutive measurements were included in the study. PD prescription and concomitant therapy were adjusted according to BP and overhydration (OH). Results. Out of total 43 patients, 22 patients (male 63%, age 56.4±14.1 years, body mass index 25.9±2.6 kg/m², 28% diabetic, 60% continuous ambulatory PD) were analyzed. Baseline PD vintage was 9.1±7.1 months with RRF 1878.12±814.65 ml. After collecting data, hydration reference plot was made, and patients were divided into five categories depending on their BP and OH. A number of volume induced hypertensive patients decreased significantly (p=

Sports' competition systems for younger athletes are developing and growing throughout the World, including Croatia. This research study observed competative results of short distance sprint events for boys through ten years time period ; from 2005 to 2014. The aim of this research sudy was to create norm values for 5 sprint events that could be used to valorize the individual results in these events, in order to identify the athletes who could be successful in competative sprint events. The subject sample included boys, from 7 to 17 yrs old, according to specific sprint event, who were involved, for last 10 years, in running certain sprint events at Croatian athletics north league (HALS). The entity sample is convience and refers to achieved competative results in different sprint events. The variables' sample consists of 5 short distance sprint events: 60m, 100m, 200m, 300m and 400m. For every sprint event and for every age group basic descriptive parameters were calculated and the results were grouped by frequency. The valorization of results' achievements was presented through 5 quality levels: extraordinary above-average values, moderate above-average values, above-average values, moderate below-average values, and extraordinary below-average values. The results of this research showed greater occurance of certain sprint events in competition programs. Although the competative categories in the competition system are age-defined ; from 10-11 yrs, 12-13 yrs, 13-14 yrs, 14-15 yrs and 16-17 yrs of age, the obtained results showed that even much younger boys than age defined categories 10- 11yrs competed in the 200m sprint event, and especially in the 60m sprint event. In all analyzed events the average results' values were progressively better with the older age group.