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The friction stir welding (FSW) tool's ability to generate heat and strain is crucial to the process's overall performance while performing welding. This study used the RSM to analyse the effects of shoulder diameter, pin diameter and pin height on the temperature, forces and failure load experienced during FSW of AA2219 alloy. There were three components, three stages and seventeen different iterations in this study. A thermocouple was embedded into the samples to measure the welding temperature. In addition, a force measuring device was used to track the amount of pressure applied during the procedure. Using an analysis of variance, it was determined whether or not the resulting model was suitable at 95% confidence level. Through RSM, a correlation was found between tool settings and other input factors and the resulting temperature, force and mechanical qualities of the joints. Afterwards, the optimal processing factors were found by employing a hybrid multi objective optimization based on this connection. According to hybrid multi objective optimization, the best dimensions for a probe are 5.1mm in diameter, 18.43mm in shoulder diameter and 4.12mm in height. Temperature, force and failure load were found to be most affected by shoulder diameter, probe diameter and probe height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a mechanical excavator, the properties of the working device are complex and therefore require a systematic approach. The study of these dynamics typically begins with the mechanical properties of the excavator in the working condition. To break the integrated constraint of the system dynamics, the Lagrange equation is employed, allowing for computation of the maximum dynamic cargo and dynamic cargo measure. These values give a dependable base for determining the necessary structural strength required to safely operate the excavator. This knowledge can assist in optimizing excavator performance and efficiency, ultimately resulting in improved excavator technology and practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is experimental investigation of the tribological and thermal properties of aluminium and aluminium oxide nano particles immersed in engine lubricating oil. SAE20W40SL oil was used as base oil in which aluminium and aluminium oxide nano particles in size of 50 nm at the concentration of 0.2% and 0.1% were disseminated. Ultrasonic bath was used for the dispersal of the nano particles in the base oil. Pin-On-Disk apparatus was used for the measurement of the frictional force and wear rate of the lubricant. The results indicated a reduction in frictional force by 52% and 28% by aluminium and aluminium oxide nano lubricants at 0.2% concentration. The thermal conductivity test result showed an increase in thermal conductivity by 4.8% and 2.3% while using aluminium and aluminium oxide lubricants at 0.2% concentration. A reduction in the wear rate and viscosity of the lubricants was also seen while using nano particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]